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DemandandSupply:Elasticity需求及供應(yīng):彈性Definition(定義)ElasticityofDemand需求彈性Itreferstothemeasurementoftheresponsiveness(反應(yīng))ofquantitydemandedforagood,toachangeinitsprices.當(dāng)貨品的價(jià)格變動(dòng)時(shí),消費(fèi)者對(duì)需求量的變動(dòng)的幅度(反應(yīng))Elasticityofdemand需求彈性ElasticityofDemand需求彈性percentagechangeinquantitydemanded需求數(shù)量的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比percentagechangeinprice價(jià)格的的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比=Exampleone例子一:Asthepriceofapplesrisesfrom$3.8to$4.2,thequantitydemandedfallsfrom200to120.Calculatetheelasticityofdemandforapple.當(dāng)蘋(píng)果的價(jià)格由$3.8增加至$4.2,需求數(shù)量由200下降至120。計(jì)算蘋(píng)果的需求彈性。Elasticityofdemand需求彈性Qd:200120P:$3.8$4.2percentagechangeinquantitydemanded需求數(shù)量的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比percentagechangeinprice價(jià)格的的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比=120-200(200+120)/2Elasticityofdemand需求彈性Qd:200120P:$3.8$4.2percentagechangeinprice價(jià)格的的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比=$4.2-$3.8($4.2+$3.8)/2
-801600.44=120-200(200
+120)/2=Elasticityofdemand需求彈性Qd:200120P:$3.8$4.2
-801600.44=Elasticityofdemand需求彈性Qd:200120P:$3.8$4.2
-801600.44=X=-5Elasticityofdemand需求彈性Qd:200120P:$3.8$4.2=
-801600.44Example例子:Asthepriceofaminihi-fisystemfallsfrom$2500to$2000,thequantitydemandedrisesfrom350to550.Calculatetheelasticityofdemandforapple.當(dāng)一套微型音響組合的價(jià)格由$2500下降至$2000,需求數(shù)量由350增加至550。計(jì)算微型音響組合的需求彈性。Elasticityofdemand需求彈性Qd:350550P:$2500$2000percentagechangeinquantitydemanded需求數(shù)量的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比percentagechangeinprice價(jià)格的的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比=$2000-
$2500($2500+
$2000)/2200450-5002250=550-350(550+350)/2=Elasticityofdemand需求彈性Qd:350550P:$2500$2000200450-5002250=X=-2Elasticityofdemand需求彈性Qd:350550P:$2500$2000200450-5002250=TypesofElasticityofDemand需求彈性的種類(lèi)UnitaryElastic單一彈性RelativelyElastic相對(duì)具彈性RelativelyInelastic相對(duì)欠彈性PerfectlyElastic絕對(duì)具彈性PerfectlyInelastic絕對(duì)欠彈性UnitaryElastic單一彈性Elasticityofdemand需求彈性=1percentagechangeinquantitydemanded需求數(shù)量的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比percentagechangeinprice價(jià)格的的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比=1percentagechangeinquantitydemanded需求數(shù)量的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比
UnitaryElastic單一彈性Elasticityofdemand需求彈性=1percentagechangeinprice價(jià)格的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比=PQ0DUnitaryElastic單一彈性Elasticityofdemand需求彈性=1RelativelyElastic相對(duì)具彈性Elasticityofdemand需求彈性>1percentagechangeinquantitydemanded需求數(shù)量的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比percentagechangeinprice價(jià)格的的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比>1percentagechangeinquantitydemanded需求數(shù)量的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比
