幸福課-哈佛公開課-中英文對照-第一課-校對版

第一課Hi,goodmorning.It’swonderfultobebackhere.各位，早上好。很高興能回到這里。Wonderfultoseeyouhere.高興見到你們。IamteachingthisclassbecauseIwishaclasslikethishadbeentaughtwhenIwassittinginyourseatasanundergraduatehere.我教授這門課是因為在我讀本科階段時非常希望能學習這樣一門課程。Thisdoesnotmeanitisaclassyouwishtobetaughtnordoesitmeanthatitistherightclassforyou.可能這門課并不是你希望的那樣也可能并不適合你。ButIhopetodoingthenextcoupleoflecturesisgivingyouanideawhatthisclassisaboutsothatyoucandecidewhetherornotitisforyou.但希望幾堂課后，你能有個大概印象讓你決定這門課程是否適合你。Icameherein1992andstudiedthecomputerscienceandconcentrator.我1992年來到哈佛求學，一開始主修計算機科學。AndwhenIhadIminiepiphanyhalfwaythroughmysophomoreyear.大二期間，突然頓悟了。IrealizedthatIwasinawonderfulplacewithwonderfulstudentsaroundme,wonderfulteachers.我意識到我身處讓人神往大學校園周圍都是出色的同學，優(yōu)秀的導師。Iwasdoingwellacademically.Iwasdoingwellinathletics.Iwasplayingsquashatthattime.Iwasdoingwellsocially.我成績優(yōu)異。擅長體育運動。那時壁壘打的不錯。社交也游刃有余。EverythingwasgoingwellexceptforthefactthatIwasunhappy.AndIdidn’tunderstandwhy.一切都很順利除了一點我不快樂。而且我不明白為什么。ItwastheninamatterofmomentsthatIdecidedthatIhadtofindoutwhyandbecomehappier.也就是在那時我決定要找出原因變得快樂。AndthatwaswhenIswitchedmyconcentrationfromcomputersciencetophilosophyandpsychology.于是我將研究方向從計算機科學轉向了哲學及心理學。Withasinglequestion:HowcanIbecomehappier.目標只有一個:怎么讓自己開心起來。OvertimeIdidbecomehappierwhatcontributedmosttomyhappinesswaswhenIencounteredanewemergingfieldthattimedidn’thavethenamethatithastoday.漸漸的，我的確變得更快樂了主要是因為我接觸了一個新的領域，那時并未正式命名。Butessentiallyresearchthatfallsunderorwithinthefieldofpositivepsychology.但本質上屬于積極心理學范疇。Positivepsychology,studyingitandapplyingtheideastomylifehasmademesignificantlyhappier.研究積極心理學把其理念應用到生活中讓我無比快樂。Itcontinuestomakemehappier.而且這種快樂繼續(xù)著。AnditwaswhenIrealizedtheimpactthatithadonmethatIdecidedtoshareitwithothers.于是我決定將其與更多的人分享。That’swhenIdecidedthatIwantedtobeateacherandteachinthisfield.選擇教授這門學科。Sothisispositivepsychology,psychology1504.這就是積極心理學，1504號心理學課程。Andwe’llbeexploringthisnew,relativelynewandfascinatingfield.我們將一起探索這一全新相對新興令人傾倒的領域。Andhopefully,wewillbeexploringmorethanthefieldourselves.希望同時還能探索我們自己。WhenIfirsttaughtthisclassthatwasbackin2002.我第一次開設這門課程是在2002年。Itaughtitataseminarandhadeightstudents.Twodroppedoutthatleftmewithsix.Theyearafter,theclassbecameslightlylarger.Ihadoverthreehundredstudents.是以討論會的形式，只有8名學生。兩名退出了只剩我和其他六個人。一年后學生稍微多了點。有300多人參加。AndthenthirdyearwhenItaughtitwhichwasthelasttime.到了第三年，也就是上一次開課。Ihad850studentsintheclass,makingitatthatpointthelargestcourseatHarvard.有850名參加是當時哈佛大學人數最多的課程。Andthat’swhenthemediabecameinterested.Becausetheywantedtounderstandwhy.這引起了媒體的注意。因為他們想知道為什么。Theywantedtounderstandthisphenomenonthathereyouhaveaclassthat’slargerthanIntroductiontoEconomics.Howcouldthatbe？他們對這一奇特現象非常好奇竟然有比經濟學導論更熱門的課程。怎么可能呢？SoIwasinvitedbythemediaforinterviewswhetheritwasnewspapers,radio,television.于是我被請去參加各類媒體采訪，報紙，廣播，電視。AndIstartedtonoticeapatternduringthoseinterviews.在這些采訪中，我發(fā)現了一種有趣的模式。SoIwouldwalkintotheinterview.Wewouldhavetheinterview.