牛頭刨床、鉆床和銑削機(jī)床夾具課程畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯@中英文翻譯@外文翻譯

中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料翻譯 系 別： 工程技術(shù)系 專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 姓 名： 路雙銘 學(xué) 號(hào)： 05211623 2015 年 4 月 1 日 Shapers, Drilling and Milling Machines A shapers utilizes a single-point tool on a tool holder mounted on the end of the ram. Cutting is generally done on the forward stroke. The tool is lifted slightly by the clapper box to prevent excessive drag across the work, which is fed under the tool during the return stroke in preparation for the next cut. The column houses the operating mechanisms of the shaper and also serves as a mounting unit for the work-supporting table. The table can be moved in two directions mutually perpendicular to the ram. The tool slide is used to control the depth of cut and is manually fed. It can be rotated through 90 deg, on either side of its normal vertical position, which allows feeding the tool at an angle to the surface of the table. Two types of driving mechanisms for shapers are a modified Whitworth quick-return mechanism and a hydraulic drive. For the Whitworth mechanism, the motor drives the bull gear, which drives a crank arm with an adjustable crank pin to control the length of stroke. As the bull gear rotates, the rocker arm is forced to reciprocate, imparting this motion to the shaper ram. The motor on a hydraulic shaper is used only to drive the hydraulic pump. The remainder of the shaper motions are controlled by the direction of the flow of the hydraulic oil. The cutting stroke of the mechanically driven shaper uses 220 deg. Of rotation of the bull gear, while the return stroke uses 140 deg. This gives a cutting stroke to return stroke ratio of 1.6 to 1. The velocity diagram for a hydraulic shaper shows that for most of the tool during cutting stroke is never constant, while the velocity diagram for a hydraulic shaper shows that for most of the cutting stroke the cutting speed is constant. The hydraulic shaper has an added advantage of infinitely variable cutting speeds. The principal disadvantage of this type of machine is the lack of a definite limit at the end of the ram stroke, which may allow a few thousandths of an inch variation in stroke length. A duplicating device that makes possible the reproduction of contours from a sheet-metal template is available. The sheet metal template is used in conjunction with hydraulic control. Upright drilling machines or drill presses are available in a variety of sizes and types, and are equipped with a sufficient range of apindle speeds and automatic feeds to fit the neds of most industries. Speed ranges on a typical machine are from 76 to 2025 rpm., with drill feed from 0.002 to 0.020 in.per revolution of the spindle. Radial drilling machines are used to drill workpieces that are too large or cumbersome to conveniently move. The spindle with the speed and feed changing mechanism is mounted on the radial arm; by combining the movement of the radial arm around column and the movement of the spindle assembly along the arm, it is possible to align the spindle and the drill to any position within reach of the machine. For work that is too large to conveniently support on the base, the spindle assembly can be swung out over the floor and the workpiece set on the beside the machine. Plain radial drilling machines provide only for vertical movement of the spindle; universal machines allow the spindle to swivel about an axis normal to the radial arm and the radial arm to rotate about a horizontal axis, thus permitting drilling at any angle. A multispindle drilling machine has one or more heads that drive the spindles through universal joints and telescoping splined shafts. All spindles are usually driven by the same motor and fed simultaneously to drill the desired number of holes. In most machines each spindle is held in an adjustable plate so that it can be moved relative to the others. The area covered by adjacent spindles overlap so that the machine can be set to drill holes at any location within its range. The milling operation involves metal removal with a rotating cutter. It includes removal of metal from the surface of a workspiece, enlarging holes, and form cutting, such as threads and gear teeth. Within an knee and column type of milling machine the column is the main supporting member for the other components, and includes the base containing the drive motor, the spindle, and the cutters. The