木工指引：基本連接方式

1、WOODWORKING GUIDE: BASIC JOINERY木工指南：基本連接方式Close isnt really good enough. A perfect fit is what counts.“差不多”還不夠好，我們要的是精準(zhǔn)的結(jié)合。Whenbuilding furniture, there are many ways to construct joints. The simplest are those that usemechanical fasteners, like nails and screws. While these are sometimes appropria

2、te, theyre not often usedin first-class work, especially in visible areas. Whats preferred is a direct joint between parts, bonded withglue.做家具的時(shí)候，有很多 連接構(gòu)件的方法。最簡(jiǎn)單的就是使用機(jī)械連接件，比如頂子、螺絲。雖然這辦法有時(shí)候適用， 但在高級(jí)木作尤其是看面上卻很少使用。人們更喜歡構(gòu)件之間直接通過膠水來連接。Of course, the type of joint you need depends on a variety of factors,

3、 like the nature of the materials beingjoined, the function of the joint, strength and appearance requirements, what machinery and equipment areavailable, and your own level of skill. Whole books are devoted to this discipline- and most are farfrom comprehensivebecause the possibilities are almost e

4、ndless. In light of this, joinery can certainly seemintimidating to thebeginner. But it doesnt have to be. By mastering two primary joints, the edge joint and the mortise andtenon, you can build an astounding array of furniture.當(dāng)然，選用哪種 連接方式取決于多種因素，包括所要連接材料的性質(zhì)、連接點(diǎn)的功能、強(qiáng)度和外觀的要求、可用的工具裝備以及你的技術(shù)水平。有很多書整本都在

5、講這些內(nèi)容，但大多都講得不全面，因?yàn)橛袔缀鯚o數(shù)種可能的情況。鑒于此，連接方法的內(nèi)容對(duì)于新手來說往往很嚇人。但實(shí)際上大可不必，只要掌握兩種主要的 連接方法一一邊的 連接和方棒連接一一你 就能做出很多種家具了。Edge Joints邊的連接The first requirement of a good edge joint is that the two mating surfaces must fit together perfectly. Thismeans there are no discernible gaps. Second, the matingsurfaces must be ei

6、ther on the edge or the surface of a board. End grain is not acandidate for edge joining because of its open cellular structure. When glue is applied to these cells, theyact like straws, pulling the glue deep into the wood instead of leaving it near the surface where the bondtakes place. When end gr

7、ain must be joined to edge or face grain, the joint of choice is the mortise andtenon. More on this later.做好邊的連接的第一個(gè)要求就是對(duì)接的兩條邊必須能完美地拼合。這意味著拼合處不能有可見的縫隙。第二，拼合的部位必須要么是板子的側(cè)邊，要么在板子的大面上。板子的端頭（木紋截?cái)嗝妫┎荒苡眠@種方法連接，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)面上的孔狀結(jié)構(gòu)太多了。當(dāng)膠水涂到這些小孔上時(shí)，它們就像吸管一樣把膠水吸到木材的深處而不是讓膠水留在膠結(jié)面附近。當(dāng)一塊板子的端面必須和另一塊板子的側(cè)邊或板面連接時(shí)，就要選用方棒 連接，這會(huì)在

8、后面講到。For edge joining, the mating surfaces must be flat and square to both faces of theboard. To achieve this, first scribe a straight reference line on one surface, using a long straightedge. Thenclamp this board to the side of your worktable and use a bench plane to flatten the edge. Check yourpro

9、gress relative to your reference line frequently. And check for square frequently with a combinationsquare.對(duì)于邊的連接，對(duì)接面必須平整、方正（和相鄰兩面垂直）。為了達(dá)到這個(gè)要求，先在板子 的一側(cè)用長(zhǎng)靠山畫一條參考線，然后把板子加在工作臺(tái)的側(cè)面，用臺(tái)刨（手動(dòng)的）刨平這條邊。刨的過程中要經(jīng)常根據(jù)剛才畫的參考線檢查刨削的進(jìn)度，并用組合直角尺檢查是否方正。Once youre satisfied with the edge on the first board, repeat the same

10、process on the mating board. Whenyouve flattened this edge, lay the two boards together on a flat surface and check for fit. Usually someadditional work will be required to get a perfect joint. Whenyouve achieved it, just spread glue on bothmating edges （Photo 1） and clamp the boards together until

