名詞+講義 新高一上學(xué)期初升高英語(yǔ)銜接

初高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法銜接材料第二講：名詞1、名詞的分類類別意義示例普通名詞可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞表示單個(gè)的人或事物。student；photo集體名詞表示由若干相同的個(gè)體組成的集合體。people;police不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物。fire;water抽象名詞表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念。news;health專有名詞表示具體的人名、地名、國(guó)名、月份、節(jié)日、機(jī)構(gòu)或某一事物等特有的名詞China;May;Mid-autumn2、可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化1．規(guī)則變化類別變化規(guī)則示例一般情況在詞尾直接加－smap→maps，desk→desks，table→tables，tower→towersbook→books以s，x，sh，ch等結(jié)尾且末尾讀音為/s/,/z/,/?/,/t?/,/d?/的名詞一般在詞尾直接加－esclass→classes，box→boxes，dish→dishes，peach→peaches，但stomach例外，其后直接加－s以o結(jié)尾的在詞尾直接加－esvolcano→volcanoes，hero→heroes，potato→potatoestomato→tomatoes火山旁的英雄愛(ài)吃土豆和西紅柿。多數(shù)在詞尾加－szoo→zoos,radio→radios，photo→photos，piano→pianos，kilo→kilos,bamboo→bamboos“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾變y為i，再加－esfamily→families，city→cities，party→partieslibrary→libraries,country→countries“元音字母＋y”結(jié)尾直接加sboy→boys，monkey→monkeys，key→keys以f或fe結(jié)尾多數(shù)變f或fe為v后加－esthief→thieves,wife→wives,shelf→shelves，knife→knives，life→lives，wolf→wolves少數(shù)詞尾加－s順口溜識(shí)記：海灣邊，屋頂上，首領(lǐng)奴仆兩相望，誰(shuí)說(shuō)他們無(wú)信仰，證據(jù)寫(xiě)在手帕上。這些名詞分別是gulf，roof，chief，serf，belief，proof，handkerchief以sis結(jié)尾的外來(lái)詞變sis為sesbasis→bases，analysis→analyses，crisis→crises2.不規(guī)則變化變化情況示例單復(fù)數(shù)同形deer,sheep,Chinese,aircraft,means,series,species,headquarters（總部）單數(shù)形式復(fù)數(shù)意義people，police，cattle復(fù)數(shù)形式單數(shù)意義news，physics，politics合成詞變復(fù)數(shù)passer－by→passers－by過(guò)路人，son－in－law→sons－in－law女婿looker－on→lookers－on旁觀者，go－between→go－betweens中間人★把a(bǔ)n—en如：man→men，woman—women這類變化還有：businessman—businessmen男商人businesswoman—businesswomen女商人salesman—salesmen男售貨員saleswomen—saleswomen女售貨員spokesman—spokesmen發(fā)言人spokeswoman—spokeswomen女發(fā)言人★oo—ee如：tooth→teeth（牙齒），foot→feet（腳），goose→geese（鵝）其他：child→children，mouse→mice（老鼠），medium→media（媒介物；新聞媒介）3.特殊情況下名詞復(fù)數(shù)的用法有些名詞在使用時(shí)總是用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。如thanks（謝意），clothes，congratulations（賀詞；祝賀），belongings（所有物），goods(商品)，works(作品，著作)，shoes，trousers褲，glasses(眼鏡)等。有些固定短語(yǔ)要求用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式：makepreparationsfor為……做準(zhǔn)備makefriendswith與……交朋友do/makerepairs修理make(both)endsmeet使收支相抵shakehandswith與……握手makecontributionsto為……做貢獻(xiàn)takepains盡力，刻苦good/badmanners有禮貌/無(wú)禮貌taketurns輪流；依次burstintotears突然哭起來(lái)beinhigh/lowspirits情緒高漲/情緒低落inalldirections向四面八方congratulationson對(duì)……表示祝賀asfollows如下intears哭泣，含著淚inruins成為廢墟intohalves分成兩半sportsshoes運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋hurtone’sfeelings傷害某人的感情bestwishes/regardstosb.