AP宏觀經(jīng)濟學考點最全總結(jié)

三立教育AP宏觀經(jīng)濟學考點最全總結(jié)AP宏觀經(jīng)濟最全總結(jié)，都掌握當然拿5分!AP宏觀經(jīng)濟學的考試題型分析，供大家參考，祝大家都能取得優(yōu)異成績。ap考試宏觀經(jīng)濟學的考試分為多項選擇題和自由回答題兩種題型，其中多項選擇題是60道題，用時70分鐘;自由回答題是3道大題，其中第一道大題平均有5-6道小題，用時大概25分鐘，第二道和第三道大題平均有3-4道小題，用時分別為12.5分鐘。其中多項選擇題部分占學生考試得分的2/3，自由回答題部分占余下的1/3。多項選擇題主要考察的是學生對宏觀經(jīng)濟學基礎(chǔ)知識的把握程度，考點主要是基本宏觀經(jīng)濟學概念、宏觀經(jīng)濟學概念的擴展、宏觀經(jīng)濟學的應(yīng)用以及各個概念的對比分析等。自由回答題主要考察的是學生對宏觀經(jīng)濟學基本框架的把握和理解，以及對宏觀經(jīng)濟學分析工具的應(yīng)用能力，其中的一部分問題需要進行圖形分析，要求考生對宏觀經(jīng)濟學中圖形分析工具具有相當程度的掌握。AP宏觀經(jīng)濟學的考點分析AP宏觀經(jīng)濟學的考點大致分為：國民經(jīng)濟核算體系，國民收入的決定-收入和支出模型，貨幣、利率和國民收入，宏觀經(jīng)濟政策，國民收入的決定：總供給-總需求模型，失業(yè)與自然失業(yè)率，通貨膨脹理論，開放經(jīng)濟下的宏觀經(jīng)濟理論，經(jīng)濟增長理論，經(jīng)濟周期，西方經(jīng)濟學主要學派。其中考察的重點知識為國民經(jīng)濟核算指標，菲利普斯曲線，失業(yè)和通貨膨脹，開放經(jīng)濟下的宏觀經(jīng)濟學，財政和貨幣政策，銀行和貨幣創(chuàng)造等。AP宏觀經(jīng)濟學的備考策略首先，AP宏觀經(jīng)濟學考試最重要的備考方法還是從基礎(chǔ)的經(jīng)濟學知識角度掌握整個宏觀經(jīng)濟學的分析框架以及分析思路，從而可以從本質(zhì)上抓住考試的重點。其次，AP經(jīng)濟學考試不同于GRE，TOEFL或SAT等英文考試，經(jīng)濟學是一門學科，側(cè)重的是知識性和內(nèi)容性，因此技巧對于AP考試來說就不是最重要的因素，從而考生在復習考試的時候要淡化技巧，強調(diào)知識學習。最后，AP宏觀經(jīng)濟學考試要求考生培養(yǎng)一種經(jīng)濟學素養(yǎng)，可以從經(jīng)濟學視角解釋和說明現(xiàn)實中的很多問題。首先，關(guān)于GDP，大綱要求同學們掌握：1、GDP衡量一個國家的總收入和總產(chǎn)出。GDP is the market value (產(chǎn)量*價格)of all final goods and services (只算最終產(chǎn)品，比如西班牙人吃一種用橡樹果喂養(yǎng)的豬，那么被豬吃了的那些橡樹果就不算，只算豬，不然就重復計算了，因為豬的價格里已經(jīng)包括橡樹果的成本了;供人吃的那些橡樹果當然算)produced(當年生產(chǎn)的才算，二手貨交易不算;疑難點是當年生產(chǎn)但沒賣出去的怎么辦?也計入GDP，算在investment里的存貨) within a country(無論國籍，只要在地理范圍內(nèi)就算) in a given period of time.2、GDP的組成部分 Components of GDP，國家在統(tǒng)計每年GDP時，看家庭、企業(yè)、政府和國外四部分在當年的消費情況。GDP=C+I+G+NX恒等式Consumption：家庭消費。家庭今年總共購買了多少，汽車、理發(fā)、飲料等。Investment：企業(yè)投資，包括建工廠、買設(shè)備、新建住宅、存貨(當年沒賣出的，默認企業(yè)自己“買”了，例如聯(lián)想2010年生產(chǎn)500臺電腦，家庭購買300臺，剩余200臺，計入2010年的Consumption為 300*單價，計入Investment為200*單價，2011年那200臺也被家庭購買走了，于是2011年的Consumption為200*單 價，Investment為負200*單價，正負抵消，于是2010年生產(chǎn)的那500臺全部計入了2010年GDP，沒有在2011年重復計算)等。Government Purchase：各級政府為的公務(wù)花費，如公務(wù)員工資、公務(wù)車、公共服務(wù)建設(shè)、公立學校老師工資等。Net exports：凈出口(出口-進口)。疑難點：為什么要減去進口呢?因為在算C、I、G的時候，并未區(qū)分是否是進口貨，比如家庭或企業(yè)或政府買了一輛進口車，這時候算出來的GDP就不符合定義了(within a country)，因此要刨除進口部分。3. 實際與名義GDP Real vs. nominal GDP前者是按固定價格計算的物品與勞務(wù)的生產(chǎn)，后者指按當年價格計算的。設(shè)定一個基準年base year很關(guān)鍵，我國在統(tǒng)計這些年的GDP時都把2000年作為基年。4、GDP deflator=100*名義GDP/實際GDP某年的實際與名義GDP的區(qū)別就在于價格，產(chǎn)量可是一樣的!于是名義與實際之比就能反映物價水平了!注意：基年的GDP平減指數(shù)為100，每年的GDP平減指數(shù)反映了與基年相比物價的變化。因為基年的名義與實際GDP選取的價格都是當年的，所以基年的名義GDP/實際GDP=1!例如，在2000年建了3套100平米住宅，單價是20萬，而09年同樣的住宅建了6套，單價是100萬?；晔?000年的話，2009年的名義GDP是 6*100=600萬，實際GDP是6*20=120萬。2000年的名義GDP=3*20=60萬，實際GDP=3*20=60萬。09年的GDP平減 指數(shù)為100*600/120=500，2000年的GDP平減指數(shù)為100，平減指數(shù)反映了當年的物價水平，因此能看出09年的物價是2000年的5 倍。Inflation, Unemployment, and Stabilization Policies (2030%) 通貨膨脹、失業(yè)與穩(wěn)定政策財政政策指政府通過改變稅收和政府支出來影響總需求，進而影響就業(yè)和國民收入的政策;貨幣政策指中央銀行通過調(diào)整經(jīng)濟中的貨幣量來影響就業(yè)和國民收入的政策，常用的是改變利率。短期內(nèi)，當總需求增加時，價格的上升伴隨著產(chǎn)出的增加，從生產(chǎn)函數(shù)的角度來看，產(chǎn)出的增加意味著投入的增加，短期內(nèi)產(chǎn)出的增加只能靠勞動投入的增加來實現(xiàn)，這就意味著失業(yè)率的下降，通貨膨脹率與失業(yè)率的這種反向變動的關(guān)系，就稱為短期菲利普斯曲線。但在長期中，總需求的增加僅僅帶來價格水平的上漲，而沒有產(chǎn)量的增加，這時通貨膨脹與失業(yè)率無關(guān)，失業(yè)率固定在一個水平，這是長期菲利普斯曲線。