11、the glue sets （Photo 2）.刨好第一塊板子的結(jié)合邊后再用同樣的方法去刨另一塊板子。兩塊都刨好后將他們放在一個(gè)平面上試拼一下，通常你還需要修整幾次才能達(dá)到完美的拼接效果。修整好之后，只需在對(duì)接的兩邊涂上膠水（如圖1）,并用夾鉗固定好這兩塊板子知道膠水固化（如圖2）。1-A simple edge joint requires only the proper fit of the parts and a thin coat of glue. Be sure to spreadthe glue evenly.圖1.簡(jiǎn)單的邊連接只需兩條邊能緊密拼合并在上面涂薄薄一層膠即可，膠水一定

12、要涂勻。2-Pull the edge joint tight with clamps. Make sure that both boards are aligned correctly, so that thesurface is flat.圖2.用夾鉗加緊對(duì)接的木板，確保兩塊木板對(duì)齊，這樣才能保證拼出來的是一個(gè)平面。Doweling圓木棒連接One common problem with edge joining is that the glue often acts as a lubricant between the boards. Thiscan cause the boards t

13、o slip when clamped, which makes it difficult to achieve a flat joint. There are threecommonsolutions to this problem: dowels, joining plates and splines. Because the last two require somefairly specialized equipment, dowels are the best choice for the beginner. All you need for the job is a drillan

14、d a doweling jig.邊連接的一個(gè)常見問題是膠水常常在兩板之間起到潤(rùn)滑劑的作用，使得用夾鉗固定的時(shí)候板子容易相對(duì)滑動(dòng)，導(dǎo)致很難保證連接處的兩邊在一個(gè)平面上。一般有三種方法來解決這個(gè)問 題，圓木棒、餅干棒和木楔。因?yàn)楹髢煞N都需要一些特殊裝備才能搞定，所以圓木棒就成了 新手的首選。使用圓木棒只需準(zhǔn)備電鉆和圓棒打孔模具即可。For standard 13/16-in.-thick stock, 1/4-in.-dia. x 1-in.-long dowels are a good choice. Start by laying outthe dowel locations every 6

15、 in. to 8 in. along the joint. Next, install the 1/4-in.-dia.bushing in yourdoweling jig and center the hole inthe jig bushing over your first mark. Tighten the jig in place and bore a hole inthe edge (Photo 3). Make sure that the hole is deep enough to allow a 1/16-in. space at each end of thedowel

16、 for excess glue. Repeat the same procedure for all the holes along the joint.對(duì)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的13/16英寸厚的木料，應(yīng)該選用直徑1/4英寸、長(zhǎng)1英寸的圓木棒。先在要對(duì)接 的邊上每隔68英寸畫一個(gè)圓棒定位標(biāo)記。然后在圓棒開孔模具上裝上1/4英寸直徑的軸套，將模具上的孔對(duì)準(zhǔn)你畫的標(biāo)記。固定好打孔模具，并在要對(duì)接的邊上鉆孔(如圖3)。在兩塊板上都要保證孔的深度超過圓棒的長(zhǎng)度1/16英寸，以便給多余的膠水留有空間。重復(fù)上述操作，打完所有的孔。3-Using small dowels helpswith edge joint al

17、ignment. Bore the dowel holes with a doweling jig and anelectric drill.圖3.用圓木棒來協(xié)助對(duì)齊接口。用電鉆和圓棒開孔模具來打圓棒孔。Keep in mind that birch dowel stock, in 36-in. lengths and in diameters from 1/8 in. to 1 in., is commonlyavailable at hardware stores and lumberyards. When using this material, its a good idea to c

18、ut a narrowgroove down the length of each piece to create an escape route for excess glue. You can use the corner ofa sharp chisel to scratch the side of the dowel. You also should slightly bevel both ends of the dowel witha piece of sandpaper. This bevel makes aligning the dowels in their mating ho

19、les easier. You can also buyreadymade dowels from mail-order suppliers.記住，你通常能在五金店或木料場(chǎng)買到36英寸長(zhǎng)、直徑1/8至1英寸的樺木圓棒料。使用圓棒的時(shí)候，最好在每個(gè)圓棒上沿長(zhǎng)度方向切出一條凹槽，以便讓多余的膠水可以順著凹槽擠出。你可以用鑿刀的刃角刮出這個(gè)凹槽。你還應(yīng)該用砂紙給每個(gè)圓棒的兩端倒個(gè)角，這樣能讓圓棒更容易對(duì)準(zhǔn)棒孔。你也可以買現(xiàn)成的圓木棒。Once your dowels are cut to size, spread a thin layer of glue in all the dowel holes