向某人問(wèn)候livingconditions居住條件；生活環(huán)境inhisfifties在他五十幾歲時(shí)不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞包括專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞，不能變復(fù)數(shù)，不加冠詞。1．通常作不可數(shù)名詞的詞information信息；advice忠告，建議；progress進(jìn)步，進(jìn)展；knowledge知識(shí)；weather天氣；fun樂(lè)趣，快樂(lè)；equipment設(shè)備；furniture家具；wealth財(cái)富；damage損壞；traffic交通，車輛及行人；baggage/luggage行李；work工作；homework家庭作業(yè)；housework家務(wù)；luck運(yùn)氣；tea茶；water水；beer啤酒；cake蛋糕；milk牛奶等2．抽象名詞具體化(1)表示抽象的特征、狀態(tài)、行為的一場(chǎng)、一次、一種及“多種”、“多場(chǎng)”等，?？山M成“a/an＋抽象名詞”或“a/an＋形容詞＋抽象名詞”abigfire，aheavyrain，astrongwind，athickfog，havealook，makeanapology，takeadeepbreath，livea...life，haveagoodtime，awonderfullunch，aneed，adiscovery，alove，acollectionof，aknowledgeof，ahistoryof，apopulationof，anareaof，anunderstandingof等。如：Hehasagoodknowledgeofcomputerscience.他對(duì)電腦科技方面很了解。(2)表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、特點(diǎn)、情感、情緒的人或事，這一抽象名詞已完全變?yōu)榭蓴?shù)名詞。常見(jiàn)的這類名詞有：surprise(驚奇)，cold(感冒)，pleasure(樂(lè)趣)，pity(遺憾)，failure(失敗)，success(成功)，worry(擔(dān)心)，honour(榮譽(yù))，must(必須做的事)，difficulty(困難)，youth(青春)，beauty(美人)，danger(危險(xiǎn))，interest(興趣)，cloth(布料)，pain(疼痛)，trouble(麻煩)等。如：difficulty困難adifficulty一件難事experience經(jīng)驗(yàn)anexperience一次經(jīng)歷failure失敗afailure一位失敗者/一件失敗的事success成功asuccess一位成功者/一件成功的事knowledge知識(shí)haveagoodknowledgeof對(duì)……懂，精通honour榮譽(yù)anhonour一位(件)帶來(lái)榮譽(yù)的人(事)Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失敗是成功之母。Heisafailureasadoctor.作為一名醫(yī)生他是一位失敗者。注意：有些抽象名詞不能具體化使用。即使有形容詞修飾，也不和不定冠詞連用。這類名詞有：fun(樂(lè)趣)，advice(建議)，equipment(設(shè)備)，information(信息)，health(健康)，space(太空)，progress(進(jìn)步)，wealth(財(cái)富)，news(新聞)，weather(天氣)等。(3)有些物質(zhì)名詞可以具體化為可數(shù)名詞drink飲料—twodrinks兩杯飲料；coffee咖啡—acoffee一杯咖啡；ice冰—twoices兩份冰淇淋；tea茶—twoteas兩杯茶Howabouthavingsomecoffee?要不要喝點(diǎn)咖啡？Twocoffees，please.請(qǐng)來(lái)兩杯咖啡。(4)有些不可數(shù)名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)形式可以表示特別的意義look看—looks外表；regard注意—giveregardsto問(wèn)候……；glass玻璃—glasses眼鏡；hair頭發(fā)—hairs幾根頭發(fā)difficulty困難—difficulties困難的事interest興趣—interests利益time時(shí)間—times次數(shù)，倍數(shù)，時(shí)代work工作—works作品，工廠brain大腦—brains腦力，智力wood木頭—woods樹(shù)林paper紙—papers試卷，文件，論文，報(bào)紙green綠色—greens綠色蔬菜water水—waters水域sand沙子—sands沙灘spirit精神—spirits情緒，興致常見(jiàn)名詞與其他詞組成的固定搭配有：keepinmind記住nevermind不要緊，沒(méi)關(guān)系freeofcharge免費(fèi)leaveamessage留言keepintouch保持聯(lián)系asenseof...……的感覺(jué)awasteof...浪費(fèi)……bychance/accident偶然地outofcontrol不受管制bytheway順便提一下outofquestion毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)outoforder出故障，失調(diào)outofsight看不見(jiàn)outofplace不適當(dāng)?shù)膇ndetail詳細(xì)地ingeneral一般說(shuō)來(lái)onpurpose故意地ontime準(zhǔn)時(shí)intime及時(shí)，最終inhonorof...為紀(jì)念……Itisapitythat...可惜……(Itis)nowonder(that)...難怪……名詞所有格1．名詞的所有格表示所屬關(guān)系，它分-’s所有格和of所有格兩種形式。