我前去參加采訪。進行采訪。Andafterwards,theproducerortheinterviewerwouldwalkmeout.Andsaysomethingtotheeffectsofwell,thankyouTalfortheinterview.結束后，制片人或主持人會送我出來。說些諸如Tal多謝你抽空參加采訪。ButyouknowIexpectedyoutobedifferent.不過你跟我想象的不太一樣的話。AndIwouldask,asnonchalantasIcouldofcourse.我漫不經心的問。Ididn’treallycarebuthadtoaskanyway“Howdifferent”.我無所謂，不過總得回應“有何不同？”Andtheywouldsay:Well,youknow,weexpectedyoutobemoreoutgoing”.他們會說“這個嘛，我們會以為你很外向”。Nextinterview,theendoftheinterview,samething:Thankyoufordoingtheinterview”.下一次采訪結束時仍是如此“多謝接受采訪”?！癇utyouknowTal,Iexpectedyoutobedifferent”.不過Tal，你跟我想象得不太一樣。Andonceagain,nonchalantofcoursesohowdifferent.又一次，我漫不經心地問有何不同。Andshewouldsay:“Wellyouknow,weexpectedyoutobeless,lessintroversit”.“這個嘛，我們沒想到你會這么內向”。Nextinterview,samething“Howdifferent?”下一次采訪，仍是如此“有何不同？”?！癢ell,youknow,moreextroverted,moreoutgoing.”“這個嘛，更開朗，更外向”。Nextinterview,“Well,youknow,lessshy”.下一次采訪，“這個嘛，太害羞了”。CozIgetverynervousininterviews.因為采訪中我容易緊張。lInterviewafterinterview,literallydozens.差不多有幾十個采訪。Moreoutgoing,morecheerful,lessintroverted,moreextroverted.Andonandon.每次都是好交際，更開朗，不含蓄，更外向諸如此類。Butherethebestone.最絕的一次。SothisisoneofthelocalchannelsherearoundBoston.Iwasgoingtotheinterview.是波士頓一家地方臺。我去參加采訪。WehadaquitelonginterviewwhichIthoughtwasactuallyprettygood.Andattheendoftheinterview.聊了很多，我覺得進行得很不錯。采訪結束。Theinterviewerisaveryjollyguy.Hewalksmeoutandputshishandsonmyshoulder.主持人是個開朗熱情的男生。他送我出門，拍著我的肩說。Andsays,”Thankyouverymuchfordoingtheinterview.”Andthentheusualcomes.“多謝接受我們采訪?！比缓笥质悄蔷??！癇utyouknowTal,Iexpectedyoutobedifferent.”“不過Tal，你跟我想象不太一樣”。AndIsaid,”Howdifferent”.Justsoyouunderstandbythistime,myself-esteemisshort.我問，“有何不同”你要知道那時候，我已經完全被打擊了。ButstillwithsomeresemblanceofnonchalanceIasked“Howdifferent”.不過我還是漫不經心地問有何不同。Andhelooksatmeandsays:”WellIdon’tknowTal,Iexpectedyoutobetaller.”.Taller?What?他看著我說：“我也說不上，Tal，我以為你會更高些”。更高些？什么？Fiveseven,wellokfivesixandahalfisnotenoughtoteachhappiness?1米70……是1米69就不夠格傳授快樂嗎？AndIthoughtaboutit,Ithoughtaboutitalot.Thewholepatternfromthebeginning.我考慮了很久，仔細思量了。整件事從頭到尾。AndIthinkIunderstandwhytheyexpectedsomeonedifferent.我似乎明白為什么他們期望不同了。Youseetheyhadtoexplaintothemselvesaswellastheaudience.因為他們要說服自己說服觀眾。HowcomethislectureislargerthantheIntroductiontoEconomics?這門課怎么會比經濟學導論更熱門？Andthewaytoexplainitmustbethattheteacherisveryoutgoing,extremelycharismatic,verycheerfulandextrovertedandofcourse,tall.唯一的解釋就是導師非常外向、充滿領袖氣質、樂觀開朗，當然了，還很高。Well,thereisoneLmissingthere,But…….Yeah,ifonly.可惜我的名字少了一個L，但是……。嗯……真可惜。Sotheproblemthoughisthattheywerelookinginthewrongplacefortheexplanation.所以問題是他們找答案找錯了地方。Inotherwords,theywerelookingatthemessenger,whattheyneededtolookatwasthemessage.NowhowdoIknowthat?也就是說，他們不該關注信息傳達者而應該關注信息本身。我怎么知道的呢？YouseebecauseIseeotherpositivepsychologyclassesonothercampusesaroundthecountryandaroundtheworld.因為我參與過其他大學積極心理學課遍及全國乃至全球。Thereareover200campuseshereinUnitedStatesthatteachpositivepsychology.美國有超過200所大學開設了本課程。Andalmosteverycampuswherethisclassistaughtit’seitheroneoftheorthelargestclass.It’saboutthemessage.