完整版重點(diǎn)參考美國文學(xué)史期末復(fù)習(xí)

1、History And Anthology of American Literature Volume I U 美K文學(xué)史及選讀1、2Part I The Literature of Colonial America 殖民主義時期的文學(xué)1. 17 世紀(jì)早期 English and European explorers 開始登陸美洲.在他們之前 100 多年 Caribbean Islands, Mexico andother Parts of South America 已被 the Spanish 占領(lǐng).2. 17th 早期 English settlements in Virginia a

2、nd Massachusetts弗吉尼亞和馬薩諸塞 開始了美國歷史3. 美國最早殖民者 earliest settlersincluded Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese荷蘭人,瑞典人,德國人,法國人,西班牙人,意大利人及葡萄牙人等.4. 美國早期文學(xué)主要為 the narratives and journals of these settlements 采用 in diaries and in journals 日十己和日志 , 他們寫關(guān)于 the land with dense fores

3、ts and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5. 第一批美國永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established atJamestown,Virginia in 1607 北美弗吉尼亞詹姆斯頓.6. 船長約翰史密斯 Captain John Smith他的作品reports of exploration1 7th早期出版,被認(rèn)為是美國第一部真正意義上的文學(xué)作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first di

4、stinctly American literature written inEnglish.他講述了 filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸弓I 了朝圣者和清教徒前往lurethe Pilgrims and the Puritans.7. 美國第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith寫了封信自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亞墾荒以來發(fā)生的各種事件的真實(shí)介紹? "A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as H

5、ath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony .8. 他的第二本書 1612年弗吉尼亞地圖,附：一個鄉(xiāng)村的描述?"A Map of Virginia: with a Description of theCountry".9. 他一共出版了八本書,其中有關(guān)于新英格蘭的歷史及描述.其破產(chǎn)后做為向?qū)ought a post as guide to thePilgrims.他 1624 年弗吉尼亞通史?a General History of Virginia ",講述了傳奇故事 how

6、 the Indian princessPocahontas波卡洪特斯saved him.10. 他保存了殖民者在 Jamestown 早期開荒史及 explored the rivers and bays around the Chesapeake region切薩皮克 地區(qū),最重要的是 he saw from the beginning what was eventually to be a basic principle of American history, the need of "workers" instead of "gentlemen"

7、; for the tough job of planting colonies and pushing the frontiers westward.11. 早期新英格蘭文學(xué)主要關(guān)于theological, moral, historical and political.12. 清教徒堅(jiān)韌耐勞,嚴(yán)格遵守教義the Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with the discipline of aharsh church想建立神權(quán)社會 found a theocracy,他們生活簡樸, 意志果斷,我行我素,不屈不撓地斗爭t

8、hey had toughness, purpose and character, they grappled strongly with challenges they set themselves.他們的根本價值觀:注重勤勞,節(jié)儉,虔誠和節(jié)制hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety這些也成了早期美國作品主導(dǎo)思想.一、William Bradford and John Winthrop 威廉布拉德福德和約翰溫思羅普普利茅斯第一任首長:William Bradford;波斯頓第一任首長：John Winthrop.1. William Bradford:普利茅

9、斯開發(fā)歷史 ?"The History of Plymouth Plantation "文章從 1630 年開始寫起 an account of the small group of Puritans who migrated from England to Amsterdam and then to the New Wold.文字簡潔,認(rèn)真 負(fù)責(zé),直接表達(dá), 可讀性強(qiáng) simplicity and earnestness of the book, with its direct reporting, make it readable and moving. 1637年他用

10、簡單的律詩對自己一生寫了個總結(jié),后來科登馬瑟寫道：他是眾人之福,也是眾人之父"a common blessing and father to them all2. John Winthrop:?新英格蘭歷史?"The History of New England ".1630 年登上"阿貝亞"Arbella to Massachusetts 并開女臺寫日十己 keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826 年正式出版 is notable for its candid simplicity and

11、 honesty.3. 他們并不出于創(chuàng)作需要而是記錄歷史,但卻運(yùn)用了直接生動的散文格式使文章成為了好的文學(xué)作品the need torecord important events in permanent form. Yet, through a direct and vigorous prose style, each account literary excellence.4. 清教徒Puritan:就是要凈化他們的宗教信仰和行為方式,要純潔自己信仰的人Puritans wanted to make puretheir religious beliefs and practices, Th