①M(fèi)anystudents’eyesightisgettingpoorerandpoorer.很多學(xué)生的視力變得越來(lái)越差了。②Fromthetopofthehill,youcangetabird’sviewofthecity.從山頂上，你可以鳥(niǎo)瞰整個(gè)城市。2．由and連接的并列名詞的所有格要分兩種情況，即表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí)，要分別在并列名詞后加-’s，表示共同的所有關(guān)系時(shí)，只在最后一個(gè)名詞后加-’s：Tom’sandJim’srooms湯姆和吉姆(各自)的房間TomandJim’sroom湯姆和吉姆(共同)的房間3．雙重所有格指名詞所有格或名詞性物主代詞同of構(gòu)成的所有格，即“of＋名詞所有格”。aplayofShakespeare’s莎士比亞的一個(gè)戲劇afriendofmywife’s我妻子的一個(gè)朋友一般在單數(shù)名詞后和不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加’s，如：theboy’smother這個(gè)男孩的媽媽thechildren’smother這些孩子的媽媽Fool’sDay愚人節(jié)Father’sDay父親節(jié)Mother’sDay母親節(jié)Women’sDay婦女節(jié)Children’sDay兒童節(jié)eachother’s相互的oneanother’s相互的anyoneelse’s任何其他人的anybodyelse’s任何其他人的men’sroom男廁所men’sshoes男鞋men’sclothesstore男裝店2）以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加’，如：theteachers’office老師的辦公室Teachers’Day教師節(jié)2hours’walk步行兩個(gè)小時(shí)的路2years’time兩年的時(shí)間2years’practice/training兩年的練習(xí)/訓(xùn)練2weeks’rest兩周的休息,2hours’drive開(kāi)車兩個(gè)小時(shí)的路2days’trip/holiday兩天的假期可以改為a數(shù)字-n.單數(shù)+n.。如：a2-daytrip一個(gè)兩天的假期a2-weekrest一個(gè)兩周的休息表示兩者共有，在最后一個(gè)名詞后加’s，如：TomandJohn’sroom湯姆和約翰的屋子（兩人住一個(gè)屋子）；表示各自擁有，在兩個(gè)名詞后都加’s，如：Tom’sandJohn’srooms湯姆和約翰的屋子（每人住一個(gè)屋子）。人+’s表示住所或店名thedoctor’s診所thebarber’s理發(fā)師myuncle’s我叔叔家雙重所有格，結(jié)構(gòu)是n.+of+sb.’s。如：afriendofLiLei’s李磊的一個(gè)朋友a(bǔ)bookofmymother’s我媽媽的一本書(shū)類似的用法：n.+of+名詞性物主代詞。如：acatofhers她的一只貓somefriendsofhis他的一些朋友a(bǔ)boxoftheirs他們的一只箱子名詞常見(jiàn)后綴集錦1．動(dòng)詞變名詞的后綴后綴例詞-ion/-tion/-sion/-ationcorrect→correction改正attract→attraction吸引conclude→conclusion結(jié)論；結(jié)束decide→decision決定admit→admission接納；準(zhǔn)許入學(xué)invite→invitation邀請(qǐng)explain→explanation解釋expect→expectation期望-er/-orteach→teacher老師announce→announcer播音員conduct→conductor指揮；售票員-mentpunish→punishment懲罰achieve→achievement功績(jī)；成就argue→argument辯論；論據(jù)equip→equipment裝備；設(shè)備-ance/-enceappear→appearance出現(xiàn)；外貌perform→performance表演；節(jié)目exist→existence存在；生存prefer→preference偏愛(ài)-inghear→hearing聽(tīng)力；聽(tīng)覺(jué)begin→beginning開(kāi)始-ure/-turefail→failure失?。粵](méi)做到press→pressure壓力mix→mixture混合；混合物depart→departure離開(kāi)；出發(fā)-yrecover→recovery恢復(fù)；痊愈discover→discovery發(fā)現(xiàn)其他choose→choice選擇vary→variety多樣化；種類tend→tendency趨向；趨勢(shì)2．形容詞變名詞的后綴后綴例詞-ageshort→shortage不足；短缺-cyefficient→efficiency效率；功效fluent→fluency流利；流暢accurate→accuracy準(zhǔn)確性private→privacy隱私；私密-domfree→freedom自由；自主wise→wisdom明智；智慧-encedifferent→difference差異silent→silence沉默-nessweak→weakness虛弱；弱點(diǎn)kind→kindness仁慈；好意careless→carelessness粗心大意-thstrong→strength力氣；強(qiáng)項(xiàng)warm→warmth溫暖；熱情-y-ty-ityhonest→honesty誠(chéng)實(shí)difficult→difficulty困難cruel→cruelty殘酷；殘暴safe→safety安全disable→disability無(wú)能；傷殘responsible→responsibility責(zé)任中考試題1.