2013最新高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法定語(yǔ)從句詳解

1、,The Attributive Clause,定語(yǔ)從句,2013最新高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法 定語(yǔ)從句專講,高考語(yǔ)法專題,定語(yǔ)從句,對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句的考查在湖南高考中主要出現(xiàn)在單項(xiàng)填空部分。 1.主要考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)： (1)關(guān)系詞的選用 (2)關(guān)系詞前加介詞等的用法 (3)定語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài) (4)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的用法,復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)： (1)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法區(qū)別。 (2)掌握只能用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的情形。 (3)掌握介詞加關(guān)系代詞的用法。 (4)掌握as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的用法。 2.如何應(yīng)對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句的考查 解題時(shí)，首先要確定先行詞，根據(jù)先行詞在從句中所作的句子成分來(lái)判斷該用關(guān)系代詞還是副詞

2、，并且確定具體用哪個(gè)關(guān)系詞。如果從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，應(yīng)考慮關(guān)系代詞前該不該加介詞。,a sky,a tree,a building,a man,定語(yǔ),blue,big,tall,strong,前置,a bridge,birds,fish,a cat,定語(yǔ),over the river,in the sky,in the sea,under the tree,后置,Attributive(定語(yǔ)) (用來(lái)修飾名詞的成分),1.I sat next to a girl whose name was Diane. 2.She was the teacher who taught us Engl

3、ish Literature.,我挨著一個(gè)名叫丹妮的女孩坐著.,她是教我們英國(guó)文學(xué)的老師,后置定語(yǔ),1.定義：修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語(yǔ)從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。 2.先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞。,定語(yǔ)從句的基本結(jié)構(gòu):,先行詞(名詞或代詞) +關(guān)系詞+其它成分,She was the teacher who taught us English Literature,The girl who is brave is Lily.,主句,定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞,關(guān)系詞,The apple is mine.,The apple/ the apple is green is

4、 mine.,The apple is green.,which,the apple = which,3. 關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, which, that, as等；關(guān)系副詞：where, when, why等。關(guān)系詞常有三個(gè)作用：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句；代替先行詞；在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。如： Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have read. 分析：that I have read是定語(yǔ)從句；novel是先行詞；that 是關(guān)系代詞，代替先

5、行詞novel，在從句中作have read的賓語(yǔ)。,關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)可以省略.,(2010湖南)Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school _ I met in the English speech contest last year. A. who B. where C. when D. which 思路點(diǎn)撥：首先確定先行詞，根據(jù)空格后的從句I met in the English speech contest last year缺少met的賓語(yǔ)，該賓語(yǔ)應(yīng)當(dāng)為sb.，故可判斷先行詞不是從句最靠

6、近的my school，而是被in my school所隔開(kāi)的the students。故此，關(guān)系代詞該用who/whom或者省略。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有A選項(xiàng)正確。,4. 限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 限制性定語(yǔ)從句形式上不用逗號(hào)和主句隔開(kāi)，是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確，翻譯成先行詞的定語(yǔ)，“的”。 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，通常翻譯成主句的并列句。關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。,His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages h

7、im to go to college. 他那個(gè)現(xiàn)在是律師的哥哥總是鼓勵(lì)他上大學(xué)。(他還有其他的哥哥) His brother, who is now a lawyer, always encourages him to go to college. 他的哥哥，現(xiàn)在是律師，總是鼓勵(lì)他上大學(xué)。(他只有一個(gè)哥哥),歸 納 總 結(jié),規(guī)則1：關(guān)系代詞若在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)并且前面無(wú)介詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可省略，其他情況不可省，如：(1)。 規(guī)則2：定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致問(wèn)題 (1)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致，如：(2)。 (2) one of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 關(guān)系代詞

8、 復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞；而the only one of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 關(guān)系代詞 單數(shù)動(dòng)詞，如：(3)。 (3)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，由關(guān)系代詞as或which代替整個(gè)主句時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，如：(4)。,讀 深 思熟,1.關(guān)系代詞的使用定義 (1)She is the woman (whom / that/who) I wanted to see yesterday. (2)I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble. (3)Harry Potter is one of

9、 the bestsellers that are popular with teenagers. Harry Potter is the only one of the bestsellers that makes the author a billionaire.,熟 讀 深 思,(4)Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all. (5)To own a TV set in each family, which we think was impossible 20 years ago, now has become

10、 true. (6)All that can be done has been done. (7)This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. (8)The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. (9)Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?,熟 讀 深 思,(10)Who is the man that is standing there? (11)They have set

11、 up a company, which deals with the things that are related to environment protection. (12) Hangzhou is no more the city that it used to be. (13)The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (14)We depend on the land from which we get our food. (15)Is there anyone who is ready to h

12、elp the injured person?,歸 納 總 結(jié),(4)關(guān)系代詞和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)要看關(guān)系代詞的指代，如：(5)。 規(guī)則3：指物時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用that的情況： (1)當(dāng)先行詞為everything, anything, nothing, the one, none, all, much, few, any, little等不定代詞時(shí)，如：(6)。 (2)當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, all, much, few, any, little, no修飾時(shí)，如：(7)。 (3)當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或者先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形

13、容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，如：(8)。,歸 納 總 結(jié),(4)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，如：(9)。 (5)當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)詞who或which時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)要用that，如：(10)。 (6)有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用which，另一個(gè)則用that，如：(11)。 (7)當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語(yǔ)，而關(guān)系代詞也在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，只用that，如：(12)。 規(guī)則4：指物時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用 which的情況： (1)在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，如：(13)。 (2)介詞后，如：(14)。,歸 納 總 結(jié),(3)有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用that，另一個(gè)宜用which。 規(guī)則

