傳統(tǒng)托福閱讀大講義

考試時(shí)機(jī)3700左右文章（遇加試題460鐘（遇加試題80每篇13-14，共39-42體文章特歷史題其他題4%句子插化題修辭息題題題詞匯事實(shí)信題指代推理題每篇文章13-14一般題1分，題2分，表格題3分，原始總分45題題目總分值計(jì)03122130最終得最終得最終得最終得400393ReadingHigh(22-TesttakerswhoreceiveascoreattheHIGHlevel,asyoudid,typicallyunderstandacademictextsinEnglishthatrequireawiderangeofreadingabilitiesregardlessofthedifficultyofthetexts.是如此時(shí)間把心理狀托福閱讀基詞詞句段篇詞背例Thisimmensepolarizednetworkchannelsthewatertowardasinglereceptacle:anTheDemocratshavemorepreparedto ernmenttoaddresseconomicThemostwidelyacceptedtheory,championedbyanthropologistsinthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcentury’s,envisionstheaterasemergingoutofmythandritual.Usingtheirbillsasneedles,tailorbirdssewlargeleavestogetherwithplantfibertoformtheirHenceawritingtabletdated25Aprillsof343menatonefortengagedontaskslikeshoemaking,buildingabathhouse,operatingkilns,diggingclay,andworkinglead.Thetiny,delicateskeletonsareusuallyscatteredbyscavengersordestroyedbyweatheringbeforetheycanbefossilized.Streamsflowedwherenatureintendedthemtoandwater-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbankswhetherornotthelocationwasdesirableforotherreasons.例Ifasalitehadtogetintoorbitbyitself,itwouldhavetobestreamlinedtopushitswaythroughtheEarth’satmosphere.例Between1950and1960,hunterswipedout90percentoftheUnlikeotherterrain,shoresarealsosubjectedtothedailyactionoftides,waves,andTheytriedtoaccountfortheoriginofthecharacteristicfeaturesofthelanguagesspokenbyPacific原文用 RemovalRemovalofthenatural RemovaloftheoriginalRelyprimarilyon AremainlyHasHasbeen Hasbeen southernSouthDakota.

stretchesfromSouthDakotato 后綴改 常見后名詞后綴：-itytyismtion動(dòng)詞后綴：-ateify形容詞后綴：-ableiblealialical副詞后綴：-lyward句例JohnstayedintheroomforafewJohnstayedintheroomforafewminutes,butMaryJohnstayedintheroomforafewminutes,justashehadbeentoldtoJohnstayedintheroomforafewminutes,justashehadbeentoldtodo,butMaryIIamIreadIgiveyouaImakeyou簡單句原因一 Variablesincludedtheslopeoftheland,theabilityofthepavementtosupporttheload,theintensityofroaduseandthenatureoftheunderlyingsoil.Long-span,segmented-concrete,cable-stayedbridgessuchasHaleBoggsinLouisianaandtheSunshineSkywayinFlorida,andremarkabletunnelslikeFortMcHenryinMarylandandMt.BakerinWashington,metmanyofthenation’sphysicalchallenges.原因二 Withinaverticaldistanceofjustafewtensofmeters,treesdisappearasalife-formandarereplacedbylowshrubs,herbs,andgrasses.ForalongtimecottonrankedfirstamongAlabama’scrops,buttodayitaccountsforonlyafractionoftheagriculturalproduction.ThomasJefferson’sachievementsasanarchitectrivalhiscontributionsasaMostamphibianshatchfromeggslaidonwaterormoistground,andbeganlifeaswater-dwellingCharlottePerkinsGilmanwasaleadinginlectualinthewomen’smovementinitsearlydecadesintheUnitedStates.原因三 In1938PearlS.BuckbecamethefirstAmericanwomantoreceivetheNobelPrizeforThefirstexplorertoreachCaliforniabylandwasIn1924NellieRossbecamethefirstwomantobe ernorintheUnitedThemantobechosenasthetribeleadershouldbeTheabilitytomanipulategenesgivesscientistsatoolofunprecedentedUsingtheirbillsasneedles,tailorbirdssewlargeleavestogetherwithplantfibertoformtheirTosavetimeandlabor,cartoonistsgenerallydrawthehandsoftheircharacterswithonlythreefingersandathumb.Totrackplanesinflightbetweenairports,airtrafficcontrollersrelyon原因四 