專題01細(xì)節(jié)理解題定位信息巧比對(duì)-備戰(zhàn)高考英語(yǔ)破解閱讀理解講練測(cè)

專題01細(xì)節(jié)理解題-定位信息巧比對(duì)一、明命題，懂考查方式和考查角度(一)命題解讀1．命題人會(huì)要求學(xué)生根據(jù)不同的要求閱讀文章，以獲得某些特定的信息或準(zhǔn)確地尋找所需的細(xì)節(jié)。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題有時(shí)比較直接，理解字面意思即可答題；有時(shí)則較為間接，需要?dú)w納、概括和推理才能答題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題在英語(yǔ)高考閱讀理解中占了較大的比重，是重要的得分點(diǎn)。(二)考查特點(diǎn)1．把握細(xì)節(jié)理解題常見的考查方式特殊疑問(wèn)句形式：以when,where,what,which,who等疑問(wèn)詞開頭引出問(wèn)題。2．掌握細(xì)節(jié)理解題的考查角度(1)高頻考點(diǎn)：直接信息題；間接信息題；(2)低頻考點(diǎn)：數(shù)字計(jì)算題；正誤判斷題；細(xì)節(jié)排序題。3．精準(zhǔn)定位命題點(diǎn)所在眾所周知，閱讀理解的解題關(guān)鍵除了讀懂文章之外就是對(duì)信息的精準(zhǔn)定位。高考閱讀理解雖然每篇文章很長(zhǎng)，但并不是每一個(gè)詞、每一句話都很重要；雖然信息很多，但并不是每一個(gè)信息點(diǎn)都是考點(diǎn)。因此在閱讀過(guò)程中學(xué)會(huì)有的放矢、精準(zhǔn)定位至關(guān)重要。二、細(xì)節(jié)理解題的解題捷徑一般采用尋讀法，解題分三步：(1)先讀題干，抓住關(guān)鍵詞；(2)帶著問(wèn)題快速閱讀文章，找出與問(wèn)題有關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)或句子；(3)仔細(xì)對(duì)比選項(xiàng)和原文信息，繼而找出答案。三、細(xì)節(jié)理解題的正確選項(xiàng)特征原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)中的某個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)與原文完全一致同義替換對(duì)原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化把原文中的復(fù)雜語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化正話反說(shuō)把原文中的意思反過(guò)來(lái)表達(dá)四、細(xì)節(jié)理解題的干擾選項(xiàng)特征擴(kuò)縮范圍與文章細(xì)節(jié)部分吻合，部分相悖無(wú)中生有明顯與文章內(nèi)容不符或沒(méi)有提及偷梁換柱符合常識(shí)，但不是文章內(nèi)容張冠李戴是文章細(xì)節(jié)，但不符合題干要求或不是要點(diǎn)正誤參半部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤題型(一)直接信息題在解答直接信息題時(shí)，學(xué)生可以采取“關(guān)鍵詞定位法”，即“帶著問(wèn)題找答案”的方法，通過(guò)定位找題眼?！镜淅?2022·全國(guó)乙卷閱讀B)In1916,twogirlsofwealthyfamilies,bestfriendsfromAuburn,N．Y.—DorothyWoodruffandRosamondUnderwood—traveledtoasettlementintheRockyMountainstoteachinaone-roomgirlshadgonetoSmithworeexpensiveforthemtomovetoElkhead,Colo.toinstructthechildrenwhoseshoeswereheldtogetherwithstringwasasurprise...24.WhydidDorothyandRosamondgototheRockyMountains？A．Toteachinaschool. B．TostudyAmericanhistory.writeabook. D．Todosightseeing.第一步找關(guān)鍵詞：題干中的關(guān)鍵信息為gototheRockyMountains。第二步尋信息句：定位選段第一句中的DorothyWoodruff...toteachinaone-roomschoolhouse。第三步比對(duì)答案：Dorothy和Rosamond去落基山脈是為了到一所學(xué)校教學(xué)。自主解答__A__題型(二)間接信息題為了更好地考查學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和思維品質(zhì)，命題人往往會(huì)對(duì)具體細(xì)節(jié)信息加以修飾或轉(zhuǎn)換，這就需要學(xué)生綜合多處信息進(jìn)行理解。常見的考查方式有以下3種命題形式：類型1換詞類——對(duì)關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)換原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)【典例】(2022·全國(guó)乙卷閱讀D)FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity(肥胖)．Itisbelievedthattoday'schildren...32.Whywasthesugartaxintroduced？A．Ttectchildren'shealth.encourageresearchineducation.第一步找關(guān)鍵詞：題干中的關(guān)鍵詞為introduced。第二步尋信息句：定位選段第一句FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity(肥胖)。第三步比對(duì)答案：征收糖稅的目的是幫助減少兒童肥胖，保護(hù)孩子們的健康。自主解答__C__同義對(duì)應(yīng)【典例】(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷閱讀A)LateWorkAnessaynotsubmittedinclassontheduedatewilllosealettergradeforeachclassperioditisitisnotturnedinbythe4thdayaftertheduedate,itwillearnaassignmentsnotcompletedduringclasswillgetawritingsmissedasaresultofanexcusedabsencewillbeaccepted.23.Whatwillhappenifyousubmitanessayoneweekaftertheduedate?A．