（湖北省十堰市）The________ofoilgoeshigherandhigherbecauseofthewar.A.price B.pride C.progress D.promise2.（2022年天津）Mostparentsthinkitisagood________totakeaschoolbusbecauseit’squitesafe.A.risk B.choiceC.game D.pity3.（2022年江西）Whichicecreamdoyouwant,Mary?Youcan'thaveallofthem.Youhavetomakea_____.A.wish B.survey C.choice D.call4.（2022年福建）Betty,you'dbetterfollowthedoctor's_____anddomoreexercise.Iwill.Thankyou.A.advice B.agreement C.information5.（2022年海南）32.—Mum,Ican’ttakecareofMary.Sheiscryingallthetime.—Trytobe________,Jack.Yourlittlesisterisill.A.patient B.serious C.excited6.（2022年安徽）24.—Idomorningexerciseseveryday.Itworksmywholebody.—It’sagoodhabit.Ithelpsyoukeepingood________.A.time B.touch C.health D.silence7.（2022年吉林）—Alice,couldyoupleasepassmethe______?Iwanttowritealetter.—OK.Hereyouare.A.bottle B.pen C.flower8.（湖北省武漢市）—Lauraspokeveryslowlytopeopleto__________whatshewouldsay.—Shejustwantedtothinkaboutwhatotherswerefeeling.A.surveyB.weighC.supportD.repeat9.（重慶市A卷）Thisyear,thefamilywentcampingon____Day,June1.A.Child B.Child's C.Children D.Children's10.（遼寧省沈陽(yáng)市）Childrenlovetoplayinthesnowin________.A.springB.summerC.autumnD.winter11.（江蘇省揚(yáng)州市）Weyouthsdoourbestforourdreamsandtogetherasmallsuccesscangiveusasenseof________.A.achievementB.departmentC.treatmentD.entertainment12.（江蘇省泰州市）ReadtheTangpoemAspringmorningontheright.Itsthemeisabout________.A.historyB.sightsC.friendshipD.festivalsAspringmorningMengHaoranThisspringmorninginbedI’mlying.NotwakeuptillIhearbirdscrying.Afteronenightofwindandshowers.Howmanyarethefallenflowers!高考真題再現(xiàn)：1.（2022.6新高考1卷語(yǔ)法填空）TheGPNP’smaingoalistoimproveconnectivitybetweenseparate___62___(population)andhomesofgiantpandas,and_eventually(eventual)achieveadesiredlevelofpopulationinthewild.2.（2022全國(guó)乙卷）“AsamainpromoteroftheInternationalTeaDay,thebirthplaceofteaandthe__largest_(large)tea-producingcountry,Chinahasa___65___(responsible)toworkwithothercountriestopromotethehealthydevelopmentoftheteaindustry.3.（2022新高考二卷）Hesavedmy___44___(son)life,"saidMrs.Brown.4.（2021.6新高考1卷語(yǔ)法填空）Therollingseaofcloudsyouseeonceyouareatthetopwillremindyouhowtinywe

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inmedicalscience.A.traditionsB.advancesC.pressuresD.examples11.（2020·新課標(biāo)=1\*ROMANI卷語(yǔ)法填空）Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticular64(interesting)toscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(環(huán)形山),moresothanthefamiliarnearside.12.（2020·新課標(biāo)=2\*ROMANII卷語(yǔ)法填空）ChineseNewYearisa61(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.13.（2020·新課標(biāo)III卷語(yǔ)法填空）Filledwith______________(curious),theartistpackedhisbagsandleft.14.（2020·浙江卷）Later,theyLearnedtoworkwiththe____________(season),plantingattherighttimeand,indryareas,makinguseofannualfloodstoirrigate(灌溉)thei