人教英語(yǔ)選擇性必修第二冊(cè)

OpeningPage—把握單元目標(biāo)·理解主題內(nèi)涵一、總把握——單元學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)單元主題單元目標(biāo)本單元主題是科學(xué)和科學(xué)家，涉及“科學(xué)與技術(shù)”“科技發(fā)展”“科學(xué)精神”等主題語(yǔ)境。本單元講述了幾位中外科學(xué)家的生平、研究過(guò)程和重要貢獻(xiàn)，以及近年來(lái)中國(guó)在科技創(chuàng)新方面取得的偉大成就，呈現(xiàn)了一些有趣的科學(xué)體驗(yàn)、科學(xué)現(xiàn)象和研究發(fā)明，并探討了未來(lái)的科學(xué)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)、科學(xué)與藝術(shù)的關(guān)系等，旨在激發(fā)青少年對(duì)科學(xué)研究的興趣和好奇心，引導(dǎo)他們思考科學(xué)研究的方法，積極開展科學(xué)研究，探究科學(xué)家的必備品質(zhì)和科學(xué)精神的基本要素。語(yǔ)言能力1.能夠理解與科學(xué)和科學(xué)家相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，聽(tīng)懂并談?wù)撆c科學(xué)探究體驗(yàn)活動(dòng)的對(duì)話。2.能夠在語(yǔ)境中正確理解和使用表語(yǔ)從句。3.恰當(dāng)使用所學(xué)詞匯、句型描述常見(jiàn)的科學(xué)現(xiàn)象，敘述自己參與科學(xué)探究活動(dòng)的經(jīng)歷。4.能夠結(jié)合事例闡述對(duì)科學(xué)精神內(nèi)涵的理解。文化意識(shí)1.了解中外科學(xué)家的重要貢獻(xiàn)及其性格特點(diǎn)和高尚品格，深入理解科學(xué)精神的內(nèi)涵，樹立開拓創(chuàng)新、堅(jiān)韌不拔、艱苦奮斗的觀念2.了解中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展的偉大成就，堅(jiān)定文化自信。3.思考科學(xué)與生活、科學(xué)與藝術(shù)、科學(xué)與未來(lái)發(fā)展的關(guān)系。思維品質(zhì)1.通過(guò)分析斯諾攻克霍亂的過(guò)程梳理科學(xué)研究的基本步驟。2.通過(guò)閱讀不同科學(xué)家的事跡，分析、提煉、概括科學(xué)精神的主要特點(diǎn)，深化對(duì)科學(xué)及科學(xué)研究本質(zhì)的認(rèn)識(shí)。3.通過(guò)斯諾的事跡理解質(zhì)疑精神的意義，學(xué)會(huì)批判性地思考，形成自己的觀點(diǎn)與看法。學(xué)習(xí)能力1.能夠在閱讀中主動(dòng)發(fā)問(wèn)，并積極主動(dòng)地探究答案，從而深化對(duì)文章主題和內(nèi)涵的理解，并在實(shí)踐中體會(huì)該閱讀策略的作用。2.能夠理解圖表中的信息，讀懂符號(hào)和圖注的意義，并結(jié)合文字信息深入理解文章內(nèi)容。3.能夠充分利用圖片中的有效信息預(yù)測(cè)聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容4.能夠結(jié)合所學(xué)詞匯歸納常見(jiàn)詞綴，并學(xué)會(huì)使用構(gòu)詞法理解和記憶詞匯。。二、明主題——理解主題內(nèi)涵(一)名言警句解讀Toraisenewquestions,newpossibilities,toregardoldproblemsfromanewangle,requirescreativeimaginationandmarksrealadvanceinscience.—AlbertEinstein&LeopoldInfeld[英英釋義]Sciencebeginswithaproblem.Toaskaquestionismoreimportantthantosolveaproblem.Itisthesoulofscientificresearch.[深意解讀]本單元的引言中文可譯為：提出新的問(wèn)題，發(fā)現(xiàn)新的可能，從新的角度審視已存在的問(wèn)題，這些需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造性的想象力，并標(biāo)志著科學(xué)的真正進(jìn)步。此名言旨在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考科學(xué)進(jìn)步的根本動(dòng)力和標(biāo)志，從而理解創(chuàng)新與想象的意義。相關(guān)名言警句1.Scienceisawonderfulthingifonedoesnothavetoearnone'slivingatit.—AlbertEinstein科學(xué)是個(gè)美妙的東西，如果無(wú)須靠它維生的話。——阿爾伯特·愛(ài)因斯坦2．Thepursuitofscienceneedsspecialcourage.—Galileo追求科學(xué)需要非同尋常的勇氣。——伽利略3．Surpriseistheseedofscience.—ThomasEdison驚奇是科學(xué)的種子?！旭R斯·愛(ài)迪生(二)主題圖片深讀1．WhatcanyouseefromthepictureonPage1?Twoyounggirlstudentsareconductinganexperiment.2．Whatdoesthispictureshowus?They_might_be_in_a_school_science_laboratory,_probably_to_test_a_theory,_verify_results,_collect_data,_or_develop_skills_needed_in_scientific_research.3．Whatdoyouthinkofworkinscience?Whatqualitiesdoyouneedtobeascientist?I_would_like_to_work_in_science._Science_can_help_me_better_understand_the_world_and_make_a_difference_in_people's_lives.To_be_a_scientist,_one_should_have_courage_in_the_face_of_challenges,__and_have_persistence,_passion,_creativity,_etc.三、讀美文——激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)興趣FRANKLIN'SEXPERIMENT:HowMuchIsTrue?BenjaminFranklin'sfamousexperimentwithlightninghasintroduced①generations(1)ofchildrentoscience.However,newresearchsuggeststhatthestorymaybefiction②insteadoffact.Thewell-knownstoryisthattheAmericanFoundingFatherandscientistflewakiteduringastormin1752.Atthattime,therewasmuchinterestinelectricity③.Peoplewantedtoknowiflightning(2)wasreallyproducedbyelectricityorsomethingelse.Franklinwasoneofthem.Heraised④thekitewithapieceofstring(3)tiedtoit.Ametalkeywasattached⑤tothestring.Aflash(4)oflightninghitthekite,andelectricitywasconducted(5)throughthestringtothekey.Franklinthentouchedthekeywithhisfingerandgotanelectricshock.This,hesaid,proved⑥thatlightningwasaformofelectricity.Formanyyears,schoolshavetaughtthestoryofFranklin'slightningexperiment.Morethanonegenerationofschoolchildrenhasbeenamazed⑦byhisbraveryandhisscientificapproach⑧tolookingforthetruth.Franklin,alongwithmanyotherscientists,hasinspired⑨usandtaughtusthatscientificexperimentsareimportantinordertoestablish(6)thetruthandtocontributeeq\o(○,\s\up1(10))towardslaterscientificdiscoveriesandinventions.However,neitherthestorynorthedetails?oftheexperimentareentirelytrue.AlthoughithasbeenprovedthatFranklin'sexperimenttookplace,morethanonescientisthasquestioned?whatreallyhappened.Thedetailaboutthestringandthekeyistrue.ButscientistsallagreethatifFranklinhadactuallytouchedthekey,hewouldcertainlyhavediedfromtheelectricshock.Admittedly(7),fictionisoftenmoreinterestingthanthetruth.PeoplehavebeenmoreinspiredbyFranklin'sspiritofscientificexploration(8)thanbythefactsthemselves.Butinscience,factsshouldbeprovedbyexperimentsandresearch,andweshouldnotalwaysbelieveeverythingwereadorhear—evenifitisagreatstory.(一)據(jù)文判斷對(duì)錯(cuò)(TorF)1．BenjaminFranklin'sfamousexperimentwithlightningwasanexperiencethatheflewakiteduringastormin1752. (T)2．Scientificexperimentsareimportantforustoestablishthetruth. (T)3．IthasbeenprovedthatFranklin'sexperimenttookplace. (T)4．Weshouldalwaysbelieveeverythingwereadorhear. (F)5．ManyscientistshavequestionedwhatreallyhappenedinFranklin'sexperiment. (T)(二)積累升素養(yǎng)積詞匯1.生僻詞匯(1)generation/?d?en?'reI?n/n．一代；一代人(2)lightning/'laItnI?/n.閃電(3)string/strI?/n.線，細(xì)繩(4)flash/fl??/n.閃光(5)conduct/k?n'd?kt/vt.傳導(dǎo)(熱、電)；組織，實(shí)施，進(jìn)行(6)establish/I'st?blI?/vt.建立，創(chuàng)立；確立(7)admittedly/?d'mItIdli/advt.誠(chéng)然；無(wú)可否認(rèn)(8)exploration/?ekspl?'reI?n/n.探測(cè)；探究；探索2.常用詞匯①introducevtt.介紹；引進(jìn)；提出；采用②fictionn.虛構(gòu)的事；想象的事③electricityn.電；電能④raisevt.提高；籌集；養(yǎng)育；升起；飼養(yǎng)；種植⑤attachvt.系；綁；貼⑥provevtt.證明；顯示⑦amazevtt.使吃驚⑧approachn.方法，方式⑨inspirevtt.激勵(lì)；鼓舞；啟示；使產(chǎn)生；賦于靈感eq\o(○,\s\up1(10))contributevtt.做貢獻(xiàn)；投稿；捐獻(xiàn)?detailn.細(xì)節(jié)；瑣事?questionvtt.正式提問(wèn)；懷疑；問(wèn)析難句AlthoughithasbeenprovedthatFranklin'sexperimenttookplace,morethanonescientisthasquestionedwhatreallyhappened.分析：這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。Although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，其中含有that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句；主句中含有what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。譯文：雖然已經(jīng)證實(shí)了富蘭克林的實(shí)驗(yàn)確實(shí)發(fā)生了，但不止一位科學(xué)家質(zhì)疑到底發(fā)生了什么ReadingandThinking—提升閱讀能力·發(fā)展思維品質(zhì)課時(shí)目標(biāo)1.略讀文章，熟悉話題語(yǔ)境，獲取文章的主旨大意；2.細(xì)讀文章，找出相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)信息并梳理情節(jié)發(fā)展的時(shí)間順序；3.掌握敘事性文本的寫作特點(diǎn)，以表格或思維導(dǎo)圖的形式梳理文中的故事發(fā)展：時(shí)間線索是明線，科學(xué)研究的步驟是文章的暗線；4.結(jié)合斯諾的研究過(guò)程梳理科學(xué)研究的基本步驟，思考斯諾身上所體現(xiàn)的科學(xué)精神，理解質(zhì)疑精神在科學(xué)研究中的重要作用。第一遍泛讀通文意JOHNSNOW②DEFEATS③“KINGCHOLERA”①Cholera④usedtobe⑤oneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld,untilaBritishdoctor,JohnSnow,showedhowitcouldbeovere.Thisillnesscausessevere⑥diarrhoea，dehydration,andevendeath.Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakof⑦cholerahitEurope，millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustrated⑧becausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.Intime⑨，herose⑩tobeeafamousdoctor,andevenattendedto?QueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth?.However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforall?.lngeneral?，doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictory?theoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.Theotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfection?fromgerms?infoodorwater.Snowsubscribedto?thesecondtheory.Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof?.Consequently?，whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate.?Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.?Snowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.Thereweremultipleeq\o(○,\s\up1(21))deathseq\o(○,\s\up1(22))nearthewaterpumpeq\o(○,\s\up1(23))inBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37,38，and40)．However，somehouseholdseq\o(○,\s\up1(24))(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspectedeq\o(○,\s\up1(25))thatthewaterpumpwastoblameeq\o(○,\s\up1(26)).Whatismore,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.?Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Asaresultofthisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.?Accordinglyeq\o(○,\s\up1(27))，hehadthehandleeq\o(○,\s\up1(28))ofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisinterventioneq\o(○,\s\up1(29))，thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks.ThetruthwasthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.Moreover，Snowwaslaterabletoshowalinkeq\o(○,\s\up1(30))betweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwaterpaniesinLondon.SomepaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThameseq\o(○,\s\up1(31))thatwaspollutedbyraweq\o(○,\s\up1(32))waste.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswaterweremuchmorelikelytogeteq\o(○,\s\up1(33))cholerathanthosewhodrankpureeq\o(○,\s\up1(34))orboiledwater.ThroughSnow'stirelesseffortseq\o(○,\s\up1(35))，waterpaniesbegantosellcleanwater,andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsaweq\o(○,\s\up1(36))asubstantialdecreaseeq\o(○,\s\up1(37)).However,choleraisstillaproblem.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit.Fortunately，wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstoeq\o(○,\s\up1(38))theworkofJohnSnow.Moreovereq\o(○,\s\up1(39))，inhisuseofmapsandstatisticseq\o(○,\s\up1(40))，Snowtransformedeq\o(○,\s\up1(41))thewayscientistsstudydiseases.Forthisreason，Snowisconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiologyeq\o(○,\s\up1(42)).,[參考譯文]約翰·斯諾戰(zhàn)勝“霍亂王”在英國(guó)醫(yī)生約翰·斯諾向人們展示如何戰(zhàn)勝霍亂之前，霍亂曾是世界上最令人恐懼的疾病之一。它可導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重腹瀉、脫水甚至死亡。十九世紀(jì)初，霍亂暴發(fā)，肆虐歐洲，數(shù)百萬(wàn)人喪命。由于當(dāng)時(shí)無(wú)人知道如何預(yù)防或治療霍亂，年輕的約翰·斯諾醫(yī)生很沮喪。后來(lái)，他成了一位名醫(yī)，甚至照料分娩的維多利亞女王。然而，他始終沒(méi)有放棄徹底根除霍亂的愿望。關(guān)于霍亂的蔓延方式，當(dāng)時(shí)醫(yī)生大體上有兩種截然不同的看法。一種看法是空氣污染引發(fā)，另一種看法是食物或飲用水中的細(xì)菌感染導(dǎo)致霍亂。斯諾贊同第二種看法。這一看法是正確的，但他仍需要證據(jù)。因此，1854年倫敦暴發(fā)霍亂時(shí)，斯諾便開始調(diào)查。他發(fā)現(xiàn)霍亂疫情在兩條街道上尤為嚴(yán)重，十天內(nèi)就有500多人死亡。他決心查明原因。斯諾首先在地圖上標(biāo)出所有死者住所的確切位置。寬街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16號(hào)、37號(hào)、38號(hào)及40號(hào)住宅)，但是有些住戶(如寬街20號(hào)和21號(hào)以及劍橋街8號(hào)和9號(hào))卻無(wú)人死亡。這些幸存者在劍橋街7號(hào)的酒吧工作，酒吧為他們提供免費(fèi)啤酒，因此沒(méi)有喝水泵抽上來(lái)的水。斯諾懷疑水泵就是罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。此外，在倫敦的另一個(gè)區(qū)域，一名婦女和她的女兒從寬街搬來(lái)后死于霍亂。該婦女似乎非常喜歡從水泵抽上來(lái)的水，每天都讓人從那里打水運(yùn)到家里來(lái)。有了這個(gè)證據(jù)，約翰·斯諾就能夠宣布水泵抽上來(lái)的水?dāng)y帶霍亂病菌。于是，他讓人拆掉了水泵的把手，這樣水泵就用不成了。這一干預(yù)舉措遏制了疾病的蔓延。事情的真相是寬街水泵抽上來(lái)的水被廢棄物污染了。此外，斯諾之后還證明了另外幾起霍亂病例與倫敦多家飲用水公司有關(guān)。有些公司出售的水取自未被處理的廢棄物污染的泰晤士河。與飲用純凈水或開水的人相比，飲用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍亂。經(jīng)過(guò)斯諾的不懈努力，飲用水公司開始出售潔凈水，世界各地霍亂的威脅大幅降低。然而，霍亂仍是問(wèn)題。每年全球有數(shù)百萬(wàn)人感染霍亂，其中許多人因此喪生。幸運(yùn)的是，由于約翰·斯諾的努力，我們現(xiàn)在知道了如何預(yù)防霍亂。此外，通過(guò)使用地圖和數(shù)據(jù)，斯諾改變了科學(xué)家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯諾被譽(yù)為現(xiàn)代流行病學(xué)之父。一、障礙詞匯注解①標(biāo)題使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示是客觀事實(shí)。②助讀資料：約翰·斯諾(JohnSnow,1813－1858)，英國(guó)醫(yī)生，19世紀(jì)50年代因其對(duì)霍亂病源的研究和貢獻(xiàn)享譽(yù)世界醫(yī)學(xué)界，被公認(rèn)為流行病學(xué)奠基人之一。