而且?guī)缀跗渲兴性盒?，這門課都是參與人數最多的或者最多的之一。信息是關鍵。Iseemoreandmoreorganizationstakinguppositivepsychologyintheirasconsultantcompanies.越來越多的機構組織開設這門課，還有咨詢公司。Someofthemtheleadingbigconsultantcompaniesaretakingiton.其中一些甚至是全球知名咨詢公司。Moreandmorehighschoolsareintroducingpositivepsychologyclass.……Elementaryschoolsareintroducingit.越來越多的中學開始引入積極心理學……。小學也是。Thegovernmentsaroundtheworldareexpressinginterestinthisnewemergingfield.Why?Becauseitworks,becauseitreallyworks.各國政府都對這一新領域表現出興趣。為什么？因為它有效，因為它真正有效。Youseethiswholerealmoflifeflourishingonhappiness,onwell-beinghasbeenuntilrecentlydominatedbytheself-healthmovements.殷盛人生，快樂，幸福感這一整個領域在此之前一直被心理自助運動統治。Whatdowehaveintheself-healthmovement?Wehavebooksthatareveryinterestingthatareveryaccessible.心理自助運動帶來了什么？生動有趣通俗易懂的書。Wehavespeakerswhoareveryoutgoingverycharismaticandtallattractingthemassesintotheseworkshops,seminarsandlectures.But,thereisaverybig“but”here.熱情外向的宣講者頗具領袖氣質且身材高大吸引大眾參與他們的專題討論講座。但是，有一個大大的轉折。Manyofthesebooks,manyoftheseworkshopsandseminarslacksubstance.Veryoften,overpromisingandunder-delivering.其中很多書籍討論都缺少實質內容。通常都言過其實無法兌現。Sotherearefivethingsyouneedtoknowtobehappy.Thethreethingstobethegreatleader.比如，快樂的五個關鍵。成功領袖的三個要素。Theonesecretofsuccess,happinessandaperfectlovelife.Overpromising,under-delivering.成功快樂完美愛情的唯一秘訣?？浯笃湓~，效果甚微。Ontheotherhand,wehaveacademia.Whatdowehaveintheacademia?Wehavealotofrigor,alotofsubstance.再來說說學術界。學術界給我們帶來了什么？大量精確的實質內容。Wehavedatasanalyzed,reanalyzedandmeta-analyzed.Thingsthatactuallywork,goodstuff.數據被一而再再而三得反復分析。行之有效的好方法。But,thereisalsoaverybigbuthere.Veryfewpeoplereadrefereedacademicjournals.但是又有一個大大的轉折。很少有人會閱讀專業(yè)學術期刊。Imeanthinkaboutit:howmanypeopleoutsidethisroomofcoursehavereadthelasttwelveissuesoftheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology?想想看，這間教室之外有多少人讀過最近12期《個性與社會心理學》雜志？Mostpeopledon’tevenknowwhatthatmeans.大多數人甚至不知道那是什么東西。TheheadofmyPHDprogramsactuallyestimatedtheaverageacademicjournalarticleisreadbysevenpeople.我博士班的主任估算過學術期刊上的一篇論文平均只有7人閱讀。Youknow……Andthatincludestheauthor’smother.SoyouknowIsayhalfinjestbutit’sactuallyreallysad.這話……其中還包括作者的母親。這話雖然是半開玩笑但其實很可悲。Because…Certainlysadforme,asanacademic.Becausethesethingsaregood.因為……作為學者我覺得很可悲。因為這些論文都非常精彩。Theyareimportant,thesethingsmakeadifference,canevenmakemoreofadifference.Butnotaccessibletomostpeople.非常重要，能大有作為甚至不僅僅是作為。但是對大眾來說晦澀難懂。Andthisiswherepositivepsychologycomesin.Andthisisalsowherethisclasscomesin.所以我們需要積極心理學。需要這門課程。TheexplicitmandateofpositivepsychologyaswellasofthisclassistocreateabridgebetweenIvorytowerandMainStreet.積極心理學及本課程的宗旨非常明確就是在象牙塔及大眾間構建橋梁。Inotherwords,itistobringtherigor,thesubstance,theempiricalfoundation,thesciencefromacademiaandmergeitwithaccessibilityoftheself-helporNewAgemovement.Inawaythebestofbothworlds.換句話說就是要把嚴謹、實質、經驗基礎學術科學與自助或者新紀元運動的通俗易懂相結合。充分發(fā)揮兩者所長。Andthisexplainsthepopularityofthefieldofpositivepsychology:Sciencethatworks.這也是積極心理學大受歡迎的原因：有用的科學。