12、e Puritan was Would-be purifier".總認(rèn)為自己是上帝選民looked uponthemselves as a chosen people.對他們的生活方式提出異議就是反對上帝旨意anyone who challenged their way oflife was opposing God 's Will and was not to be accepted.對自己的信仰視之如命,對別人信仰不能容忍 they were zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of t

13、he beliefs of others.布U定法律限布U個人生活行為 made laws about private morality as well as public behavior霍桑稱他們?yōu)?"黑眉毛的古板的清教徒" "stern andblack-browed Puritans".二、John Cotton and Roger Williams約翰科登和羅杰威廉姆斯1. John Cotton第一批知識分子代言人,稱為"新英格蘭教父"the Patriarch of New England. 1633年到Boston開始

14、一直是這社區(qū)精神導(dǎo)師,他所宣講的由宗教來統(tǒng)治國家的神權(quán)思想直接影響了當(dāng)時人們的行為he was theteacher" (spiritual leader) of the community and its guiding influence toward the ideal of theocracy(a state ruled by the church)他的影響主要通過教堂講壇來完成his primary influence was through the pulpit.聽眾對他深信不疑.他41清教徒強(qiáng)調(diào)權(quán)威, 無視民主they were much more concerned

15、with authority than with democracy.2. Roger Williams:1631年came to the Massachusetts后被放逐到現(xiàn)羅德島Rhode Island.對不同意見者并不贊同對 其迫害而是屈服與容忍,他認(rèn)為行為上的德,信仰上的誠并沒有給任何人強(qiáng)迫別人該如何行事的權(quán)力,沒有任何政治秩序和教會體制能夠直接表達(dá)神本身的意旨 the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belie

16、f on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God.他對印第安語言非常感興趣Indian language.他寫過開啟美國語言的鑰匙?或也叫做?美洲新英格蘭局部土著居民語言指南?"A Key into the Language of America " or A Help to the languageof the Natives in That Part of America Called New England

17、 "三、Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor安妮布萊德斯特和愛德華泰勒這兩位清教徒寫的詩到達(dá)相當(dāng)高水平,真正能稱得上是詩作.1. Anne Bradstreet 是早期詩人中最幽默的詩人之一one of the most interesting of the early poets. 1630 年乘"Arbella " 到Massachusetts她的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作在撫養(yǎng)八個子女家庭勞作繁重勞動下進(jìn)行的.2. 她的第一部作品由她的姐夫交給倫敦出版商,the title of this collection of poems, in clas

18、sical allusion用比喻的方法即在美洲誕生的第十個謬斯?"The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America ".詩歌中傳奇故事有點(diǎn)言過其實(shí),但對日常瑣事表達(dá)木目當(dāng)高超poetic ventures were overambitious but wrote well when dealt with the simpleevents of her daily life.3. Edward Taylor:清教徒詩人中最杰出的一位the best of the Puritan poets他的作品遵循了十七世紀(jì)中期一些杰出詩人風(fēng)格和形式

19、his work followed they style and forms of the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century . 他大局部作品關(guān)于宗教的,大局部詩歌直接以贊美詩為根底進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作的most of Taylor 's work treated religiousthemes, with many poems based directly on the Psalms.在世時沒出版過作品,1937年發(fā)現(xiàn)手稿,1960年泰勒詩歌全集.Part n The Literature of Reason And Rev

20、olution!性和革命時期文學(xué)1. 托馬斯 佩因常識?Thomas Paine ' Com mon Sense"托馬斯 杰弗遜獨(dú)立宣言?Thomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence "2. 在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面,英國要求美出口原材料,后從英國購回高本錢的機(jī)器they hampered colonial economy by requiringAmericans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the co

21、st of making them in this country.3. 在政治方面,要求他們歸英國政府統(tǒng)一治理,交各種稅收但在議會中卻沒有代表by ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.4. 美獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)了八年(1776-1783) The War for Independence.諾亞 韋伯斯特(Noah Webster)說：文化上的獨(dú)立,藝術(shù)上的著名.5. 文學(xué)上獨(dú)立的代表作：1785 年杰弗遜：弗吉尼亞洲

