考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解A命題及解題思路方法

第六章、推理判斷題命題思路透析

PartL命題規(guī)律透析

推理判斷題主要用來(lái)考查考生的推理和判斷的能力。它與細(xì)節(jié)題不同，一般題干所

問(wèn)的問(wèn)題在閱讀文章中沒(méi)有直接且清晰的表述，因此不能在文章中找到現(xiàn)成的答案，而是要

根據(jù)文章提供的信息來(lái)進(jìn)行推理。考生需要綜合利用文章中提供的細(xì)節(jié)、事實(shí)并根據(jù)上下文

提供的線索進(jìn)行邏輯分析，尤其要讀透文章字里行間的含義，即透過(guò)表面認(rèn)識(shí)本質(zhì)，從而通

過(guò)自己的推理、判斷和引申來(lái)得出正確的認(rèn)識(shí)。推理判斷題涉及的文章內(nèi)容可能是一句話或

幾句話、可能是一個(gè)或者兩三個(gè)段落、甚至也可能是整篇文章。因此，推理判斷題有較大的

難度，也是考生失分較多的地方。

但是，考生要記住的是，推理判斷題考查的都是最簡(jiǎn)單的推理判斷能力，不會(huì)涉及

到復(fù)雜的推理和判斷。推理判斷題的題干中一般都包含了若干標(biāo)志性詞匯，如suggest,imply,

infer,show,conclude,assume,leam,see等，比較容易判斷。在做題時(shí)，?個(gè)總的原則就是要

以原文的內(nèi)容為依據(jù)，既不能原搬照抄原文的意思，也不能撇開(kāi)原文的信息做空想的推理判

斷。也就是說(shuō)，做推理判斷題的關(guān)鍵方法在于綜合分析原文中提供的相關(guān)信息，在此基礎(chǔ)上

進(jìn)行paraphraseo

根據(jù)推理判斷題的性質(zhì)和出題范圍，我們可以大致把這種題型分為三種類別：1、

局部推理題，即考查對(duì)于文章細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容的判斷能力，如上文所說(shuō)，其對(duì)應(yīng)的內(nèi)容可以是文章

的一句話或幾句話、抑或是一兩個(gè)段落，是相對(duì)比較容易快速定位的推理題，題干中經(jīng)常包

含了以下一些詞匯，如theauthorbelievesthat,theauthorimpliesthat,accordingtotheauthor

等。2、全文推理題，這種題型一般不是考查對(duì)于全文中心思想的推理，同樣也是考查對(duì)細(xì)

節(jié)的推理，只不過(guò)是這些細(xì)節(jié)散布在文章的各個(gè)角落，需要考生進(jìn)行全面的歸納，同時(shí)題干

中也經(jīng)常包含了以下詞匯,如wecanlearnfromthepassagethat,wecanimplyfromthetext

that等。3、判斷題，這種題型是細(xì)節(jié)題和推理題的綜合，一般的問(wèn)法為whichofthefollowing

isTURE,或者WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue等，即正向判斷和反向判斷兩種方式，要

求考生找到符合原文信息的選項(xiàng)，而且四個(gè)選項(xiàng)所涉及的內(nèi)容可能分布在文章各個(gè)段落，需

要考生迅速定位并進(jìn)行推理判斷。

推理判斷題常見(jiàn)表達(dá)方式

1、局部推理題

Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph5that.(2007)

Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.(2007)

Wecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthat.(2007)

Whatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromparagraph3?(2(X)7)

Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that.(2006)

WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm'spaperthat.(2006)

Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?(2005)

Thestatement44itisalltoomonkey^^(lastline,paragraph1)impliesthat.