Youwillreceiveazero.willlosealettergrade.willbegivenatest.willhavetorewriteit.第一步找關(guān)鍵詞：題干中的關(guān)鍵詞為submit。第二步尋信息句：定位選段第二句Ifitisnotturnedinbythe4thdayaftertheduedate,itwillearnazero.。第三步比對(duì)答案：如果你在截止日期過(guò)后一周才上交，你的成績(jī)將會(huì)是零分。自主解答__A__類型2計(jì)算類——對(duì)具體細(xì)節(jié)信息進(jìn)行加工此類試題要求學(xué)生對(duì)具體細(xì)節(jié)信息，尤其是對(duì)相關(guān)的時(shí)間、數(shù)量等數(shù)字和信息進(jìn)行分析和理解，利用加、減、乘、除等運(yùn)算方法進(jìn)行計(jì)算，但此類試題重點(diǎn)不在于計(jì)算，而在于考查學(xué)生對(duì)具體細(xì)節(jié)信息的處理能力，因此解題時(shí)必須找出計(jì)算背后所隱含的信息。【典例】(2022·全國(guó)乙卷閱讀A)Admission￡4.Childrenunder12yearsaccompaniedbyanadultareadmittedfree.SchoolsandCollegesAspeciallowentrancechargeof￡2perpersonisavailabletoallinfull-timeeducation,uptoandincludingthoseatfirstdegreelevel,inorganisedgroupswithteachers.22.Howmuchwouldacouplewithtwochildrenunder12payforadmission？A．￡4. B．￡8.C.￡12. D．￡16.第一步找關(guān)鍵詞：題干中的關(guān)鍵詞為admission。第二步尋信息句：定位Admission中的￡4.Childrenunder12yearsaccompaniedbyanadultareadmittedfree。第三步比對(duì)答案：門票是4英鎊，由一位成年人陪同的12歲以下的孩子是免費(fèi)的。因此，一對(duì)夫婦帶兩個(gè)12歲以下的孩子應(yīng)支付8英鎊。自主解答__B__類型3概括類——概括和歸納為了增加細(xì)節(jié)理解題的難度，命題人有時(shí)候會(huì)采用較為概括的方式來(lái)進(jìn)行命題，即一道試題中涉及一段或者幾段的某些內(nèi)容，需要學(xué)生進(jìn)行概括和歸納后才能得出答案。此類試題雖然各個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)信息都能在文章中找到，但學(xué)生需要具備一定的概括和歸納能力才能正確作答?！镜淅?2021·全國(guó)乙卷閱讀A)Allthesestadiumsarestillfunctional,stillopenandstillhostingthebiggesteventsinworldsport.·Rungrado1stofMayStadium,Pyongyang,D．:150，000.Opened:May1，1989.·MichiganStadium,AnnArbor,Michigan,U．:107，601.Opened:October1，1927.·BeaverStadium,StateCollege,Pennsylvania,U．:106，572.Opened:September17，1960.·OhioStadium,Columbus,Ohio,U．:104，944.Opened:October7，1922.·KyleField,CollegeStation,Texas,U．:102，512.Opened:September24，1927.22.Ofthefollowingstadiums,whichistheoldest？A．MichiganStadium. B．BeaverStadium.C.OhioStadium. D．KyleField.第一步找關(guān)鍵詞：題干中的關(guān)鍵詞為whichistheoldest。第二步尋信息句：定位至文章最后一部分對(duì)各個(gè)體育場(chǎng)的介紹。第三步比對(duì)答案：四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的體育場(chǎng)分別于1927年、1960年、1922年、1927年開放。因此，最古老的體育場(chǎng)是OhioStadium。自主解答__C__A(2022·馬鞍山市教學(xué)質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè)二)HiddenGardensinLondonFromnaturereservestocommunityspace,we'vedugupsomeofLondon'smostsecretgardens,whereyou'llfindpocketsofsplendidnatureandforgetaboutallyourworries.Queen'sWoodAcrosstheroadfromthebetter-knownHighgateWood,thereissomethingmoremagicalandquieteraboutQueen'sWood—itspathwaysthroughthemountainashandcherrymightbeonlyafewhundredmetresfromHighgatetubestation,butnativebluebellsandcountlessspeciesofsmallanimalsmakethisawonderfulretreat.PhoenixGardenBehindCharingCrossRoadthisisasuperspotforacomfortablelunchtimeoutforfrogsandsparrows,whicharethrivingthankstoanenthusiasticconservationgardenclosedlastautumnforredevelopmentworkbuthasreopenedintimetotakeadvantageofalongspellofgoodweather.Postman'sParkAshortwalkfromStPaul'sCathedralliesoneofLondon'smosttouchingmonuments.WithinthequietPostman'sPark,nestledbeneatharoof,arejustover50ceramicplaques(匾牌),eachhonoringthememoryofanordinarypersonwholosthisorherlifetryingtosaveothers.RedCrossGardenOriginallyintendedtogiveSouthwarkchildrenaspacetoplay,thisVictoriangardenhasbeenrestoredtoitsoriginaldesign,completewithponds,cottages,bandstandsandformalrelaxingintherestoredbandstand,it'shardtoimaginetheviewbackin1887whenitwassurroundedbyworkhousesandfactories.