1854年倫敦霍亂流行，斯諾通過(guò)研究霍亂病死者的日常生活情況，發(fā)現(xiàn)了霍亂與飲用不潔水的關(guān)系。在他的呼吁下，政府及時(shí)關(guān)閉了不潔水源，有效制止了霍亂的流行。雖然約翰·斯諾沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致霍亂的病原體，但他創(chuàng)造性地使用空間統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)查找到了傳染源，并以此證明了這種方法的價(jià)值。今天，繪制地圖已成為醫(yī)學(xué)地理學(xué)及傳染病學(xué)中一種基本的研究方法。“斯諾的霍亂地圖”成了一個(gè)經(jīng)典案例。③defeat/dI'fi?t/vt． 擊敗；戰(zhàn)勝；挫敗n. 失?。粦?zhàn)勝sufferdefeat 遭受失?、躢holera/'k?l?r?/n. 霍亂助讀資料：霍亂是因攝入的食物或水受到霍亂弧菌污染而引起的一種急性腹瀉性傳染病，是中國(guó)法定管理的甲類傳染病之一。臨床特征為劇烈腹瀉、嘔吐。嚴(yán)重者神志不清、血壓下降。本病病死率較高，疑似者需積極隔離治療，避免因治療不及時(shí)而導(dǎo)致死亡。⑤usedtobe 過(guò)去常常是……⑥severe/sI'vI?(r)/adj. 極為惡劣的；十分嚴(yán)重的；嚴(yán)厲的⑦anoutbreakof... ……的爆發(fā)outbreak是合成名詞，由“副詞＋名詞”構(gòu)成，類似結(jié)構(gòu)的詞還有ine收入；output產(chǎn)量；oute結(jié)果；breakdown故障；intake攝入量等。⑧frustrated/fr?'streItId/adj. 懊惱的；沮喪的；失意的frustratevtt. 使懊惱；使沮喪；挫敗⑨intime在此處意為“經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間之后；遲早；最后”；還有“來(lái)得及；及時(shí)”之意。⑩熟詞生義rise在此處意為“變得重要(成功或有權(quán)力)”。?attendto 照顧；護(hù)理?givebirth 生孩子?onceandforall 最終地；徹底地；一勞永逸地?ingeneral 總的說(shuō)來(lái)；大體上?contradictory/?k?ntr?'dIkt?ri/adj. 相互矛盾的；對(duì)立的；不一致的contradictv. 反駁；否認(rèn)；相矛盾contradictionn. 矛盾；否認(rèn)；反駁?infection/In'fek?n/n. 感染；傳染；影響；傳染病infectvtt. 使感染；傳染?germ/d???m/n. 微生物；細(xì)菌；病菌?subscribeto 同意；贊同?proof/pru?f/n. 證據(jù)；證明；檢驗(yàn)?consequently/'k?nsIkw?ntli/adv. 因此；所以consequentadj. 隨之發(fā)生的；作為結(jié)果的consequencen. 結(jié)果；重要性；推論eq\o(○,\s\up1(21))multiple/'m?ltIpl/adj. 數(shù)量多的；多種多樣的eq\o(○,\s\up1(22))death在此處為抽象名詞具體化，意為“死亡者”，是可數(shù)名詞。eq\o(○,\s\up1(23))pump/p?mp/n. 泵；抽水機(jī)；打氣筒vt. 用泵輸送；涌出eq\o(○,\s\up1(24))household/'ha?sh??ld/n. 一家人；家庭；同住一所(套) 房子的人eq\o(○,\s\up1(25))suspect/s?'spekt/vtt.&vti. 懷疑；疑有；不信任/s?spekt/n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑對(duì)象eq\o(○,\s\up1(26))blame/bleIm/vt. 把……歸咎于；責(zé)怪；指責(zé)n. 責(zé)備；指責(zé)betoblamefor 對(duì)……應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任； 應(yīng)該為……負(fù)責(zé)任eq\o(○,\s\up1(27))accordingly/?'k??dI?li/advt. 因此；于是；相應(yīng)地；照著eq\o(○,\s\up1(28))handle/'h?ndl/n. 把手；拉手；柄vtt. 處理；搬動(dòng)；操縱(車輛、 動(dòng)物、工具等)eq\o(○,\s\up1(29))intervention/?Int?'ven?n/n. 介入；出面；干涉intervenev. 干涉；出面；介入eq\o(○,\s\up1(30))link/lI?k/n. 聯(lián)系；紐帶vtt. 把……連接起來(lái)；相關(guān)聯(lián)eq\o(○,\s\up1(31))助讀資料：泰晤士河(theRiverThames)為英國(guó)著名的“母親”河，它發(fā)源于英格蘭西南部，全長(zhǎng)346千米，橫貫英國(guó)首都倫敦與沿河的10多座城市，流域面積13000平方千米，注入北海。eq\o(○,\s\up1(32))raw/r??/adj. 未煮的；生的；未經(jīng)處理的；原始的； 未加工的eq\o(○,\s\up1(33))belikelytodosth. 很可能做某事eq\o(○,\s\up1(34))pure/pj??(r)/adj. 干凈的；純的；純粹的eq\o(○,\s\up1(35))tirelessefforts 孜孜不倦的努力；不懈的努力eq\o(○,\s\up1(36))熟詞生義see在此處意為“見(jiàn)證”。eq\o(○,\s\up1(37))asubstantialdecrease 大量減少；大幅降低eq\o(○,\s\up1(38))thanksto 幸虧；由于同義短語(yǔ)還有：dueto,becauseof,owingto,onaccountof等。eq\o(○,\s\up1(39))moreover/m??r'??v?(r)/advt. 而且；此外eq\o(○,\s\up1(40))statistic/st?'tIstIk/n．[pl.] 統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字；統(tǒng)計(jì)資料；統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)eq\o(○,\s\up1(41))transform/tr?ns'f??m/vtt. 使改觀；使改變形態(tài)vti. 改變；轉(zhuǎn)變transform...into... 把……轉(zhuǎn)變成……transformationn. 轉(zhuǎn)化；轉(zhuǎn)換；改革；變形eq\o(○,\s\up1(42))epidemiology/?epI?di?mi'?l?d?i/n.流行病學(xué)二、難懂句式疏通句?這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，thatintwo...tendays為賓語(yǔ)從句，該從句中包含so...that...引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。句?本句中bymarking...lived是方式狀語(yǔ)，whereallthosewhodiedhadlived是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾theexactplaces。其中又包含另一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句whodied，修飾those。句?Itseemedthat...表示“似乎，看起來(lái)”；haditdelivered是havesth.done結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“請(qǐng)人做某事”。句?