(2(X)5)

Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat.(2005)

WhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavebaddreams?(2005)

AccordingtoMeWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish.(2005)

ThedescriptionofRussian'sloveofmemorizingpoetryshowsthe

authors.(2005)

Accordingtothelastparagraph,upaperplates”isto“China"as.(2005)

The4,hparagraphsuggeststhat.(2004)

Emerson,accordingtothetext,isprobably.(2004)

Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?(2003)

Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that.(2003)

Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph4that.(2003)

Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare.(2002)

Fromparagraphfourwecaninferthat.(2001)

TheauthorbelievesthatFuturistpoetryis.(2000)

Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.(1999)

Speakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthorimplies

that.(1999)

Accordingtotheauthor,basiccomputerskillsshouldbe.(1999)

ThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstratedthat.(1999)

Theauthorassertsthatscientists.(1999)

Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientificresearch.(1999)

IntheviewofNetpurists,.(1999)

Itseemsthatsomeyoungscientists.(1999)

Wecanconcludefromtheavailablestatisticsthat.(1998)

Theauthorbelievethat.(1998)

Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat.(1997)

Itcouldbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.(1997)

Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat.(1997)

2、全文推理題

ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheUS.(2006)

WecaninferfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof.(2004)

FromthetextwelearnthatStephenCooperis.(2(X)3)

Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices.(2002)

Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.(2001)

Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?(2000)

Itcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheauthor'scountrytheEuropeanmodelof

professionaltrainingis.(1999)

Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligencetest?(2007)

Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext?(2006)

TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelytoagree?(2005)

Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?(2004)

Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?(2(X)4)

Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?(2002)

Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoparagraph1?(2001)

Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor?(2000)

ThepanelagreedonallofthefollowingEXCEPTthat.(1999)

Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?(1998)

WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmentionedinthepassage?(1998)

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?(1997)

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?(1997)

推理判斷題常見(jiàn)出題位置

1、文章的第一段和最后一段，以及每個(gè)段落的第句話和最后一句話。

2、某個(gè)或者某些段落的主題句(可能不是該段落的首句和末句)。

3、文章中與中心思想關(guān)系密切的、起到重要支持作用的細(xì)節(jié)。

4、文章中表示起承轉(zhuǎn)合的詞匯：如but,however,onthecontrary,yet,asamatteroffact,infact,

actually,indeed,instead,nevertheless,nonetheless,whereas,bycomparison,so,therefore等。

5、文章中出現(xiàn)的特殊句型，如同位語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、虛擬語(yǔ)氣、插入語(yǔ)、不定式、分詞、

各種從句如定語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句等。

6^文章中表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的詞語(yǔ)：如also,aswell,even,indeed,evenmore,moreover,

furthermore,inaddition,most…ofall等。

推理判斷題正確答案選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)

1、正確答案一般其內(nèi)容的含義比較豐富，更加具有綜合性和概括性，尤其是當(dāng)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都

符合常識(shí)或者題目意思的時(shí)候，意義最豐富的那個(gè)選項(xiàng)往往是正確答案。

2、正確答案的表述一般有點(diǎn)模糊，不會(huì)用絕對(duì)詞匯，而會(huì)用一些相對(duì)能夠留下一些余地

的詞匯，如often,usually,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,possibly,probably等。

3、正確答案有的時(shí)候反而是與我們通過(guò)常識(shí)判斷得出的結(jié)論是相反的。因此，如果四個(gè)選

項(xiàng)中有三個(gè)看上去與常識(shí)的判斷相符，而余下的那一個(gè)卻是反常識(shí)的，那么那個(gè)選項(xiàng)往往是

正確答案。

推理判斷題干擾答案選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)

1、選項(xiàng)中意思雖然與原文相符，但是只是涉及一些細(xì)枝末節(jié)，不符合題干。

2、選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)表示絕對(duì)意義的詞匯。

3、選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容符合常識(shí)判斷，但是卻無(wú)法通過(guò)文章的內(nèi)容推導(dǎo)出來(lái)。

4,選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與原文無(wú)關(guān)。

5、選項(xiàng)對(duì)文章內(nèi)容作了張冠李戴的處理。

6,選項(xiàng)對(duì)文章內(nèi)容作了偷換概念的處理，使用了與文章一樣的詞匯但是卻改變了其含義。

7、選項(xiàng)將原文的邏輯關(guān)系作了顛倒處理，比如把因果關(guān)系中的因和果進(jìn)行對(duì)調(diào)。

8、選項(xiàng)是對(duì)原文內(nèi)容的簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)，不是推理得出的結(jié)論。

9、選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容純屬主觀臆斷得出的結(jié)論，文章根本沒(méi)有提及。

推理判斷題解題方法

要做好推理判斷題，要求考生能夠充分理解閱讀文章、分析語(yǔ)篇特征、尋找解題依

據(jù)?？忌鷳?yīng)該在領(lǐng)會(huì)全文的基礎(chǔ)上作出正確的推理和判斷。

>首先，要理解文章的字面意思，弄清上下文的整體邏輯；

>其次，在閱讀過(guò)程中要注意作者遣詞造句中的深層次含義；

>第三，要通讀題干，充分了解題目要求我們進(jìn)行推理和判斷的內(nèi)容，以免白費(fèi)力氣；

>最后，仔細(xì)挖掘作者隱藏在文章中的一些重要涵義，切勿用自己的主觀判斷來(lái)代替文章

內(nèi)容。

同時(shí)，還要把握好以下兒個(gè)推理原則：

?有的題目的推理即為原文具體層面的“同義變化”，也就是paraphrase。

?所涉及到的邏輯關(guān)系都是最簡(jiǎn)單的邏輯判斷，一步即可推得，考生千萬(wàn)不能人為地

把問(wèn)題復(fù)雜化，推理很多步，反而得出錯(cuò)誤的答案。

?推理的基礎(chǔ)是原文內(nèi)容，而不是自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和主觀判斷。

PartII、真題解題

2001年P(guān)assage1

Specialisationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientific

knowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandle

theinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecialisationwasonlyoneofa

seriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthe

growingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.

Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptions

canbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword'amateur*doescarryaconnotationthattheperson

concernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshare

itsvalues.Thegrowthofspecialisationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementof

alonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.The

trendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalor

laboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnited

Kingdom.

AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimply

anincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhat

constitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudies

representedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudieshave

increasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewider

geologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheold

way.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderfor

amateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstby

nationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthe

twentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenow

appearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocess

ofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwo

specificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocome

togethernationallyinadifferentway.

Althoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecialisationwasalreadywellunderwayin

Britishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthe

twentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthe

crucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.

52.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.

[A]thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecialisationandprofessionalisation

[B]amateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasofscience

[C]professionalstendtowelcomeamateursintothescientificcommunity

[D]amateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalones

[答案]B

[解題思路]

本題可采用排除法來(lái)解決。對(duì)于A選項(xiàng)來(lái)說(shuō)，通過(guò)閱讀第一、二段可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，specialization

主要指的是學(xué)科細(xì)化，而professionalization指的是從事科學(xué)研究人員的職業(yè)化，兩個(gè)名次

針對(duì)的對(duì)象是不同的，因而是有區(qū)別的，所以A是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。關(guān)于C選項(xiàng)，文章第三段在

舉geology的例子的時(shí)候，在第三句的后半句中指出“but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudies

haveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,the

widergeologicalpicture"（而到了20世紀(jì)，區(qū)域地質(zhì)學(xué)研究越來(lái)越傾向于必須體現(xiàn)或思考

更廣闊的地質(zhì)面貌,只有這樣它才能夠被專業(yè)人員接受）,因而可見(jiàn)professional接受amateurs

是有條件的，即后者融入前者的文化價(jià)值和規(guī)范，但C選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)這個(gè)條件，是錯(cuò)誤的。

至于D選項(xiàng)，第三段一句提到"Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessional

geologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurs

havetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway"（類

似的分化過(guò)程也導(dǎo)致專業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)家聚集在一起，形成一兩個(gè)全國(guó)性的團(tuán)體，而業(yè)余地質(zhì)學(xué)家