20、 and along the edges ofthe mating boards. Then gently tap the dowels into the holes (Photo 4). Next, align the mating board so theexposed dowels meet their corresponding holes (Photo 5) and use clamps to pull the joint tight. Tightenthe clamps slowly to allow any excess glue to escape and leave the

21、joint clamped until the glue sets.做好圓棒后，在要對(duì)接的兩邊和棒孔內(nèi)都涂上薄薄一層膠水。然后輕輕地把圓棒敲到一側(cè)的棒孔中(如圖4),接著對(duì)準(zhǔn)另一塊板子，讓凸出的圓棒對(duì)準(zhǔn)相應(yīng)的棒孔(如圖5),并用夾鉗夾緊。要慢慢緊固夾鉗，以便多余的膠水能被擠出來，在膠水固化前一直保持夾持狀態(tài)。4-Once the holes are bored, spread glue in the holes and along the board edges. Then gently tap thedowels into place.圖4.鉆好孔后，在對(duì)接邊和棒孔里刷膠，然后輕輕地把圓棒敲

22、進(jìn)棒孔。5-Position the mating board so its holes align with the dowels in the first board.Then squeeze the two boards together.圖5.對(duì)準(zhǔn)另一塊板子，第一塊板子上的圓棒頭對(duì)準(zhǔn)第二塊板子上的棒孔，然后把兩板擠在 一起。Mortise And Tenon方樨連接As mentioned earlier, the mortise-and-tenon joint is the best way to join end grain to long grain. The tenonis t

23、he male portion of the joint that is cut on the end of one board. Its designed to fit into an identicallysized slot, the mortise, in the mating board.就像前面提到的，當(dāng)一塊板的端頭需要和另一塊板的側(cè)面連接時(shí)，方棒 連接是最好的方法。方棒頭是這個(gè)連接中凸出的那部分，它是在一塊板的端頭上切出來的。方棒頭插到另一塊板子上的一個(gè)合適大小的槽里面，也就是棒槽。Beginners often avoid this joint because the skil

24、ls requiredseem out of reach. Butif you take care in layout and cutting, you can easily achieve good results. Of course, its always a goodidea to practice on some scrap wood first.The tools youll needare a combination square, marking gauge, drill, doweling jig, backsaw and sharp chisel.新手通常不愿意做這種連接，

25、因?yàn)樽鏊璧募夹g(shù)看起來遙不可及。但是如果你仔細(xì)劃線并切割，你可以輕松地做好它。 當(dāng)然，最好還是在下腳料上先練習(xí)練習(xí)。做方棒所需的工具有：組合直角尺、劃線器、鉆、圓棒開孔模具、夾背鋸和鋒利的鑿刀。To lay out the joint, begin by marking the tenon shoulder line. This represents the length of the finishedtenon, which is usually 1 in. to 1 1/2 in. long. Use a square and pencil to extend this shoulder

26、 mark to bothsides and edges of the board (Photo 6).在劃線的時(shí)候，先畫好棒頭的肩線，也就是標(biāo)識(shí)棒頭長(zhǎng)度的線。棒頭通常長(zhǎng)11.5英寸。用直角尺和鉛筆畫肩線的延長(zhǎng)線，使之延伸到相鄰的兩個(gè)側(cè)面上。(如圖6)6-Begin laying out a tenon by marking a shoulder line on all four sides of the board. Use a square anda sharp pencil.圖6.給棒頭劃線的時(shí)候，先在木料的四周畫好肩線，使用直角尺和削尖的鉛筆劃線。Next, set up your m

27、arking gauge to scribe the tenon width on the center of the board end. For13/16-in.-thick stock the tenon is usually 3/8 in. thick with 7/32-in.shoulders on both sides. But a 5/16-in.-thick tenon with 1/4-in.-thick shouldersis also perfectly acceptable. Scribe these guide lines across the end grain

28、and down the two edges till theymeet the shoulder line （Photo 7）. Clamp the board in place with the joint end pointing up and use abacksaw to cut along the guide lines （Photo 8）. Be sure your saw kerf always stays on the waste side ofthe line, and stop cutting when ou reach the shoulder mark.接下來調(diào)整好你