本句中sothat引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句。第二遍精讀提素養(yǎng)步驟一先明文章主旨大意，知寫了什么Whatisthethemeofthetext?A．Thecureforcholera.B．Thecausesofcholera.C．Themostfeareddisease:cholera.D．JohnSnowdefeats“KingCholera”．答案：D步驟二再逐段精讀文章，看怎樣寫的閱讀文章第一段，完成下列題目1．文意的理解(1)Whatresultsdoescholeracause？(nomorethan5words)Diarrhoea,_dehydration_and_even_death.(2)WhydidJohnSnowbeefrustrated？(nomorethan10words)Because_no_one_knew_how_to_prevent_or_treat_cholera.2．表達(dá)的技巧第一段第一句中的feared用得形象又恰到好處，此處為過(guò)去分詞形式的形容詞，意為“令人害怕的”。霍亂是很嚴(yán)重的傳染病，用feared更加強(qiáng)了這種疾病的可怕性。試翻譯下面的句子：Theplague(瘟疫)wasgreatlyfearedintheMiddleAges.在中世紀(jì)時(shí)，這種瘟疫十分可怕。閱讀文章第二至四段，完成下列題目1．文意的理解(1)(TorF)JohnSnowagreedtotheviewthatbadaircausedthedisease.(F)(2)WhaturgedJohnSnowtofindoutthecausesofcholera？(nomorethan8words)An_outbreak_of_cholera_hit_London_in_1854.(3)HowdidJohnSnowstarttoinvestigate？(nomorethan5words)By_marking_the_exact_places.(4)Thesepeoplewhoworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreethadnodeathsbecause________.A．theyhadastrongresistanceB．theyhaddrunkthewaterverylittleC．theylivedherebutwerenevercheckedD．theyhadbeengivenbeerforfreeandhadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump答案：D2．表達(dá)的技巧(1)第二段首先用One...Theother...列舉當(dāng)時(shí)的兩種理論，然后表明JohnSnow的觀點(diǎn)并引出倫敦1854年爆發(fā)的霍亂這一例子?？捎脕?lái)表示列舉的結(jié)構(gòu)有：ontheonehand...ontheotherhand;foronething...foranother等。(2)第二段第六句中用consequently一詞承接前文，并為后文的敘述作鋪墊。此處consequently為副詞作狀語(yǔ)，意為“因此；結(jié)果；所以”。副詞作狀語(yǔ)可修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子。試翻譯下面的句子：Consequently,someviewersbegantoturnawayfromcinemas.Thisledtoaslowergrowth.因此，一些觀眾開始遠(yuǎn)離電影院。這導(dǎo)致了增長(zhǎng)放緩。(3)第三段介紹了JohnSnow阻止霍亂的方法及過(guò)程。第三句使用連詞however說(shuō)明有些人卻沒(méi)有因霍亂而死。第七句中用whatismore再次舉例，一對(duì)母女因霍亂而死。其后的asaresultof及accordingly點(diǎn)明發(fā)現(xiàn)并阻止霍亂根源的手段。選詞填空：but/however①Ourvacationisapproaching,butwestillcan'tdecidewheretogo.②They,however,_maintainedadistancefromus.(4)第三段第六句中使用了blame，用擬人的手法形象地介紹了發(fā)生霍亂的根源。blame為動(dòng)詞，意為“責(zé)備；歸咎于”，常用betoblame結(jié)構(gòu)。單句語(yǔ)法填空：IthinkTom,ratherthanyouisto_blame(blame)fortheaccident.閱讀文章第五段，完成下列題目1．文意的理解WhichisNOTtrueaccordingtothelastparagraph?A．Waterpaniesstillsellpollutedwatertotheworld.B．CholeraisaproblembutcanbepreventedduetoJohnSnow.C．JohnSnowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.D．JohnSnowisregardedasthefatherofmodernepidemiology.答案：A2．表達(dá)的技巧第五段第四句使用了副詞fortunately，筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，令人欣喜地看到JohnSnow的努力的結(jié)果，同時(shí)也為下文敘述JohnSnow對(duì)未來(lái)的影響埋下伏筆。步驟三讀后理層次結(jié)構(gòu)，析有何邏輯Thecholera'sseverityandJohnSnow'sdesire?Thisillnesscauses①severediarrhoea,dehydration,andevendeath.?Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowneverlosthis②desiretodestroycholera.Thetwo③contradictorytheoriesaboutcholera?Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.Theotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyan④infectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.JohnSnowagreedtothelater.JohnSnow'sprocessforstoppingcholera?JohnSnowstartedtoinvestigatebymarkingtheexactplacesandstoppedthediseaseinitstracksby⑤removingthehandleofthepump.Thecausesofcholera?Themainreasonwasthatthewaterpollutedby⑥wastewassoldbywaterpaniestopeoplewhodrankit.JohnSnow'sachievementandinfluenceonfuture?Choleraisaproblembutcanbe⑦preventedduetoJohnSnow.?JohnSnowchangedthewayscientistsstudy⑧diseases.?JohnSnowisregardedasthefatherofmodernepidemiology課文標(biāo)題“JOHNSNOWDEFEATS‘KINGCHOLERA’”直接點(diǎn)明了文章的主題“約翰·斯諾戰(zhàn)勝‘霍亂王’”。本文是一篇按照時(shí)間順序記述事件發(fā)展過(guò)程的敘事性文本，時(shí)間線索是明線，科學(xué)研究的步驟是暗線。文章的第一段介紹了研究的背景；第二段為科學(xué)研究的第一個(gè)階段（問(wèn)題的提出）；第三段講述了斯諾的研究過(guò)程；第四段揭示了霍亂傳播的真相；第五段陳述了斯諾在控制霍亂方面的貢獻(xiàn)。