22、的聲明?Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia "1791年巴特姆：旅行筆記?a Travels " by BartramBenjamin Franklin 本杰明富蘭克林 1706-1790殖民地時期作家.獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭前惟一的杰出的美國作家in the colonial period, the only good American author beforethe Revolutionary War.1. 出生于波士頓 Boston,曾創(chuàng)辦半島公報?.1732-1758出版窮人理查德的年鑒?“Poor Richard

23、9;s Almanac collocation of proverbs.2. 建立一秘密俱樂部 the Junto, informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideals. 建立可借圖書館, 創(chuàng)辦賓夕法尼亞大學(xué).商業(yè)上成功,科學(xué)上奉獻(xiàn)卓越,政治上的奉獻(xiàn)也不可磨滅successful in business, renowned inscience also served his nation brilliantly.協(xié)助杰弗遜起草 "獨(dú)立宣言" aided Jefferson in writing T

24、he Declaration of Independence".同法國談判獲得援助,后作為議會代表起草美國憲法Constitution.3. 其還是美國第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表達(dá)水平,簡潔明了,有點(diǎn)幽默,還是一位挖苦天才 as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.4. 他最好作品收錄在自傳?aAutobiography ".編輯了美國第一份殖民地雜志"General Magazine&q

25、uot;對這個年青的國家來說,他的損失比其它任何人的都要大" his shadow lies heavier than any other man's on this young nation.5. 教材作品自傳?The Autobiography "二、Thomas Paine 托馬斯佩因(1737-1809)1. 被稱為"人類最平凡的人"(Great Commoner of Mankind ).美國著名政治小冊子作家pamphleteer.2. 1762 年稅務(wù)官職務(wù) employed as an excise officer. 1772 年

26、收稅官的案子?"The Case of the Officers of the Excise " 第一部政治性小冊子.1774年富蘭克林給他寫介紹信 aan ingenious worthy young man"去美國費(fèi)城Philadelphia, edited the Pennsylvania Magazine" and contributed to the Pennsylvania Journal"是政治諷束U的天才 a political satirist of genius.3. 1776 年 1 月 10 日 his famous p

27、amphlet Common Sense" appeared常識?,署名"By an Englishman ".書中大膽 擁護(hù)"獨(dú)立宣言"各主張 it boldly advocated a Declaration for Independence ".成了美國獨(dú)立革命思想的代言人 became forthwith the most articulate spokesman of the American Revolution.4. 1776-1783美國危機(jī)?aAmerican Crisis " signed Common

28、Sense" was a series of sixteen pamphlets.第一篇于 1776 年黑色12月出版,這些冊子在部隊(duì)中被廣泛傳閱, 極大恢復(fù)士氣鼓舞民兵斗志, 增強(qiáng)勝利信心 was read at once to all regiments, it restored the morale and inspired the success of that citizen 's army. 最后篇 1783 年 12 月 9 日 出版.5. 戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后 perfecting the model of an iron bridge without piers .(

29、1791-1792)人權(quán)?"Rights of Man ".擁護(hù)盧梭自由理念,號召推翻英國君主制not only championed Rousseau'sdoctrines of freedom, but also suggested the overthrow of the British monarchy.6. 在法國他因反對絞死路易十六和反對恐怖統(tǒng)治入獄,he opposed the execution of Louis XVI and the Reign of Terror, was imprisoned.理性的時代?"The Age of Re

30、ason" 1794-1795 ,這部自然神論的作品主張宗教觀念的理性：a deistic treatiseadvocating a rationalistic view of religion. 他最后一部作品1797土地公平?"Agrarian Justice".7. 教材作品：美國危機(jī)?："The American Crisis".三、Thomas Jefferson 托馬斯 杰弗遜(1743-1826)1. 美國歷史上最為廣泛影響人物his thought and personality have influenced his coun

31、tryman more deeply andremained more effectively alive. 同富蘭克林一樣具人道主義精彳申vigorous humanitarian sympathies.啟蒙運(yùn)動的產(chǎn)物 a product of the Enlightenment,對各領(lǐng)域都有興趣:law, philosophy, education, science, mechanics -.2. 盡全力為美國尋找一條自由、自我之路：where the people might have a fresh start toward liberty, selfhood.作為人文主義都他注重人本