Inflation通貨膨脹inflation: an increase in the overall price level=decrease of purchase power of currencywhen increasing money supply, real wealth shifts to money makerMoney neutrality: a pone time change in money supply will have no real effect in the long run.Shoe leather costs: the effort made to decrease the effect of inflation. Like withdrawing money to purchase real good.Menu costs: cause of price stickiness. There is cost to change price so company will not change price immediately until MBMCcontract: cause of wage stickiness, usually for a yearRational expectation: people expect inflation and act accordingly. The average error of expectation is zero.GDP deflator: one way to calculate inflation: divide nominal GDP by real GDP and multiply by 100.CPI: takes a fixed basket of good and calculate their priceCPI vs. GDP deflator: CPI only looks at consumer goods. Also people tend to buy less of one thing if price increases so CPI is not accurate. A common problem for both ways is that they do not take into account the quality. A good with better quality now is still counted the same as before.Deflation: inflation is negative. It is very harmful as interest rate can not be lower than zero.Unemployment失業(yè)people employed/total labor force=unemployment ratethose not looking for a job, too young and prisoner or patient are not counted in labor forceDiscouraged worker: people who give up looking for a job. More discouraged workers can increase employment rate.Types of unemployment: seasonal, structural, frictional and cyclical. Seasonal, structural and frictional are unavoidable so no cyclical unemployment means full employment, or natural rate of unemployment.effect of unemployment: lower output(Okuns law: for every percent of unemployment higher than natural rate, GDP is 2percent lower than potential), stress, workers loses skill, send a bad signal to employerBias about unemployment: the leisure people experience when not having a job decrease the negative effect of unemployment. However, the life is stressful and people may spend some of the time looking for a job and these factors make things worse.Aggregate demand egate demandAD: total expenditure in a countryAD is downward sloping because:(a)wealth effect: the higher the price level, the less you can buy with a fixed amount of money(b) interest rate effect: higher price levelcarry more moneyless savingshigher interest ratelower investment(c) Exchange rate effect: higher price levelcarry more moneyless savingshigher interest rateappreciate currencymore import and less exportShifts of AD: changes in expectations, animal spirit (confidence), change in money supply, fiscal policyAggregate supplyAggregate supply: total supply. The long run AS curve is vertical, only affected by change in resources and technology. Short run AS is upward sloping.AS is upward sloping because:(a)sticky price: lower price level and same nomial pricemore real priceless demand-less supply(b) Sticky wages: lower price level and same wagemore real wagehigher costproduce less (sticky wages may caused by money illusion, labor contracts, labor regulation and union power)Shifts of AS: real factors of production will cause both LRAS and SRAS to shift. Expectations and change in price or wages will cause SRAS to shift.Demand pull inflation: increase in AD (may caused by increase in money supply or fiscal stimulus)decrease in ASequilibrium and higher price levelCost push inflation: decrease in ASincrease in ADequilibrium and higher price levelInflation gap: AD increases and the gap between the SR and LR level of output is inflation gap.Recessionary gap: AD decreases and the gap between SR and LR level of output is recessionary/output gapSupply side economicsSupply side economics tend to solve problem in macroeconomics by changing AS. They would agree a cut of tax if it can increase peoples incentive to work. So they do not agree a fund back of last years tax.Laffer curve: when tax rate is higher than a number, tax revenue may decrease when government increases tax rate because the decrease in efficiency is so great.What is moneyuses of money: medium of exchange, unit of account and store of valueproperties of money: portable(easy