則要么留在地方性團(tuán)體中，要么以不同方式組成全國(guó)性的團(tuán)體），可見(jiàn)業(yè)余者也有全國(guó)性組

織，因此D選項(xiàng)與原文不符。因而B為正確選項(xiàng)，有原文為證，文章第二段第一句話就表

明aNoclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:

exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule"（在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)，專業(yè)與業(yè)余之間沒(méi)有絕對(duì)的明確區(qū)分），

盡管后面提至U了“Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespecially

onamathematicalorlaboratorytraining（這種趨勢(shì)特別是在以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的

科學(xué)領(lǐng)內(nèi)自然表現(xiàn)得尤為明顯），這仍說(shuō)明業(yè)余者至少在?些科學(xué)領(lǐng)域是可以與專業(yè)者并駕

齊驅(qū)的。

[題目譯文]

我們可以從文中推斷出。

[A]專業(yè)分工和職業(yè)化之間幾乎沒(méi)有區(qū)別

[B]在科學(xué)的一些領(lǐng)域，業(yè)余人員可以與專業(yè)人員競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

|C）專業(yè)人員往往歡迎業(yè)余人員加入科學(xué)界

[D]業(yè)余人員有全國(guó)性的學(xué)術(shù)組織，卻沒(méi)有地方性的組織

2001年P(guān)assage4

Theworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.The

processsweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswith

unsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountriesarelookingatthisprocessandworrying:Won*tthe

waveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollableanti-competitiveforce?

There'snoquestionthatthebigaregettingbiggerandmorepowerful.Multinational

corporationsaccountedforlessthan20%ofinternationaltradein1982.Todaythefigureismore

than25%andgrowingrapidly.Internationalaffiliatesaccountfbrafast-growingsegmentof

productionineconomiesthatopenupandwelcomeforeigninvestment.InArgentina,forinstance,

afterthereformsoftheearly1990s,multinationalswentfrom43%toalmost70%oftheindustrial

productionofthe200largestfirms.Thisphenomenonhascreatedseriousconcernsovertherole

ofsmallereconomicfirms,ofnationalbusinessmenandovertheultimatestabilityoftheworld

economy.

IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethat

underlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcosts,lowertradeand

investmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeeting

customers'demands.Allthesearebeneficial,notdetrimental,toconsumers.Asproductivity

grows,theworld'swealthincreases.

Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishardto

imaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatstocompetition

thatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheUS,whentheStandardOiltrustwasbrokenup.The

mergersoftelecomcompanies,suchasWorldCom,hardlyseemtobringhigherpricesfor

consumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrary,thepriceof

communicationsiscomingdownfast.Incars,too,concentrationisincreasing—witnessDaimler

andChrysler,RenaultandNissan—butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt.

Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.Afewweeksago,Alan

Greenspanwarnedagainstthemegamergersinthebankingindustry.Whoisgoingtosupervise,

regulateandoperateaslenderoflastresortwiththegiganticbanksthatarebeingcreated?Won't

multinationalsshiftproductionfromoneplacetoanotherwhenanationgetstoostrictabout

infringementstofaircompetition?Andshouldonecountrytakeuponitselftheroleofdefending

competitiononissuesthataffectmanyothernations,asintheUSvs.Microsoftcase?

65.Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat.

[A]theincreasingconcentrationiscertaintohurtconsumers

[B]WorldComservesasagoodexampleofbothbenefitsandcosts

[C]thecostsoftheglobalizationprocessareenormous

[D]theStandardOiltrustmighthavethreatenedcompetition

[答案]D

[解題思路I

本文的對(duì)應(yīng)信息為原文第四段，可將選項(xiàng)與原文一一對(duì)應(yīng)來(lái)分析。A選項(xiàng)的說(shuō)法過(guò)于絕對(duì)，

而該段第一句指出wExamplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescantyw

（目前證明這股合并浪潮是利還是弊的實(shí)例并不多），因此是否會(huì)損害到消費(fèi)者的利益尚無(wú)

定論。B選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤則在于WorldCom指是在benefit方面是一個(gè)好的例子，但它并不是作

為costs方面的例子。C選項(xiàng)的表述在原文并為提及，因而也不正確。D選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)于該段的

第二句話，因而是正確答案。

[題目譯文]

從第四段中我們可以推斷。

[A]不斷加劇的合并一定會(huì)傷害到消費(fèi)者

|B|世界電訊在成本和收益兩個(gè)方面上看都是一個(gè)好的例子

[C]全球化進(jìn)程的成本是巨大的

ID]標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油托拉斯可能曾威脅到其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者

2002年Text1

Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentify

sharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelpto

showthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathy

withtheirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.

Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheir

secretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheir

disorganizedbosses.

Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses'convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecause

theaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.Amanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshown

aroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andso

on.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrival

issuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshis

foodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.t4Whoisthat?'1thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.t4On,

that'sGod,"camethereply,“butsometimeshethinkshe'sadoctor."

Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowthe

experiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit'llbeappropriateforyoutomake

apassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman'snotoriousbadtasteinties.

Withotheraudiencesyoumustn'tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsider

makingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.Youwillbeonsafergroundif

yousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.

Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.

Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedand

unforcedmanner.Oftenit'sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyand

rememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakinga

light-heartedremark.

Lookfbrthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote"Ifatfirst

youdon'tsucceed,giveup"oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationand

understatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturn

aboutandinjectwithhumor.

43.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices.

[A]havebenefitedmanypeople.

[B]arethefocusofpublicattention.

[C]areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor.

|D]haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock.

[答案]D

[解題思路1

本題對(duì)應(yīng)信息在第三段的最后一句話"Youwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoats

likethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystemw（如果你選擇去評(píng)論郵局或電話局這樣的替罪羊，

那就比較安全）。既然這些像郵局或電話局這些關(guān)于公共服務(wù)的話題用作幽默的素材很安全，

可見(jiàn)這些話題都是常見(jiàn)的笑料，答案自然為D。要把握原文中“scapegoat”（替罪羊）這個(gè)

詞的意思，那么會(huì)更加有助于判斷。C選項(xiàng)與原文意思相反，而A、B選項(xiàng)都與問(wèn)題無(wú)關(guān)，

因此這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都可以排除。

［題目譯文］

從文中可以推斷，公共服務(wù)

［A］已經(jīng)使許多人受惠

|B|是公眾關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)

［C］不是幽默的合適主題

ID］常常被當(dāng)作笑料

2002年Text2

Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewith

workthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedin

robotics—thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshave

yettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.

Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresence

webarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactories

humtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthat

thankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledby

tirelessrobo-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsand

micro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbone

surgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy—fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscan

achievewiththeirhandsalone.

Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithless

humansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves—goalsthatposea

realchallenge.''Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,"saysDaveLavery,

managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“wecan'tyetgivearobotenough'commonsense'to

reliablyinteractwithadynamicworld."

Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspell

ofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsand

microprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researchers

latelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.

Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain'sroughlyone

hundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmore

complicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofa

machinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehuman

mindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatis

irrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthe

singlesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan't

approachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon'tknowquitehowwedoit.

50.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare.

[A]expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure.

[B]abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately.

[C]farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation.

[D]bestusedinacontrolledenvironment.

[答案]c

[解題思路]

本文對(duì)應(yīng)信息在文章的倒數(shù)第二句話"Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychanging

sceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthe

monkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd”（但是人

的大腦能夠掃描一個(gè)快速變化的場(chǎng)景，迅速排除98%的不相干部分，立即聚焦于森林中婉

蜒道路旁的一只猴子、或者人群中的一張可疑的臉）,這句話的重點(diǎn)不在于monkeys,其實(shí)

我們完全可以用任何其他的物體或者動(dòng)物來(lái)代替這個(gè)句子中的monkeys。這個(gè)句子的重點(diǎn)在

于強(qiáng)調(diào)人腦在抓住關(guān)鍵信息方面那種機(jī)器人遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法趕上的能力，因此正確的答案為C。A