Thisclasswillbetaughtintwolevels.Thefirstlevelitwillbetaughtasanyotherclassinpsychologyoranyoftheclassesyou’vetakenhere.本課程將分為兩個部分。第一部分會和其他心理學或者其他任何課程一樣。You’llbeintroducedheretostudies,toresearch,torigorousacademicwork.You’llbewritingpaper,academicpaper.You’llbetakingexamsjustlikeeveryotherclass.我將向你們介紹相關知識，調查研究，嚴謹的學術作品。需要你們撰寫報告，學術論文。跟其他課程一樣參加考試。Butthenitwillalsobetaughtatthesecondlevelwhichisforeverypaperthatyou’llreadeverypaperthatyou’llwrite,you’llalwaysbethinking.而教學內容的另一部分，你們讀每一篇論文，寫每一篇論文時都需要思考。OK,sohowcanItaketheseideasandapplythemtomylife?HowcanIapplythemtomyrelationship?HowcanIapplythemtomycommunity?Twolevels:Theacademic,Applied如何把這些理念運用到生活中去？運用到戀愛中去？運用到社交圈里去？就是這兩個部分：學術與應用。Ididnotjustintroducewhetherit’sinthereadingsorinthelecturesideasjustbecausetheyareinterestingforthesakeoftheidea.無聊是論文還是講座我不會因為某個理論有趣而去介紹它。Itisalwaysanideathatisbothrigorousandcanbeapplied.Justafewwordsabouthousekeeping.而是因為這個理論嚴謹且能被應用。再嘮叨幾句題外話。SomeofthequestionsthatIhavealreadyreceivedfromyoubeforetheclassstarted.有幾個問題課前就有人問我了。SothisunfortunatelyisthelasttimethatIamteachingpositivepsychologyoranyotherclassforthatmatteratHarvard.不幸的是這學期將是我最后一次在哈佛開設積極心理學或其他課程。Hopefullywithintwoyears,probablynotnextyearbutwithintwoyearstherewillbepositivepsychologyclassofferedbutIcertainlycannotguaranteeit.Aboutfeedbackandquestions.但愿兩年內，明年可能性不大，但是兩年內學校會再次開設積極心理學課程，但我無法保證。關于反饋與提問。Ifyouhaveanyquestions,anythingthat’snotclear,ifyouagreeordisagreewithsomething.EmailmeorEmailyourTF(TeachingFellowatHarvard,justlikeTAatotherschools.)andwe’llalwaysrespond.如果你有任何問題或者不明白的地方，如果你同意或者反對什么觀點，請給我或助教寫郵件，我們一定會回復的。Sometimesifthequestionisaskedbyenoughpeople,we’llrespondtoitpublicly,alwaysanonymouslyunlessyouspecifiedspecificallythatyournamecanbementioned.如果某個問題問的人數較多，我們會公開回答，當然一定是匿名的除非你特別注明可以提及你的名字。Butsometimesyoumaybelisteningtoalectureandthenhalfwaythroughitthereisanemergency,thereissomethingthatyoureallyhavetoask,somethingthatcannotwait.有時候講座過程中突然有緊急情況，有什么非問不可的問題，無法等待。Inthatcase,pleasejustputyourhandupbecauseit’sjustlikewhenyouhavetogotothebathroom,justcan’tstop,andcan’twait.Andwhenyougottago,yougottago.如果那樣的話，請直接舉手，因為就跟你要去廁所一樣，無法忍耐，無法等待，要去就去。Sowe’lltakeapositivepsychologybreakforthat.AndjuststopmehalfwaythroughandI’llansweranyquestion.我們會為此進行積極心理休息。所以大可以打斷我，我會回答任何問題。Allthepowerpoints,aswellasthevideosoftheclasseswillbeonline;willbeavailablewithincoupleofdays.所有幻燈片以及課程視頻都會放在網上，課后幾天就能下載。Well,thepowerpointswillbeavailablebeforesayforthelectureitwillbebeforesothatyoucanusetheminclass.幻燈片其實課前就能下載，這樣你們上課時就能用到。Thevideos,unfortunately,cannotbemadeavailablebefore,wetried,couldnotfigureitout.Soitwillbeavailablewithinadayortwoafter.Andthereasonwhytheyareupthere.可惜視頻不能提前提供，我們試過了但效果不好。所以會在課后一兩天內放到網上。這樣做的原因。Firstofall,Idopreferthatyouattendlecture,Idopreferthatyouarephysicallyhere.Yougetthingsintheenergyoftheroomwithsomanystudentssoyouwouldn’tjustgetfromyourcomputer.首先，我當然更希望你們出席課程，能出現在課堂上。和大家一起，在課堂的氣氛中學習而不僅僅是對著電腦。ThereasonwhyIdoputthemupissothatyouhavetheopportunityifyouwanttoseeitagainorifyouhavetomissaclass.That’sperfectlyfine.