to carry around), fungible(can be divided), durable, rare and not valuable(or people will debase money by moving small part of it)definition of money: M0: only currencyM1:M0+checking depositM2: M1+close money substitutesQuantity theory of moneyMV=PYex: when fed prints money but does not use them, v=0 so there is no real effect in the economySavings and investment:an economy can only save by building constructions that might be used in the futurein a closed economy: C+I+G=GDP=C+G+savings (total spending +that are not spent)Monetary policymonetary policy is the policy taken by federal reserve to control economyopen market operation: buy or sell treasury bond to increase or decrease total money supply in the economydiscount rate: rate of interest rate banks borrow money from the Fedfederal funds rate: the interest rate that the Fed targeted with open market operationReserve requirement: the required amount of money a bank need to hold, usually not used as a tool as: 1. if Fed raises RR during expansion, bank may have a difficult time to get enough RR 2. if Fed decreases RR during recession, it has no effect as the bank can not loan out the extra amount of moneyFiscal policyFiscal policy is the action of government to control the economy, usually include government spending and change of tax rateExpansionary fiscal policy may cause an increase in interest rate as government must borrow before spend. This will crowd out private investment.Fiscal and monetary policyFiscal and monetary policy may help or cancel out each other. There is a chart in the hand outAfter Fed multiplier: is the overall effect of fiscal and monetary policy. If AD increases, it is positive; if AD decreases, it is negative; if AD does not change, it is zero.Interest rate determinationshort run: if Fed takes expansionary policyMS increasessaving shifts to the rightlower interest ratelong run: if Fed takes expansionary policyMD increasessaving shifts backinterest rate back to former oneAll formulas for calculation1. fiscal policy:(a)spending multiplier=1/MPS=1/(1-MPC)(b) Tax multiplier=MPC/MPS(c) Balance multiplier=spending multiplier+ tax multiplier=12. OMO:(a) change in money supply: 1/RR*BP (bond)(b) New loans: 1/RR*BP-BP(c) Reserves: BP3. New deposit:(a) change in money supply:1/RR*DD (deposit money)-DD(b) Demand deposit: 1/RR*DD(c) Loans: 1/RR*DD-DD(d) Reserves: DDInternational tradeCurrent account: account of physical good. Export counts as positive and import counts as negative.Capital account: account of liability. When other countries invest in your country it is positive.capital account +current account=0Exchange rate: price of other currency. When it takes more foreign currency to but the same amount of your currency, your currency is appreciate. Otherwise, it is depreciate.Shift of demand and supply of currency: an increase in interest rate will increase the demand of a currency and increase the supply of other currency. Thus your currency is appreciated.Effect of exchange rate on imports and exports: currency appreciates is good for import and bad for export.Law of one price (inflation and exchange rate): increase in inflation will decrease the purchasing power of currency. According to law of one price, price everywhere will be the same if transaction cost is neglectable. Thus this currency will depreciate.Fixed exchange rate: means nominal exchange rate stays the same all the time. If your country undergoes inflation while holding the exchange rate the same, its currency is actually appreciated.GrowthTechnology advance is the basic factor that affects long run growth.Capital: capital is the equipment used to produce other goods.