語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章主要介紹了位于倫敦的四個(gè)秘密花園。1．Whichgardenisclosetoasubwaystation?A．Queen'sWood. B．PhoenixGarden.C．Postman'sPark. D．RedCrossGarden.解析：A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Queen'sWood部分中的Itmightbe...Highgatetubestation可知，Queen'sWood離地鐵站只有幾百米遠(yuǎn)。2．WhatcanyoudoinPostman'sPark?A．Takephotosofoldworkhouses.B．Swiminthepond.C．Learnstoriesaboutselflessness.D．Enjoyabandshow.解析：C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Postman'sPark部分中的Withinthequiet...tryingtosaveothers.可知，在Postman'sPark，有50多塊陶瓷匾牌位于屋頂下，每一塊都是為了紀(jì)念為拯救他人而犧牲的普通人。由此可知，在Postman'sPark，人們可以學(xué)習(xí)到無(wú)私奉獻(xiàn)的精神。3．WhatdoPhoenixGardenandRedCrossGardenhaveincommon?A．Theyhavebeenrepaired.B．Theyweresurroundedbyfactories.C．Theywillbetemporarilyclosed.D．Theyhavethesameoriginaldesign.解析：A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)PhoenixGarden部分中的Thegardenclosed...goodweather.和RedCrossGarden部分中的thisVictoriangardenhasbeenrestoredtoitsoriginaldesign可知，兩個(gè)地方的共同點(diǎn)是都經(jīng)過(guò)了修復(fù)。B(2022·長(zhǎng)春市教學(xué)質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè))NewYear2020wasshapinguptobeaheartbreakerforMelaniefewweeksearlier,her33-year-oldsonhadlosthisbattlewithalongthetransmission(變速器)onher2007ChevroletTahoefailedtohadnomeansofpayingforittobefixed.“Whenitbrokedown,Ibrokedown，”LeetoldCNN.“NowIdon'thavemybaby,andIdon'thaveamIsupposedtostayactiveinmygrandchildren'slives？”EliotMiddleton,38,whoistheownerofabarbecuerestaurantandaformerautomechanic,inhisfreetime,repairsandgivesawayusedcars.He'dheardaboutLee'sdifficultsituationfromhernephewFrankMcClary,themayorofAndrews,SouththemorningoftheNewYear,MiddletonshowedupunannouncedatLee'shomewithagift：awhite1993Oldsmobile.“Ihadnoideawhatwasgoingon，”saidLee.“Hehandedmethekeysanddidn'taskforanything.”O(jiān)nceagain,she'sabletopickuphergranddaughtersfromschoolandtakethemtohavedanceclasses.“Igotmyfreedomback.”TheideaofgivingawayusedcarscametoMiddletonayearearlierduringafooddrivehe'dofthosewho'dlinedupforamealwalkeduptofourmilestogettherebecausetheydidn'thavecars.“CarsarealifelineinthispartofSouthCarolina，”MiddletontoldCBS.“There'snopublictransportation,andnotaxistotakepeopletojobinterviews,doctorappointments,evenfoodshopping.”Sohepostedanofferonlinetotradehisrestaurant'sspecialty,barbecuedribs,forbroken-downthen,friendsandstrangershavedroppedoffmorethan100carsinvariousstatesofsitinMiddleton'syardwaitingtobepatched_upanddonated,usuallytothosehe'sheardaboutthroughwordofmouth.It'salistofnamesthatgrowdaily.“PeoplethinkEliotisagoodman，”MayorMcClarysaid.“AndIdo,too.”語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。MelanieLee遭遇了人生的寒冬：33歲的兒子因病去世，賴以代步的車子發(fā)生故障無(wú)錢維修，幸得EliotMiddleton幫助。他向MelanieLee捐贈(zèng)了一輛汽車。4．WhatcanwelearnaboutMelanieLeefromthetext?A．Shelosthersoninacaraccident.B．Shewasdeeplydepressedwhenhercarbrokedown.C．Sherefusedtolo