我之所以把資料放在網上是為了讓你們可以重溫或者學習錯過的課程，這很正常。Andalsobecauseandthisisalsothereasonwhythepowerpointsarealwaysavailable,Iwantyoutobeengagedinthematerial.另一個原因之所以提前提供幻燈片是因為我希望你們能充分理解材料。Iwantyoutobeengagedinwhateveritisthatwearediscussinginclass,notnecessarilythinkingaboutgettingdowneverywordthatIsayonpaper,rememberingeverything,memorizingeverything.充分參與課堂討論而不是忙于記錄我說的每一個字，記住每一個詞，背誦每一句話。Iwantyoutotakeratherthanpassivenotesofwritingdownwhat’sonthepowerpointoreverywordthatIsay,I’dlikeyoutotakeactivenotes.Andthatmeansbeingengagedwiththematerial.我不希望你們被動地記錄幻燈片上的內容或者我說的話而是要主動記錄。也就是要充分理解材料。Forexample,ifyouheardsomethingandideaandyousay:”O(jiān)h,that’sinteresting”.Starit,writeitdown.Or“OK,IthinkI’llstartapplyingthis”.Writeitdown.OrIwanttotellmymomaboutthislater.OrIwanttotalktomyroommatesormyteamaboutthisidea.Writeitdown.比如如果你們聽到某個理論覺得“挺有趣的”，標上星號，寫下來，或者覺得“也許我可以應用這點”，那就寫下來?；蛘吒覌寢屩v講?；蛘吒沂矣殃犛阎v講。那就寫下來。lActivenotetakingisopposedtopassivenotetakingfortworeasons.主動筆記與被動筆記有兩方面不同。Firstofall,asIsaid,thisclassisaclassaboutmakingadifferenceinpeople’lives.首先，正如我剛才說的這門課是關于如何改變生活。Iwouldnotbeteachingtheclassjustforitsacademicbeautyalthoughthereisalotofacademicbeautyinthisfield.我不會僅為了學術之美而教授此課雖然這一領域的確有許多美術之美。Sowritedownifyouhaveanideathatyouthinkyoucanapply.所以發(fā)現可以實際運用的就寫下來。Thesecondreasonwhyweshouldthatisbecauseyou’llremembermore.Betterattention,betterunderstandingofthematerialifyouareactivelyengagedasopposedtojusttakingdownpassivenotes.第二個原因是你會記住的更多。主動參與，集中注意，更好的理解材料而不是被動做筆記。Throughouttheclassstartingnextweekwe’lltakewhatIcalled“time-ins”asopposedto“time-outs”.It’slikeatime-out在這整個課程中從下周開始我們將進行我所說的“練習時間”而不是“休息時間”。其實類似休息時間。It’sthetimewherewestoptheclassandyoulookinward.這段時間我們會停止課程進行內省。Andthisisliterallyatimeofsilenceinaclass.Iwillstopforaminuteortwo.也就是在課堂上的安靜片刻。我會停一兩分鐘。Andyouwillhaveachanceeithertojuststareatmeoranyoneelseorthinkaboutwhatwe’vejustdiscussedorhaveaguidingquestionthatIwillprovideyouthatyou’lladdressduringtheclass.你們可以盯著我或者周圍人發(fā)呆或者思考一下之前討論的內容或者解答我提出的提示問題。ThereasonwhyIhavetime-ins,thisissomethingthatIamintroducingthisyearforthefirsttime;wedidn’thaveitlasttime.之所以進行練習時間，這是我今年新提出的，上學期沒有。It’sbecauseoverthelasttwoyearssinceIlasttaughtit,I’vedonealotworkintheareaofsilence.因為上次課程結束后到現在的兩年我做了大量關于安靜的研究。I’vereadalotofresearchinthisareaabouttheimportanceofquiettimeswhetherit’sinaclass,inalecture,whetheritisathome,whetheritisforaleaderinthebusiness,forrelationship,forchildrenstartingfrompre-schools.關于安靜時刻的重要性，無論是課堂里，講座里，還是家中，無論是公司領導，愛情關系甚至學齡前的兒童。Nowmanyofyou,asyouaregoingthroughthesetime-insifyoudecidetotakethisclassmaythink:”Well,isthiswhatI’mpaying40000dollarsayearfor?””Tositaclassandbequiet?”.你們中很多人在經歷練習時間時可能會疑惑：“我一年付四萬美金就是為了這個？“”坐在教室里發(fā)呆？“。Firstofall,itwillonlybeaminuteortwoatatimemaybeonceortwicealecture.Butsecond,itismaybethemostimportantthingyou’lltakefromthisclass.Thenotionofembracingstillness.首先，每個人只有一兩分鐘，一堂課最多不超次兩次。第二，這可能是你從本課程中學到的最重要的東西。即享受安靜這一理念。