對(duì)于按照時(shí)間順序記敘的文章，閱讀的重點(diǎn)在于把握文章的時(shí)間線索，理清文章中事件的順序。這樣有助于我們迅速捕捉到文章的脈絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)，從而把握文章的主旨大意，進(jìn)而提高閱讀能力和解題能力。步驟四最后知選文意圖，思有何價(jià)值培養(yǎng)質(zhì)疑精神和探究精神本篇課文第一段最后一句提到“However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforall.”，從中可以看出斯諾強(qiáng)烈的探究精神。第二段中的“hestillneededproof”表明他發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題所在之后，通過(guò)一步步的調(diào)查、研究、論證得出答案。青少年應(yīng)學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)家的質(zhì)疑和探究精神，培養(yǎng)對(duì)科學(xué)研究的興趣和好奇心，敢于質(zhì)疑，勇于探究，力爭(zhēng)將來(lái)為科學(xué)、社會(huì)和人民作出貢獻(xiàn)。Ⅰ.默寫單詞1．choleran． 霍亂2．diarrhoean. 腹瀉3．dehydrationn. 脫水4．germn. 微生物；細(xì)菌；病菌5．subscribevti. 認(rèn)購(gòu)(股份)；定期訂購(gòu)；定期交納(會(huì)費(fèi))6．proofn. 證據(jù)；證明；檢驗(yàn)7．multipleadj. 數(shù)量多的；多種多樣的8．pumpn. 泵；抽水機(jī)；打氣筒9．householdn. 一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人10．blamevtt. 把……歸咎于；責(zé)怪；指責(zé)n. 責(zé)備；指責(zé)11．handlen. 把手；拉手；柄vtt. 處理；搬動(dòng)；操縱(車輛、動(dòng)物、工具等)12．interventionn. 介入；出面；干涉13．linkvtt. 把……連接起來(lái)；相關(guān)聯(lián)n. 聯(lián)系；紐帶14．rawadj. 未煮的；生的；未經(jīng)處理的；原始的15．substantialadj. 大量的；價(jià)值巨大的；重大的16．decreasen. 減少；降低；減少量vtt.&vti. (使大小、數(shù)量等)減少；減小；降低17．statisticn． [pl.]統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字；統(tǒng)計(jì)資料；統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)18．transformvtt. 使改觀；使改變形態(tài)vti. 改變；轉(zhuǎn)變19．epidemiologyn. 流行病學(xué)20．microscopen.顯微鏡21．severeadj.極為惡劣的；十分嚴(yán)重的；嚴(yán)厲的→severelyadvt.嚴(yán)重地；嚴(yán)厲地22．frustratedadj.懊惱的；沮喪的；失意的→frustratevtt.使懊喪；使懊惱；使沮喪23．contradictoryadj.相互矛盾的；對(duì)立的；不一致的→contradictvtt.相矛盾；反駁24．infectionn．感染；傳染→infectvtt.使感染；傳染→infectiousadj.傳染的；傳染性的25．suspectvtt.&vti.懷疑；疑有；不信任n.犯罪嫌疑人；可疑對(duì)象→suspiciousadj.可疑的→suspicionn．懷疑；嫌疑26．pureadj.干凈的；純的；純粹的→purelyadvt.完全；僅僅→purifyvtt.凈化；使?jié)崈簪?識(shí)記短語(yǔ)1．once_and_for_all 最終地；徹底地2．subscribe_to 同意；贊同3．water_pump 水泵4．thanks_to 幸虧；由于5．think_of 想起；考慮6．die_from 死于……7．in_general 總之；通常；大體上；一般而言8．find_out 找出；查明9．what's_more 而且；另外10．a(chǎn)s_a_result_of 由于……的結(jié)果1．Intheearly19thcentury，whenanoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.十九世紀(jì)初，霍亂暴發(fā)，肆虐歐洲，數(shù)百萬(wàn)人喪命。★diefrom死于……；因……而死(原因多來(lái)自外部)[思考感知]①Intheolddays,manypeoplediedfromlackoffood.在古時(shí)候，很多人因缺少食物而死。[點(diǎn)撥歸納]dieof 死于……(原因多來(lái)自內(nèi)部)dieaway (聲音、光線等)逐漸減弱；逐漸消失diedown 逐漸減弱/降低；逐漸平息；逐漸暗淡dieoff 一一死去；先后死去dieout 滅亡；(指習(xí)俗、做法等)逐漸消失；過(guò)時(shí)diefor為……而死[應(yīng)用融會(huì)](1)單句語(yǔ)法填空②Itshockedmetohearthathedied_from_thetrafficaccident.③Nowadaysmoreandmorepeopledieofcancer.④Thedeerintheforestarealldyingofffromdisease.(2)表達(dá)糾誤⑤It'sreportedthatthousandsofpeopledieforillegaldrivingeachyear.(句中的for改為from)2．Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.斯諾懷疑水泵就是罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。★suspectvt.&vi.懷疑；疑有；不信任；懷疑某人有罪[以文化人]①M(fèi)anypeoplesuspectthatthesuccessconsistsinluck,butonlyhardworkmakessense.許多人懷疑成功在于運(yùn)氣，但只有努力工作才有意義。[點(diǎn)撥歸納]suspectsth. 懷疑某事suspectsb.tobe... 懷疑某人是……suspectsb.of(doing)sth. 懷疑某人(做)某事suspect＋that從句 懷疑……[應(yīng)用融會(huì)](單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子)②Ihavenoreasonto_suspect(suspect)herhonesty.③ThepolicesuspectedthatBilldidit.＝ThepolicesuspectedBillofdoingit.④Weallsuspectherto_be(be)anactress,butnooneknowsher.⑤(2020·新高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)...onhiswaytoBukharahegetsatasteofpolicemethodswhensuspected(suspect)ofdrugdealing.⑥Two_suspects_in_connection_with_the_casearenowbeinginvestigated.與案件有關(guān)的兩名犯罪嫌疑人正在接受調(diào)查?！颾lamevt.指責(zé)；責(zé)怪；譴責(zé)；把……歸咎于n.過(guò)失；責(zé)備；指責(zé)[以文化人]①Solongasyoudowhatyoucan,noonewillblameyouevenifyoumightfailinthefuture.只要你做你能做的，沒(méi)有人會(huì)責(zé)怪你，即使你將來(lái)可能會(huì)失敗。