29、的劃線器，在木材端頭的中間畫棒頭寬度線。對(duì)于13/16英寸厚的木料，通常的厚度是棒頭3/8英寸，兩肩各7/32英寸。但也可以做成棒頭厚5/16英寸，兩肩各1/4英寸。將寬度線延伸到木料的兩側(cè)，直到與肩線相交。（如圖7）將木料棒頭方向朝上固定好，用夾背鋸沿著棒頭寬度線切割。（如圖8）一定要讓鋸片在寬度線以外（不能傷到棒頭），一直切到肩線。7-Use a marking gauge to mark the tenon lines on the edges and the end of the board. Center the tenonon the end of the board.圖7.用劃線

30、器在木料端頭和兩個(gè)側(cè)面畫好棒頭線，把棒頭定位在端面的中央。8-Clamp the board upright and use a backsaw to cut along the layout lines. Be sure to cut on the wasteside of the line.圖8.將木料豎著夾緊，用夾背鋸沿標(biāo)劃的線切割。一定要讓鋸在標(biāo)線的棒頭以外部分切割。Next, clamp this board flat on your worktable and use a backsaw to cut along the waste side of theshoulder line

31、 (Photo 9). Whenthis cut is complete, the waste should fall from the side of the tenon. Repeatthe same process for the other side of thejoint. Thenuse a sharpchisel to pare the sidesof the tenon(oftencalled the cheeks) downto theguidelines(Photo 10).接下來，將木料平方在工作臺(tái)上并夾緊，用夾背鋸沿肩線外側(cè)切割(不能傷到棒肩)(如果圖9)。切好之后，廢

32、棄的小木塊就會(huì)自己從木料上掉下來。再另一面也這樣切，然后用鋒 利的鑿刀削掉棒頭側(cè)面(通常成為棒臉)多余的部分，直到與棒頭寬度線契合。9-Once the cheekcuts are made, lay the board flat andmake the shoulder cuts. Again, stay on the wasteside of the line.圖9.切出棒臉之后，將木料放平來切棒肩。再次提醒，在標(biāo)線的廢料側(cè)切割。10-Use a sharp chisel to remove the saw marks on the cheeks and to cut the tenon

33、to the finisheddimension.圖10.用鋒利的鑿刀削去棒臉上的鋸痕，并把棒頭尺寸最終修整到位。Most tenons also have shoulder cuts on the top and bottom edges. To cut these, first lay out the guide linesusing a marking gauge. Then cut along the length of the tenon using a backsaw (Photo 11). and finish bycutting along the shoulder line

34、on both edges (Photo 12). Set the tenons aside for the moment and beginworking on the mortises.大多數(shù)棒頭除了在長(zhǎng)邊方向有棒肩， 在兩個(gè)短邊方向也有棒肩。 為了切出這兩個(gè)方向的棒肩， 先用劃線器畫出引導(dǎo)線， 然后用夾背鋸沿棒頭長(zhǎng)度方向切割(如圖11),最后沿兩個(gè)短邊 的肩線切割(如圖12)。棒頭就算做好了，下面來做棒槽。11-Lay out the top and bottom shoulder cuts. Then clamp the board upright and make the long

35、cuts witha backsaw.圖11.畫出兩短邊的棒肩切割線。然后將木料豎直固定，用夾背鋸切割。12-Lay the board on its edge and make the shoulder cuts on the tenon with a backsaw.Cut on the waste side of the line.圖12.將板子側(cè)面朝上放平，用夾背鋸切棒肩。一定要在棒肩線的廢料側(cè)切割。Use the marking gauge and square to mark guide lines for the mortise in the mating board (Phot

36、o 13).Because cutting a mortise requires accurately removing a great deal of stock, a drill and doweling jig areyour tools of choice. Just insert a bushing in the doweling jig that matches the width of your mortise.Then clamp the jig ontothe board with the hole centered between your layout lines.Sli

37、de the drill bit intothe bushing and bore a series of overlapping holes until all the waste is removed (Photo 14).在另一塊板上用劃線器和直角尺畫出棒槽線（如圖13）。因?yàn)樽霭舨坌枰_地挖掉一大塊木頭，最好選用電鉆和圓棒開孔模具來作為工具。在模具上安裝一個(gè)和你要做的棒槽一樣寬的軸套，然后將模具固定在板子上，確保模具孔的中心對(duì)準(zhǔn)棒孔的中心。用鉆頭在軸套里沿棒槽打出一系列互相重疊的孔，一直打到棒槽邊緣（如圖14）。13-Use a square and a marking gauge to lay out the mortise. Double-check that the mortise and tenonwidths match.圖13.用直角尺和劃線器畫出棒槽線。再次檢查，確保棒頭和棒槽的寬度契合。14-Use a doweling jig and drill to bore overlapping holes within the mortise layout lines. This rem