LetmereadtoyouanexcerptfromastudythatwasrunbytwoMITprofessors.我來讀一段麻省理工兩位教授的研究。Youdon’tneedtorememberorwritedown;thisisjustforyouredification.SoDavidFosterandMatthewWilson,bothofthemfromMIT.DavidFoster和MatthewWilson不必背誦或記錄，只是為了啟發(fā)你們。教授都來自麻省理工大學。IndeedthefollowingstudythatIthinkconfirmstheimportanceoftime-in,timetolookinside.他們研究證實了練習時間的重要性，開始內省的時間。Whattheydidistheyscannedthebrainsofratswhiletheywereinamazeandaftertheywentthroughthemaze.Andhere’swhattheyfound.他們在老鼠處在迷宮中及脫離迷宮后分別對它們進行了腦掃描。以下是他們的發(fā)現。Whattheresultssuggestisthatwhiletherecertainlyissomerecordofyourexperienceasitisoccurringinotherwordswhentheydoingthemaze.實驗結果表明，當某種經歷正在進行時，即老鼠進行迷宮時。Theactuallearningwhenyoutrytofigureout:”whatwasimportant?”,”whatshouldIkeepandthrowaway?”.Thathappensafterthefactduringperiodsofquietwakefulintrospection.真正的學習階段是當你嘗試分辨：“什么才是重要的？“，”什么舍棄什么保留?！?。這些發(fā)生在經歷之后進行安靜的自省時。Whattheyshowwasratswhowentthroughthemazeandwentthroughthemazeagainandagainlearnedfarlessthanratswhotooktimeasidechilledoutalittlebitafteramazehadmoremargarita.他們的實驗表明接連不斷反復進入迷宮的老鼠比進行一次迷宮后稍事放松，來點小酒的老鼠學到的少得多。Experience,embracestillness.Thishasimplicationsandtheyshowedimplicationstohumanbeingsaswell.Notonlythoseoftheratrace,allhumanbeings.經歷，享受安靜。這很能說明問題，對人類也一樣。不僅僅是實驗小白鼠，所有人類都是。Sowhattheysayisthat”Replaymightconstituteageneralmechanismoflearningandmemory”.Bothlearning,understandingaswellasmemory,retention.他們認為：“重現可能形成一種學習記憶機制“。包括學習，理解，記憶，保留。Whenwereflect,whenwereplaythematerial,wearemuchmorelikelytoretain,torememberwhatwehavejustbeenthrough.當我們思考時，我們重放素材時更容易保留，記住之前的經歷。Sotheimportanceoftimeasidecannotbeover-emphasized.所以休息時間的重要性不能被忽視。Inhiswonderfulbookofteaching,ParkerPalmer—it’scalledTheCouragetoTeachsaysthefollowing.ParkerPalmer在他的教學著作《教學的勇氣》一書中提到了以下一段話。Wordsarenotthesolemediumofexchangeinteachingandlearning,weeducatewithsilenceaswell.語言不是教學的唯一媒介，安靜同樣可以進行教育。Silencegivesusachancetoreflectonwhatwehavesaidandheard.安靜讓我們有機會反省我們所說所聞。Inauthenticeducation,silenceistreatedasatrustworthymatrixfortheinnerworkstudentsmustdo,amediumforlearningofthedeepestsort.Silenceissomethingthatismissingfromourculture.在真正的教育中，安靜為學生進行內省提供可靠環(huán)境，是一種最深層次的學習媒介。而安靜恰恰是我們文化所缺失的。IknowthatmanyofyouhaveprobablyreadZenandtheArtofMotorcycleMaintenance,RobertMPirsig.Hehadasecondbookout,lesswell-known,calledLila(Lila:anInquiryintoMorals).很多人可能讀過《萬里任禪游》，作者RobertMPirsig。還寫過另一本書，沒那么知名，叫《尋找萊拉》。AndLilaisananthropologicalstudyofNativeAmericans.這本書是對印第安人的人類學研究。WhathedoesthereiscomparetheirculturetoAmericans’fromEuropeanancestry.將他們的文化與美國傳承的歐洲文化進行對比。Andoneofthedistinguishingcharacteristicsbetweenthesetwoculturesistheirapproachweresilence.WhathefoundwaswhenhewentandsataroundwithNativeAmericans.Theywouldsitaroundthefireandhangoutfortwothreehourswithoutsayingaword.兩種文化最突出的特點之一是印第安人崇尚安靜。他發(fā)現與印第安人坐在一起。他們圍坐在篝火邊兩三個小時一句話也沒說。ustsitaround,lookatanother,smile,haveagoodtime,introspect,justbethereforhours.只是坐在那兒，互相看著，微笑，享受美好時光，內省，就這樣幾個小時。