32、身的德行和水平,不看重世俗中特權(quán)a humanist looked to merit and ability alone, not toprivilege 法律保證每個人與生俱來的權(quán)利the natural rights of man must be secured by law inalienably for all,irrespective of station政府是一個必要的魔鬼,政府在普遍贊同下才合法,其目的是為個人謀福利,而不是壓榨與剝削人民.政府須為民提供言論、思想、結(jié)社、出版、信仰、教育和創(chuàng)業(yè)等自由.government, a necessary evil,found sanct

33、ion only in the common consent of a social contract, its purpose was the benefit of the individual, not his exploitation; it must provide freedom of speech, thought, association, press, worship, education, and enterprise.3. 1776年同約翰亞當(dāng)斯、本杰明富蘭克林、羅杰 謝爾曼、羅伯特 R利文斯頓一起起草獨(dú)立宣言?with JohnAdams, Benjamin Frankl

34、in, Roger Sherman and Robert R Livingston, he drafted the Declaration of Independence.4. 1790-1793任華盛頓內(nèi)閣中第一任國務(wù)卿,as the first American secretary of state. 1800起擔(dān)任兩屆美國總統(tǒng).5. 把自己收藏的一萬冊書賣給政府,建立了國會圖書館( the Library of Congress ) .1819年開始創(chuàng)立弗吉尼亞大 學(xué)并擔(dān)任第一任校長.6. 1826 年去世,正值?獨(dú)立宣言?簽署 50 周年 the fiftieth anniversar

35、y of The Declaration of Independence "7. 教材作品：獨(dú)立宣言?(1776 年 7 月 4 日)："The Declaration of Independence四、Philip Freneau 菲利浦弗瑞諾(1752-1832)1. 革命戰(zhàn)爭后期最杰出作家perhaps the most outstanding writer of the Post-Revolutionary period既是一位詩人也是政治方面的新聞記者 double role as poet and political journalist. #品形式是新古典主義

36、類,但本質(zhì)上卻屬浪漫主 義類 he was neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit .個諷束說家、傷感作家、一個人道主義者 was also at once a satirist and a sentimentalist, a humanitarian."美國革命詩人"(the poet of theRevolution );"美國詩歌之父"(Father of American Poetry ).2. 1770年第1部作品想象的力量?(The Power o

37、f Fancy).1775年因出版有關(guān)挖苦英國人作品而被認(rèn)可as a satirist of the British.3. 1776年出版夜屋?(The House of Night )哥特式小說the Gothic mood . F L帕蒂稱它為"在美國聽到的第一部真正浪漫主義作品, 從中看到了 "圣誕老人的美""the first distinctly romantic note heard in America "and The Beauties of Santa Cruz ".作品中既有對社會的抗議, 又有對自然的贊美,其后期

38、作品采用了這種風(fēng)格 blending the praise of nature with social protest, in his characteristic later manner.4. 1781寫下名詩英國囚船?(The British Prison Ship )一首抨擊色彩詩作,揭露了英國對俘虜?shù)难扰c殘忍a goodpiece of invective, reveals the rigors and brutality of his captivity.此后繼續(xù)對英國進(jìn)行無情抨擊、辛辣地挖苦 continuing to hurl his vitriol at the Briti

39、sh in many poems.5. 1786年他的早期作品被收錄在?戰(zhàn)爭后期弗瑞諾主要詩歌集?"The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War".6. 1788年出板札記?a Miscellaneous Works ". 1791年創(chuàng)辦國家公報?對抗聯(lián)邦公報?with Jefferson's supportNational Gazette" campaigned against the opinions of the Gazette of the United S

40、tates" edited by John Fenno (Supported by Hamilton).7. 他如今被認(rèn)為是美國政府中的一名勇敢的斗士has only recently been recognized as a courageous champion ofAmerican popular government.作為詩人,他預(yù)示了美國文學(xué)獨(dú)立的至V來as a poet, Freneau heralded Americanliterary independence他后期詩歌同早期華美的對偶句詩歌形成鮮明比照,后期形成了自然、簡潔、言之有物的風(fēng)格 in contrast w

