口譯翻譯練習(xí)：中國城鄉(xiāng)社會家庭結(jié)構(gòu)及功能的變遷

-.z中國城鄉(xiāng)社會家庭構(gòu)造與功能的變遷TheChangesofthestructuresandfunctionsofChineseFamilies在上個世紀(jì)70年代中期開場實施的方案生育政策,以及工業(yè)化、城市化和現(xiàn)代化進程的雙重推進下,近年來,中國城鄉(xiāng)社會的家庭構(gòu)造和家庭婚姻制度發(fā)生了巨大而深刻的變化:UnderthepromotionofboththeintroductionofBirthControlPoliciesinmid-1970s,andtheprocessofindustrialization,urbanizationandmodernization,thehouseholdfunctionsandthemarriagesysteminChinesesocietyhavebeenundergoingdramaticchangesinrecentyears.傳統(tǒng)的大家庭模式越來越多地被以核心家庭為主的多樣化的小家庭模式所取代;Traditionale*tendedfamilieshavebeenincreasinglyreplacedbyvarioussmallhouseholdpatterns,especiallynuclearfamilies.與此相一致的是,以父輩為權(quán)威的大家庭越來越多地讓位于以子女,特別是獨生子女為中心的小家庭制度Correspondingly,bigfamilieswiththeelderasauthoritiesaregivingplacetosmallerfamilieswithchildren,especiallytheonlychildren,asthecenters.人口老齡化進程的加速與家庭制度的演變,使得養(yǎng)老問題的嚴(yán)峻性愈加凸現(xiàn);Thechangesoffamilypatterns,alongwiththeaccelerationofpopulationaginginthecountry,maketheprovisionoftheelderasevereproblem.傳統(tǒng)的婚姻觀念正在經(jīng)受著現(xiàn)代價值觀念和生活方式的沖擊,結(jié)婚率、生育率下滑，和離婚率上升,使得婚姻制度的重要性在下降。Traditionalvaluesonmarriageareundertheimpactofmodernvaluesandlifestyles.Theimportanceofmarriageisdecreasingduetothedeclineofmarriagerateandbirthrate,andtherisingofdivorcerate.一般來說,家庭有五種根本功能:生產(chǎn)功能、消費功能、人口再生產(chǎn)功能、養(yǎng)育子女和贍養(yǎng)老人的功能、滿足家庭成員生理和心理需要的功能。Generally,familieshave5basicfunctions,namelyproduction,consumption,reproduction,provisionfortheyoungandelderly,satisfactionofthephysicalandmentalneedsofmembers.在今天,社會化大生產(chǎn)和市場經(jīng)濟下的專業(yè)化分工,以及家庭構(gòu)造和家庭制度的變遷,已經(jīng)使得家庭的許多根本社會功能出現(xiàn)萎縮或被取代:Today,somebasicsocialfunctionsoffamilieshavebeenweakenedandevenreplacedduetomassproductionandthespecializationofproductioninmarketeconomy,aswellasthechangesinfamilystructuresandfamilypatterns.社會化大生產(chǎn)在城市中已根本取代了家庭的生產(chǎn)功能,家庭在很大程度上已不再是組織生產(chǎn)的根本單位;Familiesarenolongerthebasicunitofsocialproduction,sincemassproductionhasalreadytakentheplaceofthefamilyfunctionofproduction.各式各樣的教育機構(gòu)大量出現(xiàn),在很大程度上將家庭撫養(yǎng)和教育子女方面的責(zé)任轉(zhuǎn)移至社會和市場,Theemergenceofvariouseducationalinstitutionsgreatlytransfersthedutyofraisingandteachingchildrentothesocietyandmarket.單身和“丁克〞家庭的逐漸擴大,未婚同居現(xiàn)象的大量出現(xiàn),說明家庭人口再生產(chǎn)的根本社會功能在一定程度上已被年輕一代所無視;Theincreaseofone-personfamiliesandDINKfamilies,andtheemergenceofcohabitationindicatethefamilyfunctionofreproductionhasbeenneglectedbytheyounggenerations.核心家庭在很大程度上削弱甚至割裂了傳統(tǒng)的大家庭中老人與子女的日常感情與責(zé)任鏈條;Nuclearfamiliesundermineandevenhinderthefamilybondsandresponsibilitiese*istinginthetraditionalbigfamilies.群眾傳媒和各種娛樂設(shè)施,極大的轉(zhuǎn)移和豐富了人們的生活內(nèi)容,人們已經(jīng)不再主要以家庭為唯一娛樂的場所。Massmediaandvariousrecreationfacilitiesgreatlydistractpeopleandenrichtheirlives,sothatfamiliesarenolongertheonlyplacetoenjoythemselves.效勞經(jīng)濟的開展也使家務(wù)勞動大大減少Andthedevelopmentofserviceindustrygreatlydecreasestheamountofhousework.總之,一方面家庭生活日益與整個社會融為一體,另一方面,人們傳統(tǒng)的家庭責(zé)任意識也在淡化Tosumup,ononehand,familylifeinChinaisincreasinglyfusingintothesociety;ontheotherhand,people’ssenseofresponsibilityintraditionalfamilieshasbeenfading.社會開展的根本趨向是,公眾更樂于社會越來越多地分擔(dān)家庭的功能,而不是相反。Thebasictrendofsocialdevelopmentisthatpeoplearecontenttosharefamilyfunctionswiththewholesociety,nottheotherwayaround.這種家庭婚姻功能的衰落,與西方一些國家上個世紀(jì)七、八十年代的社會狀況有*種類似之處.在追求經(jīng)濟開展、科技進步的物質(zhì)文明過程中,人們付出了巨大的社會精神和心理上的代價,包括家庭.Thedeclineofthefunctionsoffamilyresembleswhathappenedinwesterncountriesin1970sto1980s.Whenpursuingtheadvanceofeconomyandtechnologies,peoplepayhighcosts,bothsocialandmental,includingfamilies.家庭制度的演變給這些國家?guī)砹艘幌盗猩鐣栴},如高離婚率、低結(jié)婚率、少年母親、單親家庭、艾滋病等大量出現(xiàn)。其中許多至今尚未能治愈。Th