Whilehepointsoutthatinourculturewefeelveryuncomfortablewiththeabsenceofwordswiththeabsenceofsoundornoise.他指出，在我們文化中沉默讓人不適。Wehavetofillupallthegaps.Thisisanimportantculturaldifference.Andwepayapriceforthislackofstillness.我們試圖打破沉默。這是一項重要的文化差異。我們?yōu)槿狈Π察o付出了代價。Apricethatwe’lltalkaboutalot,whenItalkaboutrelationships,whenItalkaboutvirtueandmorality,andwhenwetalkabouthappinessandwellbeingingeneral.我們會重點討論這一代價，涉及到戀愛，美德與道德以及快樂與幸福感。Letmegivealittlebitbackgroundonpositivepsychology.下面介紹一下積極心理學的背景。Howwecameaboutandhowthisclasscameabout.它是如何誕生的，這門課是如何誕生的。Inmanyways,positivepsychologyisthebrainchild,theproductandthegrandchildofhumanisticpsychology.從很多方面說，積極心理學是人本主義心理學的產物和衍生。Whatwehaveinhumanisticpsychologyisessentiallyareactiontobeexistingpsychologyofthetime.人本主義心理學本質上是對當時各種心理學派系的不同見解。Thefounders,consideredthefoundersofhumanisticpsychologyinfactcalledit“thethirdforce”.Whythethirdforce?人本主義心理學的創(chuàng)始人稱之為心理學上的“第三勢力“。為什么是第三勢力呢？Becausethefirstforcewasbehaviorism,theworkofSkinner(B.F.Skinner),theworkofWaston(JohnB.Waston),theworkofThorndik(EdwardThorndik).Thiswasthefirstforce.因為第一勢力是行為主義，代表人物有斯金納、華生、桑代克。這是第一勢力。hesecondforcewaspsychoanalysis.TheworkofFrued(SigmundFrued),Jung(CarlJung),Adler(AlfredAdler)tosomeextent.Thiswasthesecondforce.第二勢力是精神分析學。創(chuàng)建者包括弗洛伊德，榮格以及阿德勒。這是第二勢力。Andthethirdforce,humanisticpsychologycameasareactiontoit.FirstItisareactiontobehaviorism.第三勢力人本主義心理學作為對其的異議出現。首先是對行為主義的異議。Behaviorismlooksatthehumanentityatthepersonasbasicallyacollectionofbehaviorsasabox,likeabilliardballknockedaroundbyreinforcements,bypunishment,byreward.行為主義認為人的主體性，認為人是一個行為集體就像一只被擊打而四處滾動的臺球，被增強，被懲罰驅動。Andwhathumanisticpsychologysaidwasthatwearemuchmorethanabilliardballbeingknockedaround.但是人本主義心理學說我們不只是被擊打的臺球。Wehavespirit,wehaveasoul,wehavecognitionsandthoughtsthatmatter.我們有精神，有靈魂，我們有重要的認知與思想。It’snotjustbehaviorthatisimportantforunderstandingaswellasimprovinglife.不能只靠行為觀察，改善人生。Andthenpsychoanalysis,thesecondforce.然后是第二勢力精神分析學。Thepsychoanalysisisaboutbasicallyunderstandingmostlythroughthesubconsciousthat’showyouunderstandit,that’showyouimprovethequalityoflife.Therearedefensemechanisms.精神分析學主要通過潛意識分析，它決定你的理解，決定如何改善生活。還有防衛(wèi)機制。Therearebiologicalinstincts,neurosis,andifyouunderstandtheseveryoftendarkforces,werebetterabletodealwithlife,understandaswellasimprovethequalityoflife.人類本能論，神經癥，如果你理解這些黑暗勢力就能更好地處理生活，了解并改善生活。Humanisticpsychologysayshumanbeingsaremuchmorethanthat.人本主義心理學認為人類不止如此。Muchmorethanbiologicalinstincts,muchmorethanneurosis.不僅僅是生理本能，不僅是神經癥。MuchmorethanthepersonwhoexistsinaNewtonianrealitylikeabilliardball.不僅僅是牛頓學說世界里的臺球。Weneedtovaluemuchmorethehumanbeing.Weneedtogivemuchmoredignityandfreedomtotheperson.Therewasaproblem.我們要重視人的本質。給予更多的自尊和自由。但有一個問題。Theproblemwashumanisticpsychologyissaidlackedtherigorousmethodology.人本主義心理學缺少嚴謹的方法論。Whileitbroughtinmanywonderfulideas,talkedaboutthestudyofwell-being,talkedaboutthestudyofoptimism,ofkindness,ofmorality,ofvirtue,oflove,ofrelationships,ofpeakexperiences,ofself-actualization,ofempathy.