41、ith the ornate style of his early couplets, he later developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction.8. 教材作品：?野忍冬花?：“The Wild Honey Suckle印第安人的墳地?："The Indian Burying Ground "?致凱提 迪德?：“To a Caty-Did Part m The Literature of Romanticism 浪漫主義文學(xué)1. 1828年安德魯 杰克遜中選7th總統(tǒng),標(biāo)志著"美國總統(tǒng)中,弗吉尼亞王朝的結(jié)

42、束"the frontier hero AndrewJackson as the 7th President of the United States had brought an effective end to the Virginia Dynasty " of American Presidents. 1861 年開始 Civil War.2. 美國逐步成為一個工業(yè)化和城市化國家,科技創(chuàng)造大量物質(zhì)財富同時又加劇了社會動亂the United States hadbegun to change into an industrial cause society, tech

43、nology would bring vast material benefits and cause overwhelming social disorders.3. 這段時間大局部作家思想受到了新大陸本身所處環(huán)境及歐洲早期浪漫主義思潮雙重影響The attitudes ofAmerica's writers were shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantics traditions of Europe.4. 浪漫主義共同點(diǎn) romantics sha

44、red certain general characteristics:他們都注重道德, 強(qiáng)調(diào)個人主義價值觀及直覺感覺,并且認(rèn)為自然是美的源頭,人類社會是腐敗之源moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism andintuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man 's societies a source of corruption.6.超驗(yàn)主義(1830sthe Civil War

45、)：既不講究邏輯,也不講究系統(tǒng),它只強(qiáng)調(diào)超越理性的感受,超越法律和世 俗束縛的個人表達(dá),他們相信精神上的超越,相信無所不能的善的力量,強(qiáng)調(diào)善為萬物之源,萬物都是善的 一局部 as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. They believed in the transcendence of the

46、 Oversoul", an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.7. 美國早期的主要文學(xué)形式,說教類及宣言類作品被長篇小說、短篇故事和詩歌所取代,成這一時期文學(xué)的主要形式 novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as America "s principal literary forms.8. From the early 1800

47、s to the civil war 美國是一個充滿矛盾的國家,人們既有各種精神上的夢想,又有日益強(qiáng)烈 的物質(zhì)主義的現(xiàn)實(shí)需求.美國人生生活上、藝術(shù)上開始努力尋找新的自由及理念,社會的沖突及極端想法在血腥的國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爭中達(dá)至 V了 頂峰 was a land of paradoxes, a land stirred by spiritual dreams and shaped by the realities of a growing materialism. Americans had sought new liberties and new ideas in life and art, but

48、conflicts of their society had culminated in a bloody civil war.一、Washington Irving 華盛頓 歐文 1783-18591. 他是美國第一位浪漫主義散文文體作家,群眾化風(fēng)格was the first great prose stylist of American romanticismfamiliar style.2. 他的作品簡單明了,但絕不是一些業(yè)余作家的平淡無味,這歸因于他始終把作品同自己的人格特征結(jié)合起來,作品中盡量表現(xiàn)出 自 己的個性 the apparent ease of his writing is

49、 not simply that of the gifted amateur; it results from his purposeful identification of his whole personality with what he wrote .他溫文爾雅, 放眼世界, 幽默謙虛, 他用自己大氣,優(yōu)雅的寫作風(fēng)格與美國外鄉(xiāng)的一些特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行有機(jī)結(jié)合,最后形成自己的風(fēng)格he was urbane andworldly, yet humorous and gentle, his great and graceful style combine with American roots sh

50、aped his independent literary personality.他是第一個不折不扣的純文學(xué)作家,他寫作純是為快樂和為了創(chuàng)造快樂he was the first greatbelletrist, writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure.3. 1819-1820他第一部見聞札記?是現(xiàn)代文學(xué)史上的第一部短篇小說,也是美國第一部偉大的青少年文學(xué)讀物,他把歷史與傳說當(dāng)作娛樂形式來寫,把群眾化的散文引入美國his Sketch Book" appeared the first modern shortstori