選項(xiàng)都與原文的意思相反，因?yàn)樵恼钦f(shuō)明了機(jī)器人的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)還遠(yuǎn)不及人腦。B選項(xiàng)的

perceiveabnormalities原文沒(méi)有提到相關(guān)內(nèi)容，而D選項(xiàng)雖然內(nèi)容正確，卻與題干中的問(wèn)題

無(wú)關(guān)。

[題目譯文]

作者舉猴子的例子是為了說(shuō)明機(jī)器人o

[A]有望在內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)上模仿人腦

[B]能即刻覺(jué)察到異常情況

|C|在重點(diǎn)抓住相關(guān)信息方面遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不及人腦

[D]在受控制的環(huán)境中用得最好

2002年Text3

Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedto

supply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10

lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,when

pricesquadrupled,and1979-80,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedin

double-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloom

anddoomthistime?

TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.

Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,could

pushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.

Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethanin

the1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceof

petrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,so

evenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthe

past.

Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsin

theoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,

energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobile

telephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)

richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatest

EconomicOutlookthat,itoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in

1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatis

lessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importing

emergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted-havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,

andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.

Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,

ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcess

demand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.The

Economist'scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commodity

pricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.

52.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif

[A]priceofcruderises.

[B]commoditypricesrise.

[C]consumptionrises.

[D]oiltaxesrise.

[答案]D

[解題思路I

文章中關(guān)于retailprice的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在第三段的最后一句"InEurope,taxesaccountforupto

four-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremuted

effectonpumppricesthaninthepast1）（在歐洲，稅費(fèi)在汽油零售價(jià)中的比例高達(dá)4/5,因此,

即使原油價(jià)格發(fā)生很大的波動(dòng)，汽油價(jià)格所受的影響也不會(huì)像過(guò)去那么顯著）?？梢?jiàn)稅費(fèi)在

汽油零售價(jià)格中所占的比重最大，因此只有當(dāng)油稅大幅度提高的時(shí)候汽油零售價(jià)格才會(huì)隨之

大幅提高。A選項(xiàng)的意思與原文相反，而B、C兩個(gè)因素與汽油零售價(jià)格無(wú)關(guān)。

[題目譯文]

從文中可以推斷，汽油零售價(jià)格在以下哪個(gè)條件下會(huì)急劇上升？

[A]原油價(jià)格上升

|B|商品價(jià)格上升

[C]消費(fèi)增長(zhǎng)

ID]油稅上漲

54.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat

[A]oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow.

|B|inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks.

[C]energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices.

|D]thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustry.

[答案]A

[解題思路]

文章開(kāi)頭提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題，即目前的石油價(jià)格上漲是否會(huì)像過(guò)去的石油恐慌一樣導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)衰

退？作者給出的回答是不會(huì)。作者將目前的石油價(jià)格上漲與過(guò)去做了比較，指出現(xiàn)在情況已

經(jīng)不同，原油價(jià)格在汽油的整個(gè)價(jià)格中所占比例減少，石油價(jià)格上漲對(duì)于各國(guó)GDP的影響

也變小，同時(shí)現(xiàn)在的經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)比過(guò)于要好。因此，現(xiàn)在的石油價(jià)格匕漲不至于引起過(guò)去那樣

的恐慌，因此A為正確答案。

［題目譯文］

從文中我們可以得出以下結(jié)論

［A］油價(jià)恐慌現(xiàn)在并不那么令人恐慌了

［B］通貨膨脹看起來(lái)與油價(jià)恐慌無(wú)關(guān)

［C］能源保護(hù)能夠使油價(jià)保持在低水平

［D］原油價(jià)格的上漲導(dǎo)致了重工業(yè)的萎縮

2002年Text4

TheSupremeCourt'sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsfor

howmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.

Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtin

effectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect,Macenturies-oldmoralprincipleholding

thatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatis

foreseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.

Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphineto

controlterminallyillpatients,pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthe

patient.

NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshield

doctorswho"untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatients

sufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath."

GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslong

asadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegal

evenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath."It'slikesurgery,'1hesays."Wedon'tcallthose

deathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn'tintendtokillthe