14、5：指人時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用who的情況： (1)當(dāng)先行詞是anyone, those時(shí)，如：(15)。 (2)有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用that，另一個(gè)宜用who。 規(guī)則6：whose可以指代人或物，在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)， 后跟名詞。指物時(shí)，whose名詞名詞 of which of which 名詞，如：(16)。,歸 納 總 結(jié),規(guī)則7：關(guān)系代詞as和which 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，as和which可代替整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。二者的區(qū)別主要在于： (1) as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句既可以在主句前，也可以在主句后，有時(shí)還可以插入句中，常帶

15、有“正如，正像”的意思。而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后，翻譯成“這”，如：(17)。 (2) 主句中出現(xiàn)the same, as, such, so修飾先行詞，需選擇as做關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，如：(18)。,歸 納 總 結(jié),【注意】當(dāng)先行詞由the same修飾時(shí)，有時(shí)也用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的意思不同：that表示同一個(gè)，as表示同一類(lèi)。 (3)在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般也用as: as (it) appears, as (it) seems likely, as (it) often happens,as (it) was pointed ou

16、t/ said/ reported/ announced , as (it) was said earlier, as I remember (it), as is wellknown, as is known to all, as anybody can see.等，如：(19)。,熟 讀 深 思,(16)The classroom whose door/ the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor. (17)As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health

17、. (18)This house is not such as I expect.(such為代詞，作先行詞； as在從句中作賓語(yǔ)) (19)As was pointed out, this kind of substance is poisonous. (20)This is the book (which / that) I am looking for.,歸 納 總 結(jié),規(guī)則8：“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 “介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom，指物時(shí)用which。 (1) 某些帶有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，介詞可以提至關(guān)系代詞之前，但是在一些固定搭配的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中，由于動(dòng)詞和

18、介詞不可以分割，因此不能將介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前，如take care of, look for, look after, care for等，如：(20)。,歸 納 總 結(jié),(2)“介詞關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞，有時(shí)數(shù)詞或代詞也可以放在“介詞關(guān)系代詞”之后，如：(21)。 (3)介詞which / whomto do結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以改為：介詞which / whom定語(yǔ)從句，如：(22)。 (4)在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，which可作定語(yǔ)，指先行詞(短語(yǔ)或句子)所表示的信息，形成“介詞

19、which 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，相當(dāng)于and in/at/during this/that名詞，如：(23)。,熟 讀 深 思,(21) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him. (22) I dont have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress.I dont have enough money with which

20、 I can buy such an expensive dress. (23) Mike was a student at the university from 1998 to 2004, during which time he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students Union.,規(guī)則1：when指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)；when表示時(shí)間的介詞(in / at / on / during)which，如：(1)。 規(guī)則2：where指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，where表示地點(diǎn)的介詞(in / at /

21、on / under)which，如：(2)。 規(guī)則3：why指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)， why表示原因的介詞(for)which，如：(3)。 規(guī)則4：以the way為先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句通常由in which或that引導(dǎo)，而且通常可以省略，如：(4)。,歸 納 總 結(jié),【注意】 The way (which / that) he explained to us was quite simple.(which / that在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)成分) 規(guī)則5：有時(shí)為了表達(dá)更清楚，可以在關(guān)系副詞where / when前加上介詞to, from等，如：(5)。 【注意】 一些特殊的先行詞如si

22、tuation, point, case, activity，scene及period, festival, occasion等要注意具體情況具體分析，作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)時(shí)，用關(guān)系代詞that/which；作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞where/when或“介詞which”。,歸 納 總 結(jié),There is one point (that/which) we must insist on. 有一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)我們必須堅(jiān)持。(定語(yǔ)從句可還原為：we must insist on the point, 所以先行詞point在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，故用that/which或省略。) Were just trying

23、to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk. 我們正努力做到能讓雙方坐下來(lái)對(duì)話。 (定語(yǔ)從句可還原為：at a point both sides will sit down together and talk, 故先行詞point在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，所以關(guān)系詞用where/at which。),歸 納 總 結(jié),熟 讀 深 思,2. 關(guān)系副詞的使用 (1) I still remember the day when / on which I first came to the school. (2) The

24、house where / in which I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. (3) I dont know the reason why / for which he looks unhappy today. (4) The way(in which / that)he answered the question was surprising. (5) China is the birth place of kites, from where kites spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and Indi

25、a.,熟 讀 深 思,3. 關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞的選擇 用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞填空 (1) I will remember the days that we spent together. (2) June 7 is the day when we begin to take the college entrance examination. (3) This is the place that we visited the day before yesterday. (4) This is the place where he worked for ten years.,歸 納 總 結(jié),規(guī)則1：用還原

26、法：將先行詞放入定語(yǔ)從句中，找到它的原有位置，判斷它作什么成分以及判斷先行詞指人還是指物。 規(guī)則2：一般說(shuō)來(lái)，作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)，用關(guān)系代詞；作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞或介詞which；作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，用whose。,熟 讀 深 思,4. 定語(yǔ)從句和其他句型之間的區(qū)別 用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞填空 (1) He is such a good boy _everyone likes him. (2) He is such a good boy _everyone likes. (3) He said nothing _ made me angry. (4) He said nothing, _made me angry. (5) He said nothing, and made me angry. (6) _is known to all, the moon travels around the earth. (7) News came _our class had won the game.,that,as,that,which,that,As,that,熟 讀 深 思,(8)What is known to all is _ the moon travels around the eart