cutter is mounted on an arbor held in the spindle, and supported on its outer extremity by a bearing in the overarm. The knee is held on the column in dovetail slots, the saddle is fastened to the knee in dovetail slots, and the table is attached to the saddle. Thus, the build-up the knee and column machine provides three motions relative to the cutter. A four motion may be provided by swiveling the table around a vertical axis provided on the saddle. Fixed-bed milling machines are designed to provide more rigidity than the knee and column type. The table is mounted directly on the machine base, which provides the rigidity necessary for absorbing heavy cutting load, and allows only longitudinal motion to the table. Vertical motion is obtained by moving the entire cutting head. Tracer milling is characterized by coordinated or synchronized movements of either the paths of the cutter and tracing elements, or the paths of the workpiece and model. In a typical tracer mill the tracing finger follow the shape of the master pattern, and the cutter heads duplicate the tracer motion. The following are general design considerations for milling: 1. Wherever possible, the part should be designed so that a maximum number of surfaces can be milled from one setting. 2. Design for the use of multiple cutters to mill several surfaces simultaneously. 3. The largest flat surface will be milled first, so that all dimensions are best referred to such surface. 4. Square inside corners are not possible, since the cutter rotates. Grinding Machines and Special Metal-removal Process Random point-cutting tools include abrasives in the shape of a wheel, bonded to a belt, a stick, or simply suspended in liquid. The grinding process is of extreme importance in production work for several reasons. 1.It is most common method for cutting hardened tool steel or other heat-treated steel. Parts are first machined in the un-heat-treated condition, and then ground to the desired dimensions and surface finish. 2.It can provide surface finish to 0.5m without extreme cost. 3.The grinding operation can assure accurate dimensions in a relatively short time, since machines are built to provide motions in increments of ten-thousandths of an inch, instead of thousandths as is common in other machines. 4.Extremely small and thin parts can be finished by this method, since light pressure is used and the tendency for the part to deflect away from the cutter is minimized. On a cylindrical grinding machine the grinding wheel rotates between 5500 and 6500 rpm., while the work rotates between 60 and 125 rpm. The depth of cut is controlled by moving the wheel head, which includes both the wheel and its drive motor. Coolants are provided to reduce heat distortion and to remove chips and abrasive dust. Material removal from ductile materials can be accomplished by using a tool which is harder than the workpiece. However during Word War the widespread use of materials which were as hard or harder than cutting tools created a demand for new material-removal methods. Since then a number of processes have been developed which, although relatively slow and costly, can effectively remove excess material in a precise and repeatable fashion. There are two types of processes. The first type is based on electrical phenomena and is used primarily for hard materials; the second depends upon chemical dissolution. Chemical milling is controlled etching process using strong alkaline or acid etchants. Aluminum, titanium, magnesium, and steel are the principal metals processed by this method. The area to remain untouched by the etchant are masked with a protective coating. For example, the entire part may be dipped in the masking material and the mask removed from those areas to be etched, or a chemically resistant prescribed time, after which the part is rinsed in cold water, the masking removed, the part inspected, and thoroughly cleaned. There are certain disadvantages to consider. Metal will erode equally in all directions, so that walls of the etched section will have a radius equal to the depth of etch. A second disadvantage is that a better finish is obtained on surfaces parallel to the direction of rolling of a sheet than on surface perpendicular to the direction of rolling. This can be compared to the surface obtained when working wood parallel to, or across the grain. A third disadvantage, not unique with this process, is the warpage that will occur in thin, previously stressed sections etched on just