RelativelyElastic相對(duì)具彈性Elasticityofdemand需求彈性>1percentagechangeinprice價(jià)格的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比>PQ0RelativelyElastic相對(duì)具彈性Elasticityofdemand需求彈性>1DRelativelyInelastic相對(duì)欠彈性Elasticityofdemand需求彈性<1percentagechangeinquantitydemanded需求數(shù)量的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比percentagechangeinprice價(jià)格的的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比<1percentagechangeinquantitydemanded需求數(shù)量的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比
RelativelyInelastic相對(duì)欠彈性Elasticityofdemand需求彈性<1percentagechangeinprice價(jià)格的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比<PQ0RelativelyInelastic相對(duì)欠彈性Elasticityofdemand需求彈性<1DPerfectlyElastic絕對(duì)具彈性Elasticityofdemand需求彈性=percentagechangeinquantitydemanded需求數(shù)量的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比percentagechangeinprice價(jià)格的的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比=PerfectlyElastic絕對(duì)具彈性Elasticityofdemand需求彈性=percentagechangeinquantitydemanded需求數(shù)量的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比=PQ0PerfectlyElastic絕對(duì)具彈性Elasticityofdemand需求彈性=DPerfectlyInelastic絕對(duì)欠彈性Elasticityofdemand需求彈性=0percentagechangeinquantitydemanded需求數(shù)量的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比percentagechangeinprice價(jià)格的的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比=0PerfectlyInelastic絕對(duì)欠彈性Elasticityofdemand需求彈性=0percentagechangeinquantitydemanded需求數(shù)量的轉(zhuǎn)變百分比=0PQ0PerfectlyInelastic絕對(duì)欠彈性Elasticityofdemand需求彈性=0D1)NumberofSubstitutes代替品的數(shù)目2)DegreeofNecessity必需的程度3)Proportionofconsumers’incomespentonthegood支出佔(zhàn)消費(fèi)者收入的比例4)TimeforAdjustingConsumption調(diào)整消費(fèi)的時(shí)間5)HabitofConsumers消費(fèi)者的習(xí)慣FactorsAffectingtheElasticityofDemand影響需求彈性的因素Elasticity,PriceandTotalRevenueTotalrevenuemeanstheamountofmoneyobtainedbyproducers.總收益是指生產(chǎn)者獲得的總金額。ElasticityofDemandandTotalRevenue需求彈性和總收益Itisthesameasthetotalexpenditurepaidbyconsumersorthetotalmarketvalueofthegoodstransacted.這相等於消費(fèi)者支付的總支出或產(chǎn)品交易的總市場(chǎng)價(jià)值。TotalRevenue總收益Price價(jià)格Quantity數(shù)量x=PQ0DStotalrevenue總收益Ifpriceandquantitychange,totalrevenuewillalsochange.如果價(jià)格和數(shù)量轉(zhuǎn)變,總收益亦會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變。
Priceincreases,quantitydecreases.價(jià)格增加,數(shù)量減少。Forthecasewith:originaltotalrevenue原本的總收益PQ0Dnewtotalrevenue新的總收益PQ0Doriginaltotalrevenue原本的總收益PQ0DPQ0Ddecreaseinrevenue減少的收益increaseinrevenue新增的收益PQ0D22019016013010070456789QPrice($)Supposethepriceofthegooddecreasesfrom$8to$7.Whatistheeffectontotalrevenue?10087130DQuantityPrice($)ElasticdemandElasticityandchangeintotalrevenue
10087130DQuantityPrice($)ElasticdemandElasticityandchangeintotalrevenue
LossinrevenueGaininrevenue ___
unitsaresoldat$1less.100 Loss=____________$1100=$100 ___
moreunitsaresoldat$7.30 Loss=____________$730=$210Changeintotalrevenue Loss___Gain< Totalrevenuewill_______.increaseIfthedemandiselastic,whenpricedecreasesandquantityincreases,gaininrevenueisgreaterthanlossinrevenue.Adecreaseinpricewillleadto_________intotalrevenue,andviceversa.LossintotalrevenueGainintotalrevenueanincrease