51、es and the first great American juvenile literature to write good history and biography as literary entertainment.He introduced the familiar essay to America他的短篇小說極大地激發(fā)了世界各國人們進(jìn)一步了解美國人民生 活的興趣 his best-known stories awakened an interest in the life of American regions.4. 19歲發(fā)表喬納森 歐爾德斯泰爾?挖苦作品,對紐約人的生活進(jìn)行

52、了挖苦"Jonathan Oldstyle, satires of NewYork lif.5. 1809年以迪德里奇 尼克博克的名字出版紐約外史?,輕松歡快的滑稽戲形式講出了早期荷蘭殖民者在美洲殖民時的真實(shí)歷史成為了幽默作品中的經(jīng)典" A History of New York" by Diedrich Knickerbocker a rollicking burlesque of a current serious history of the early Dutch settlers, has become a classic of humor.6. 182

53、2年布雷斯布里奇莊園?“Bracebridge Hall .7. 1824 年旅行者故事?,帶有德國浪漫主義風(fēng)格" Tales of Traveller" has the flavor of the German romanticism.8. 同美國劇作家及演員約翰佩恩創(chuàng)作著名社會喜劇查理二世?(又叫快樂君主?)in Paris he with John HowardPayne wrote the brilliant social comedy Charles the Second" or The Merry Monarch ".9. 1828 

54、1;克里斯托弗 哥倫布生平及航海歷史?"A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus"10. 1829 «格拉納達(dá)征服編年史?"A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada "11. 1831?哥倫布同伴航海及發(fā)現(xiàn)?"Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus ".1832阿爾罕布拉?"Alhambra " 1832年西班牙征服傳說?收錄

55、在 1835年見聞札記?中"Legends of the Conquest of Spain "(in the Crayon Miscellany ").12. 陸續(xù)出版系列西部傳奇故事,1835?草原游記?；1836?阿斯托里亞?；1837?博納維爾船長歷險記?,westernadventures as A Tour on the Prairies" Astoria" and The Adventures of Captain Bonneville ".13. 1840奧立弗 戈?duì)柕率访芩?"Life of Oliver

56、Goldsmith ;1855-1859喬治 華盛頓傳?"Life of George Washington ".14. 教材作品：作者自敘?："The Author "s Account of Himself "?睡谷傳奇?："The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ".二、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯 芬尼莫 庫珀 1789-18511. 美國第位憑著膽識走上文壇的著名/J、說家the first important American novelist began his liter

57、ary career on a dare.2. 1821年他第二部小說間諜?獲得極大的成功,是一部引人入勝的探險類故事,事件發(fā)生在美國獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭期可"The Spy" was successful, it was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during the Revolutionary War.3. 庫珀開創(chuàng)了兩種流傳極廣的小說體裁,即邊疆傳奇小說和海上傳奇小說Cooper launched two kinds of immenselypopular stories: the sea adventu

58、re tale, and the frontier saga. 1824 年領(lǐng)航者?最為成功 " The Pilot" the best of his many sea romances. 1839年他寫過第一部美國式正官方歷史美國海軍?he wrote the first official history of theU.S. Navy.4. 庫珀邊疆小說皮襪子故事集?由 5部小說共同組成,歷時 18年,1823-1841,即殺鹿者?、最后的莫希干人?、探路人?、拓荒者?及大草原?.阿倫內(nèi)文斯歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為這五部小說是迄今為止美國最接近史 詩的一部大作,his fronti

59、er stories Leather Stocking Tales" including five novels: The Deerslayer" The Last of theMohicans", The Pathfinder, The Pioneers", The Prairie". Allan Nevins calls these five novels the nearest approach yet to an American epic".通過這些人物的描寫,作者記錄了當(dāng)時美國人思想意識,還使歐洲人意識到美國 with a

60、 vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, Cooper made the American conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of American.5. 教材作品：最后的莫希干人?："The Last of the Mohicans"三、William Cullen Bryant 威廉卡倫布萊恩特 1794-18781. 1817年偉大史詩死之思考?希臘語,人們一致認(rèn)為這是當(dāng)時美國最杰出的一篇詩作the stately poem called"Thanatopsis" Greek, meaning view of death" introduced the best poet to appear in American up to that time.2. 他不僅在詩