[點(diǎn)撥歸納](1)betoblame(forsth.) (對(duì)某事)負(fù)有責(zé)任； (因某事)應(yīng)受責(zé)備blamesb.for(doing)sth. 因(做)某事而責(zé)怪某人blamesth.onsb. 把某事歸咎到某人身上(2)bear/taketheblame(forsth.) (為某事)承擔(dān)責(zé)任put/laytheblameforsth.onsb. 將某事歸咎于某人[應(yīng)用融會(huì)](1)單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子②Don'talwaysblameyourownfailureonothers.Sometimesyouyourselfareto_blame(blame)．③Ifthathappens,thecoachwill_take_the_blame_for_it.如果發(fā)生那樣的事，教練將對(duì)此負(fù)責(zé)。④Itismonthatnowadayssomestudentsput_the_blame_fortheirpoorperformanceinstudyontheirlowIQ.如今，一些學(xué)生把他們的學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)不好歸咎于他們的低智商，這很常見(jiàn)。(2)表達(dá)糾誤⑤MrGreenstoodupindefenceofthe16-year-oldboy,sayingthathewasnottheonetobeblamed.(句中be_blamed改為blame)3．...andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.……世界各地霍亂的威脅大幅降低?！飀ecreasevi.&vt.(使大小、數(shù)量等)減少；降低；減小[思考感知]①Weshouldoftenopenwindowstomakeaircirculatetodecreasediseasetransmission.我們應(yīng)該經(jīng)常打開窗戶，讓空氣流通，以減少疾病傳播。[點(diǎn)撥歸納](1)decreaseto... 減少到decreaseby... 減少了decreasefrom...to... 從……減少到……(2)onthedecrease 在減少；在下降adecreasein... 在……方面減少[應(yīng)用融會(huì)](單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子)②Theaveragehousepricesdecreasedby13%lastyear.③Thesalesofthisproducthavedecreasedfromsevenmilliontofivemillion.④Peopleshoulddecrease_the_amount_of_fattheyeat.人們應(yīng)減少脂肪的攝入量。⑤Alocalnewspaperremarksthatthecrimeison_the_decrease.一家地方報(bào)紙?jiān)u論說(shuō)犯罪案件正在減少。⑥Therehasbeena_decrease_inourimports.我們的進(jìn)口減少了。[語(yǔ)境串記](méi)Theproductionofthecottonthisyearisonthedecrease,andparedwiththatoflastyear,ithasdecreasedby20%.今年的棉花產(chǎn)量在下降，與去年相比，下降了20%。4．...Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.……斯諾改變了科學(xué)家研究疾病的方式?！飔ransformvt.使改觀；使改變形態(tài)；轉(zhuǎn)換；轉(zhuǎn)化vi.改變；轉(zhuǎn)變[以文化人]①“MadeinChina2025”initiativeaimstotransformChinafromamanufacturinggiantintoaworldmanufacturingpower.“中國(guó)制造2025”[點(diǎn)撥歸納](1)transform...into... 把……變成……transformfrom... 由……轉(zhuǎn)變而來(lái)(2)transformationn. 改變；轉(zhuǎn)變[應(yīng)用融會(huì)](單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子)②(2020·江蘇高考)Thehealthsecuritysystemsofmanycountriesareundergoingconsiderabletransformation(transform).③Itshockedmethatsuccessandwealthtransformed_his_character.我很震驚，成功和財(cái)富改變了他的性格。④Theenginecan_transform_heat_into_energy.這種機(jī)器能使熱量轉(zhuǎn)化為能量。⑤Theportwas_transformed_fromasmallvillage.這個(gè)港口是由一個(gè)小村莊轉(zhuǎn)變來(lái)的。Ⅰ.掌握經(jīng)典句式1.感知原句Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.十九世紀(jì)初，霍亂暴發(fā)，肆虐歐洲，數(shù)百萬(wàn)人喪命。分析：when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。嘗試仿寫我記得他很少因?yàn)榻】挡患讯闭n的情況。Icanrememberveryfewoccasionswhen_he_was_absent_from_schoolbecauseofillhealth.2.感知原句Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.他發(fā)現(xiàn)霍亂疫情在兩條街道上尤為嚴(yán)重，十天內(nèi)就有500多人死亡。分析：so...that...引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。嘗試仿寫(2020·全國(guó)卷I書面表達(dá))她對(duì)每位學(xué)生都如此地有耐心，以至于我們都喜歡她。Sheisso_patient_with_each_student_that_wealllikeher.3.感知原句Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.于是，他讓人拆掉了水泵的把手，這樣水泵就用不成了。分析：have＋賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。嘗試仿寫湯姆打算今天下午讓人修理他的電腦。Tomisgoingto_have_his_puter_repairedthisafternoon.Ⅱ.厘清復(fù)雜句式1.[改寫成簡(jiǎn)單句]①Asayoungdoctor,John_Snow_became_frustrated.②How_to_prevent_or_treat_cholerawasn'tknown.2.[改寫成簡(jiǎn)單句](僅改賓語(yǔ)從句)In_two_particular_streets_the_cholera_outbreak_was_very_severe_and_more_than_500_people_died_in_ten_days.Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.他發(fā)現(xiàn)霍亂疫情在兩條街道上尤為嚴(yán)重，十天內(nèi)就有500多人死亡。[分析點(diǎn)撥](1)本句中so...that...引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“如此……以至于”，有以下幾種形式：eq\x(\a\al(so＋形容詞/副詞＋that...,so＋形容詞＋a/an＋單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞＋that...,so＋many/few＋復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞＋that...,so＋much/little少＋不可數(shù)名詞＋that...))