但它引入了許多精彩的理念，對于幸福感的研究，樂觀主義的研究，善良，道德，美德，愛，兩性關系，巔峰體驗，自我實現，移情。Allthesewonderfulconceptsthatwe’lltalkaboutthroughoutthesemester.這些精彩的概念都會在本學期討論。Itwasn’tasrigorousaboutitsepistemology,abouthowweformideasandhowwelearn.它的認識論并不嚴謹，如何形成理念，如何學習。Andthat’swhy,inmanyways,largelynotcompletelybutlargelymoreofintotheself-healthmovements.所以在很多方面，大部分成為了自助運動。Interestingideas,goodideas,importantideas,certainlygoodintentions.Buttosomeextentwithouttheacademicrigor.有趣，有益，重要的理念，意圖當然是好的。但就某種程度上缺乏學術嚴謹性。Andthat’swhyitlackedtheimpactonacademic.That’swhywedon’thavepartlyanyhumanisticpsychologyclassesofferedinuniversitiestoday.Thereareveryfewstillaround.所以它在學術上影響很小。所以很少有大學開設人本主義心理學。幾乎沒有。AndthisiswhyalsoalotofitbecametheNewAgeessentially.所以本質上成為了新紀元運動。Butstill,it’shumanisticpsychologythathasinmanywaysfatheredandmotheredaswe’llseepositivepsychology.但是我們很快就會了解到，人本主義心理學孕育了積極心理學。Solet’smeetthegrandparents.PeoplelikeRolloMay,PeoplelikeCarlRogers.我們先見見祖父祖母。比如RolloMay和CarlRogers。Andmorethananyone,AbrahamMaslow,wastheAmericansPsychologicalAssociationPresident,wasprofessorjustdowntheroadhereatBrandeis(BrandeisUniversity).還有最著名的AbrahamMaslow，曾是美國心理學會主席，布蘭迪斯大學教授。Andheintroducedthishumanisticpsychologyin1954.他于1954年提出了人本主義心理學。Hewroteachapter,calledTowardthePositivePsychology.他寫了一章，《為了積極心理學》。1954,Inithesaidweneedtoalsoresearchkindness,goodness,andhappinessandoptimism.Inmanywaysitwaswayaheadofhistime.1954年，他在其中寫到，我們需要研究善良，美德，快樂與樂觀。可以說這是超前于他時代的。ThenifMaslowisthegrandfather,thenKarenHorneyisthegrandmother.Initiallyapsychoanalyst,trainedthroughtheworksofFrued.如果說Maslow是祖父，那KarenHorney就是祖母了。她最初是精神分析學者學習弗洛伊德的理論。Sherealizedthefocuseshadbeentoomuchonthenegative,onneurosis,onpsychosisandsaidwealsonotonlybutalsohavetofocusonwhatisworkingonhumanorganism.意識到其過于注重消極面，神經癥，精神病，她認為還必須關注影響人類生命體的東西。Wehavetoworkandlookatthefinequalitiesandcultivatethose.Becausepartofbeinghumanisbeingthosethingsaswell.我們需要研究培養(yǎng)那些好的品質。因為它們也是我們的一部分。Inmanyways,broughtaboutthemovementtowardhumanisticpsychologyandthroughthat—positivepsychology.反而向人本主義靠近了，并由此產生了積極心理學。AaronAntonovsky,thethirdpersonIwouldconsiderthegrandfather,broughtintheideaoffocusingonhealth.還有AaronAntonovsky，第三位祖父級人物提出了關注健康的理念。Hehasanewconcept.Orheintroducedanewconcept.I’amstillhere,don’tworry.他提出了一個新概念。或者說他引進了一個新概念。我還在，別擔心。Heintroducedanewconcept,whichhecalled,hisownneologism:salutogenesis.他引進了一個新概念，他稱之為，他個人創(chuàng)造的新詞：健康本源學。Salutogenesis:salutewhichishealth;genesiswhichisorigin.健康本源學由兩部分組成，saluto健康，genesis起源。Theoriginofhealth,andthiswasanalternativemodel,tobeconventionalwaysmodelofpathologies.健康的起源這是病理學常規(guī)模型的替代模型。Soinsteadofjuststudyingpathologieswhetherit’sinphysicalhealthorpsychologicalhealth,weshouldalsostudytheoriginofhealth.也就是說除了研究病理學無論是生理健康還是心理健康還需要研究健康的起源。Inmanywaysthatiswhatpreventedmedicineisabout.這也是預防醫(yī)學所關注的。Sothiswasnotanovelideabackin1970swhenheintroducedit.這在1970年是一個全新的理念。AndwewilltalkalotaboutAaronAntonovsy.我們會仔細討論AaronAntonovsy。Nowtheparents.現在轉