Price($)Qd456789908070605040Supposethepriceofthegooddecreasesfrom$6to$5.908070605040456789Price($)Whatistheeffectontotalrevenue?706580InelasticdemandDQuantityPrice($)Elasticityandchangeintotalrevenue
DQuantityPrice($)657080LossinrevenueGaininrevenue ___
unitsaresoldat$1less.70 Loss=___________$170=$70 ___
moreunitsaresoldat$5.10 Gain=___________$510=$50Changeintotalrevenue Loss___Gain> Totalrevenuewill_______.decreaseIfthedemandisinelastic,whenpricedecreasesandquantityincreases,gaininrevenueislessthanlossinrevenue.Adecreaseinpricewillleadto_________intotalrevenue,andviceversa.adecrease
LossintotalrevenueGainintotalrevenueInelasticdemandElasticityandchangeintotalrevenue
10050252010124510QdPrice($)Supposethepriceofthegooddecreasesfrom$5to$4.Whatistheeffectontotalrevenue?205425UnitarilyelasticdemandElasticityandchangeintotalrevenue10050252010124510QdPrice($)DQuantityPrice($)205425UnitarilyelasticdemandElasticityandchangeintotalrevenue
DQuantityPrice($)LossinrevenueGaininrevenue ___
unitsaresoldat$1less.20 Loss=___________$120=$20 ___
moreunitsaresoldat$4.5 Loss=___________$45=$20Changeintotalrevenue Loss___Gain= Totalrevenuewill______________.remainthesameIfthedemandisunitarilyelastic,whenpricedecreasesandquantityincreases,gaininrevenueisequaltolossinrevenue.Adecreaseinpricewillleadto_________intotalrevenue,andviceversa.nochange
LossintotalrevenueGainintotalrevenueElasticityandchangeintotalrevenue
Allrectanglesformedonaunitarilyelasticdemandcurveare___________.Thispropertyiscalled__________________.rectangularhyperbolaequalinarea205425UnitarilyelasticdemandDQuantityPrice($)LossinrevenueGaininrevenue ___
unitsaresoldat$1less.20 Loss=___________$120=$20 ___
moreunitsaresoldat$4.5 Loss=___________$45=$20Changeintotalrevenue Loss___Gain= Totalrevenuewill______________.remainthesameLossintotalrevenueGainintotalrevenuePrice QuantityTotalRevenue價(jià)格 數(shù)量 總收益Elastic具彈性Inelastic欠彈性Price QuantityTotalRevenue價(jià)格 數(shù)量 總收益Elastic具彈性Inelastic欠彈性Price QuantityTotalRevenue價(jià)格 數(shù)量 總收益Elastic具彈性Inelastic欠彈性Elasticityofdemandcanaffecttheamountoftaxsharedbyconsumersandproducers.需求彈性可以影響由消費(fèi)者負(fù)擔(dān)的稅額和生產(chǎn)者負(fù)擔(dān)的稅額。ElasticityofDemandandTaxBurden需求彈性和稅額負(fù)擔(dān)totaltaxpaidbyproducers生產(chǎn)者支付的總稅額totaltaxpaidbyconsumers消費(fèi)者支付的總稅額Q1P1PoQoS1PQ0unittax單位稅DS0Ifdemandisinelastic,equilibriumpriceincreasesgreatly.Consumersshareagreatertaxburden.Producersshareasmallertaxburden.
如果需求欠彈性,均衡價(jià)格大幅增加,消費(fèi)者要負(fù)擔(dān)較大量稅額,生產(chǎn)者負(fù)擔(dān)較少量稅額。totaltaxpaidbyproducers生產(chǎn)者支付的總稅額totaltaxpaidbyconsumers消費(fèi)者支付的總稅額Q1P1DS0S1PoQounittax單位稅PQ0Ifdemandiselastic,equilibriumpriceincreasesslightly.Consumersshareasmallertaxburden.Producersshareagreatertaxburden.
如果需求具彈性,均衡價(jià)格輕微增加,消費(fèi)者負(fù)擔(dān)較少量稅額,生產(chǎn)者要負(fù)擔(dān)較大量稅額。Elasticityof
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