(2)such...that...引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句有以下幾種形式：eq\x(\a\al(such＋a/an＋形容詞＋單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞＋that...,such＋形容詞＋復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞＋that...,such＋形容詞＋不可數(shù)名詞＋that...))[應(yīng)用融會(huì)](完成句子)①Thesongsounds_so_sweet_that_Iwanttolistentoitagainandagain.這首歌曲聽(tīng)起來(lái)如此優(yōu)美，以至于我百聽(tīng)不厭。②Thereisso_much_work_to_do_thatIwon'tbeabletotakeavacationthisyear.有太多的工作要做，以至于我今年將不能度假。③Itwassuch_bad_weather_thatwehadtostayathomeallday.天氣如此差，以至于我們不得不一整天都待在家里。④Hetoldussuch_funny_stories_thatwealllaughed.他給我們講了這么有趣的故事，我們?nèi)即笮ζ饋?lái)。[課時(shí)跟蹤檢測(cè)][語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練]Ⅰ.單詞拼寫1．Theyaredeterminedtotransform(改變)themountaininfiveyears.2．Thecountryissufferingfromsevere(嚴(yán)重的)economicproblems.3．(2019·天津高考)Whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies,theyareweaklylinked(聯(lián)系)．4．Theseresultsareafurtherproof(證明)ofhisoutstandingability.5．IoftenhadcrazydreamsinwhichIwastoblame(責(zé)備)forMiller'saccident.6．Heisgoodathandling(操縱)thehugecalculatingmachine.Ⅱ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1．Suspecting(suspect)thetravelerofcarryingdrugs,theCustomsofficialstoppedhimandwentthroughhissuitcase.2．(2018·江蘇高考)Somesocialapppanieswereto_blame(blame)becausetheydidn'tadequatelychecktheirusers'registration.3．Thenumberofcyclistsrunningtrafficlightsisonthedecrease.4．Hefailedintheexamagain,whichmadehimfrustrated(frustrate)．5．Whichviruscausedtheinfection(infect)isstillunknown.6．Ihelpedhimpurely(pure)outoffriendship.Ⅲ.完成句子1．Thepoliceblamed_the_traffic_accident_onhiscarelessdriving.警方把這起交通事故歸咎于他的粗心駕駛。2．Doctorssuspect_thathemayhaveaheartcondition.醫(yī)生懷疑他可能有心臟病。3．It'sreportedthatmillionsofpeopledie_from_illnesses_causedbysmokingeveryyear.據(jù)報(bào)道，每年有數(shù)百萬(wàn)人死于吸煙引起的疾病。4．Ihave_had_everything_preparedinadvance.我已提前把一切都準(zhǔn)備好了。5．Itisso_challenging_a_job/such_a_challenging_job_thatIcan'tfinishitonmyown.這是一個(gè)如此具有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作，我自己無(wú)法完成。Ⅳ.課文語(yǔ)法填空Cholerausedtobeoneofthemost1.feared(fear)diseasesintheworld.Itcausesseverediarrhoea,dehydrationand2.death(die).Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,millionsofpeopledied3.fromthedisease.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecame4.frustrated(frustrate)becausenooneknewhow5.to_prevent(prevent)ortreatcholera.6.Ingeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictory7.theories(theory)toexplainhowcholeraspread.Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.Snowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaces8.whereallthosewhodiedhadlived.Hesuspectedthatthewaterpumpwas9.to_blame(blame).Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedin10.its(it)tracks.Wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.SoSnowisconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology.[主題閱讀訓(xùn)練]Ⅰ.閱讀理解APeterHuszczoncetaughtinanagriculturalcollege.Inthe1990s,hemovedtoCanada.PeterstartedoutwashingdishesinarestaurantindowntownOttawa.Whenthemanageraskedhimtohelpoutrollingmeatballsinthekitchen,hesoonlearnedhowtodothejobverywell.ButitwasboringandPetersuggestedthatthemanagershouldbuyameatball-makingmachine.Whenthemanagertoldhimtherewasnosuchthingasameatballmaker,Peterwasquicktonoticethatsomethingwasmissinginthemarket.Puttinghisengineeringknowledgetogooduse,hequicklycameupwithasimplemethod—theMagicMeatballMaker.Hewassuretherewasamarketforhismachine,butittookhimtenyearsofhardworktofindit.Hehadtotakerisks,buthebelievedinhisidea,andhemanagedtopersuadeotherpeo