one side. Chemical milling, however, has many advantages over conventional metal-removal methods. There is no warpage of heavy sections such as forgings or extrusions when the etchant is applied simultaneously to all sides for reduction of section thickness. In conventional milling only one side can be worked at a time, and frequent turning of a part is necessary to prevent warpage. Chemical milling can be applied to parts of irregular shape where conventional milling may be very difficult. Light-weight construction can be obtained with chemical milling by the elimination of welding, riveting, and stiffeners; parts can be contoured to distribute the load in the most suitable manner. As an example of the potential savings of this process, as compared to machine milling, one company reports that the cost of removing aluminum by chem.-milling is $0.27 per pound as compared to $1.00 per pound by conventional milling. The rate of metal removal for chem.-milling is 0.001in. for aluminum. Electric-discharge machining is a process in which an electrical potential is impressed between the workpiece and the tool, and the current, emanating from a point source on the workpoiece, flows to the tool in the form of a spark. The forces that accomplish the metal removal are within the workpiece proper and, as a result, it is not necessary to construct the unit to withstand the heavy pressures and loads prevalent with conventional machining methods. The frequency of the electrical discharge ranges from 20,00 cps (cycles per second) for rough machining, to 50,000 cps for finishing such items as hardened tools and dies. The current may vary from 50 amp, during rough machining, to as low as 0.5 amp, during finishing. The process is currently applied to the machining of single-point tools, form tools, milling cutters, broaches, and die cavities. It is also applicable to the removal of broken drills, taps, and studs without damaging the workpiece in which the broken tool is imbedded. Other uses are the machining of oil holes in a hardened part, and the machining of small safety-wire holes in the heads of special alloy bolts, such as titanium. The ultrasonic machining process is applied to both conducting and non-conducting material, and relies entirely upon abrasive action for metal removal. The workpiece is submerged in slurry of finely fivided abrasive particles in a vehicle such as water. The tool is coupled to an oscillator and vibrates at frequencies between 15,000 and 30,000 cps. The vibrating tool cavitates the liquid, and the force drives the abrasive into the surface of the workpiece to remove metal chips which are carried away by the liquid. The acceleration given the abrasive grains is as much as 100,000 times the acceleration of gravity, providing a smooth and rapid cutting force. Introduction of Machining Machining as a shape-producing method is the most universally used and the most important of all manufacturing processes. Machining is a shape-producing process in which a power-driven device causes material to be removed in chip form. Most machining is done with equipment that supports both the work piece and cutting tool although in some cases portable equipment is used with unsupported workpiece. Low setup cost for small quantities. Machining has tow applications in manufacturing. For casting, forging, and pressworking, each specific shape to be p5roduced, even one part, nearly always has a high tooling cost. The shapes that may be produced, even one part, nearly always has a high tooling cost. The shapes that may be produced by welding depend to a large degree on the shapes of raw material that are available. By making use of generally high cost equipment but without special tooling, it is possible, bu machining, to start with nearly any form of any material, so long as the exterior dimensions are great enough, and produce any desired shape from any material. Therefore, machining is usually the preferred method for producing one or a few parts, even when the design of the part would logically lead to casting, forging or pressworking if a high quantity were to be produced. Close accuracies, good finishes. The second application for machining is based on the high accuracies and surface finishes possible. Many of the parts machined in low quantities would be produced with lower but acceptable tolerances if produced in high quantities by some other process. On the other hand, many pars are given shapes by some high quantity deformation process and machined only on selected surfaces where high accuracies are needed. Internal threads, for example, are seldom produced by any means other than machining and small holes in pressworked parts may be machined following the pressworking operations. 牛頭刨床、鉆床和銑削 刨床是刀具特有者利用單點(diǎn)刀具將其安裝在滑頭的末梢。一般在做切削時(shí)都會(huì)向前沖程 .刀具被擺動(dòng)刀架稍微舉起，以避免（刀具）劃過(guò)工件時(shí)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的拖刮。它通過(guò)刀具在返回沖程期間運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)并為下次的切割做準(zhǔn)備。立柱被裝有刨床的操作機(jī)械系統(tǒng)以及作為一個(gè)固定的單元為輔助點(diǎn)提供服務(wù)，工作臺(tái)移動(dòng)的兩個(gè)方向是與滑塊相互垂直的。刀具的滑行是用來(lái)控制切削的深度以及手動(dòng)式地運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。它能在它的正常垂直方向的每一邊上旋轉(zhuǎn) 90 度。它允許在工作臺(tái)表面的某個(gè)角落來(lái)運(yùn)動(dòng)刀具。 刨床 的兩種驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)改善的 whitworth 快速返回機(jī)械系統(tǒng)和一個(gè)液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)器。對(duì)于 whitworth 機(jī)械系統(tǒng)來(lái)講，是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)大型的齒輪，它能通過(guò)控制可調(diào)整的曲柄驅(qū)動(dòng)曲柄轉(zhuǎn)臂來(lái)控制沖程的長(zhǎng)度。對(duì)于大型的齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。搖動(dòng)式的曲柄轉(zhuǎn)臂被迫沿直線往復(fù)移動(dòng)。增強(qiáng)了刨床滑枕的動(dòng)向。 液壓刨床發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)只用來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)液壓泵。刨床動(dòng)向的提醒物被水硬油的流量方向所控制。機(jī)械驅(qū)動(dòng)刨床的切削行程用了大齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的 220 度，返回行程用了 140度，這就使切削行程與返回行程之速比為 1.6:1 速度圖顯示了切削行程的大部分切削速度是連續(xù)不斷 的。液壓刨床是無(wú)窮變化的切削速度限制的缺乏，它可以允許在行程長(zhǎng)度中有一些少量的變化。 可能產(chǎn)生與薄形鋼板樣板外型復(fù)制品的完全相同的裝置是可利用的。薄型鋼板的樣板用來(lái)連接液壓控制器。 直式鉆床或鉆孔式印刷機(jī)可用于各種尺寸和種類，它能安裝軸速度的足夠范圍和自動(dòng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)以適應(yīng)大多工業(yè)的要求。一個(gè)典型機(jī)器的速度范圍是 70 至2025rmp，以及鉆孔的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)速度是 0.002 到 0.020 英尺。 旋轉(zhuǎn)鉆床用來(lái)鉆那些太大或太笨重的而不能夠移動(dòng)的工件。通過(guò)將轉(zhuǎn)臂繞立柱的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)和主軸組件沿轉(zhuǎn)臂的移動(dòng)組合，可使主軸 鉆頭對(duì)準(zhǔn)機(jī)床可達(dá)范圍內(nèi)的任何位置，由于運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)太大而不方便建立在此基礎(chǔ)上，主軸能夠在垂直的地上方搖擺以及工件能固定在機(jī)器旁邊的地上。 普通的旋臂鉆床只提供軸的垂直運(yùn)動(dòng)和徑向轉(zhuǎn)臂，通過(guò)平行軸來(lái)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。因此允許鉆頭處于任何一個(gè)角度。 一個(gè)多軸通過(guò)萬(wàn)能連接和可伸縮的花鍵軸來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)的鉆床有一個(gè)或多個(gè)頭。通常所有的軸都是通過(guò)相同的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)和同時(shí)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，目的是鉆出理想中洞的數(shù)量。很多鉆床的每個(gè)軸容納在一個(gè)可調(diào)整的盤里，以便與其他相關(guān)的部件移動(dòng)。相鄰的軸重疊部分的覆蓋區(qū)域目的促使機(jī)器能夠在它的范圍的任何地方開始 鉆孔。 銑床操作與轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的切削金屬和移動(dòng)相關(guān)。它包括了一個(gè)工件的表面金屬移動(dòng)，洞的擴(kuò)大和成型切削，比如線和齒輪。 銑銷機(jī)床的升降臺(tái)式柱是其他部件的主要支持部分。包括了容量驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)的基礎(chǔ)，心軸切割工具。切割工具固定在容納在主軸的刀桿上能過(guò)一個(gè)懸臂的軸承支撐在它的外部的末端。升降臺(tái)通過(guò)燕尾槽滑動(dòng)支撐立柱和立柱機(jī)器，提供一 三種與切割工具相關(guān)的意向。另一種意向可能是工作臺(tái)由提供的滑板圍繞著軸旋轉(zhuǎn)而得到的。 固定的銑銷機(jī)床的設(shè)計(jì)目的是比升降臺(tái)或立柱提供更大的剛度。工作臺(tái)直接固定在機(jī)窗的根部，它 能為強(qiáng)大切割負(fù)荷提供強(qiáng)度的需要。而且允許對(duì)工作臺(tái)徑度的方向。垂直運(yùn)動(dòng)是通過(guò)移動(dòng)整個(gè)切割工具才能達(dá)到。 仿型銑床的特點(diǎn)是刀具和跟蹤元件的軌道運(yùn)動(dòng)的協(xié)調(diào)或同步，或者是工件或模型的軌跡運(yùn)動(dòng)的協(xié)調(diào)或同步典型的仿型銑床的仿型號(hào)像是遵照模型的形式，而且切割機(jī)頭部分與仿行部分相同。 下面是銑削的總體的設(shè)計(jì)目錄： 1. 如果可能的話，零件將被設(shè)計(jì)以便在一個(gè)工位上最大的平面能被銑削。 2. 對(duì)選擇性的切割工具的設(shè)計(jì)目的是同時(shí)銑削幾個(gè)平面。 3. 應(yīng)當(dāng)首先銑最大的平面，這樣所有的尺寸都能很好的參照這個(gè)表面。 4. 因?yàn)榍懈罟ぞ叩霓D(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，仿形里的 各個(gè)角落是不可能的。 刺耳的機(jī)器和特殊的金屬移動(dòng)程序 隨機(jī)點(diǎn)切削刀具包括構(gòu)成輪子形狀的，或粘結(jié)到帶子或棍子上或直接懸浮在液體中的研磨材料。因?yàn)閹讉€(gè)原因研磨進(jìn)程在工件的生產(chǎn)中很重要。 1. 對(duì)切削硬化的刀具鋼材料或其他的熱處理鋼材來(lái)講它是最普通的方法。零件在沒(méi)有熱處理?xiàng)l件下第一次機(jī)器切割，然后得到理想的尺度和表面光潔度。 2. 它能在沒(méi)有極限范疇時(shí)提供表面光潔度達(dá) 0.5 微米。 3. 研磨操作在相對(duì)較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)能確保精確的尺度，因?yàn)闄C(jī)器在作為其它機(jī)器的一般精度構(gòu)造時(shí)提供的動(dòng)態(tài)是每英尺增加了百分之一的精度，而不是千分之一 。 4. 尤其是小而細(xì)的零件能用這個(gè)方法完成，由于輕壓力被使用和零件的柔韌性所折射出的切削值是最小的。 研磨輪子在圓柱形的研磨機(jī)器上在 5500 和 6500rmp 之間轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，當(dāng)工件在 60和 125rmp 之間轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)，切削的深度運(yùn)動(dòng)由木頭控制，它包括了輪子和它的驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。冷卻液用來(lái)降低熱扭曲和移動(dòng)切削以及研磨材料時(shí)的灰塵。 有韌性的材料的運(yùn)動(dòng)通過(guò)那些材質(zhì)硬的刀具來(lái)完成，但是在二戰(zhàn)期間材料的廣泛傳播使用，它比新材料運(yùn)動(dòng)方法的切削刀具的要求更高