Hesatthere,readingaGivenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownThegrasslandsofallcontinentssupportpopulationsofgrazinganimalsfeedingontheBacterialivedinthesoilplayavitalroleinrecyclingthecarbonandnitrogenneedingbytheIn1862,AbrahamLincolnsignedtheHomesteadAct,allowssettlers160acresoffreelandaftertheyhadworkedforfiveyears.Secretedbythepancreasintothebloodstream,insulinaffectsmetabolismbyallowingcellsthroughoutthebodytouseglucoseasfuel. Walkingfishcannotonlyliveoutofwater,buttheycanalsotravelshortdistancesoverland.Mostofuswereinthehall,thedoorshadbeenclosed,andthe ershadtowaitoutside.Heavycloudsroseslowlyfromthehorizon;thunderdrummedinthedistance.Lifeisahorse,andeitheryourideitoritridesEitheryoupaycashrighthereoryoupaybycreditcardThetongueisnotsteel,yetitMissLindstormcametotheparty,butMrandMrsShermandidAlthoughdogsareprimarilycarnivores,manywilleatfruitsandgrains.Dogsareprimarilycarnivores,butmanyofthemwilleatfruitsandgrains.ThemusicianwhopopularizedbopwasDizzyGillespie,whoseperformanceelicitedadelightthataudienceshadneverknownbefore.MajorexcavationswereundertakenthatestablishedthesignificanceofthisremarkableGranite,forinstance,isacoarse-grainedigneousrockwhoseindividualmineralcrystalshaveformedtoasizeeasilyseenbythenakedeye.Mostpeopleenteringhistoricalarchaeologyduringthisperiodcameoutofuniversityanthropologydepartments,wheretheyhadstudiedprehistoriccultures.Thesescientists,however,arecautiousabouttheextenttowhichanimalscanbecreditedwithconsciousprocessing.Evaporatedfromtheoceans,watervaporformsclouds,someofwhicharetransportedbywindoverthecontinents.WilliamJameswasaphilosopherandpsychologistwhobelievedthattruthisnotabsoluteandToesthatarefrozenbylowtemperaturesmustsometimesbeThedogwalkedtothedoorandwaited,justasithadbeentrainedtoNormally,slowcoolingoccurswhenthecrustisinvadedbymagmathatremainsburiedwellbelowthesurface.Ascontinentalrocksweatheranderode,theyproducesaltsthatarecarriedinsolutiondowntotheseabyrivers.CommitteemembershiprotateseveryyearsothatnewvoicesandopinionsareconstantlyWhetheraparticularcolorisobtainedbyaddingcoloredlightstogetherorbysubtractingsomelightfromthetotalspectrum,theresultlooksthesametotheeye.Althoughachronicdiseasemaygointoremission,itmayflareupInsolubleionssuchasaluminum,ironandsiliconstaywheretheyareandformthethin,fertileofPollensamplesfromfreshwaterlakesinSyriaandelsewherelusforestcoverexpandedrapidlyattheendoftheIceAge,forthesouthwesternAsianclimatewasstillcoolerandconsiderablywetterthantoday.Whilehewasworkingasaprinter,BenjaminFranklininventedmanyWhenstudentsweretoldthattuitionwouldincrease,theyorganizedaWhywedreamhasinterestedbothartistsandscientiststhroughoutWhatthisprocessleavesbehindisadifferentkindofThatmostofthebuildingswereremoldedmanytimeshascreatedgreatproblemsforthoseseekingtodateboththepartsandthesuccessiveversions.HebelievedthathumanconsciousnessisastreamofthoughtsandDeweybelievedthatexperienceisaninteractionbetweenwhat alreadyknowsand’spresentNatureiswhatweexperience:air,stones,plants,diseases,pleasure,andTwodistinctprocessesareinvolvedinmolting.Thefirststepiswhentheold,wornfeatherisdropped,orshed.Thesecondiswhenanewfeathergrowsinitsplace.ThefactthatpeopleatvarioustimestrytocarryoutspellingreformsamplyillustratesthisThequestionwhetherthosequestionablemethodsshouldbeutilizedwasansweredbyrelativeTheextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheTheWesthadplentyofattractions:thealluvialriverbottoms,thefecundsoilsoftherollingforestlands,theblackloamsoftheprairiesweretemptingtoNewEnglandfarmersworkingtheirrocky,sterilelandandtosoutheasternfarmers dwithsoildepletionanderosion.Theemptysofasnailorclammaybeleftbehind,andifitissufficientlydurableandresistanttodissolution,itmayremainbasicallyunchangedforalongperiodoftime.EstimatesindicatethattheaquifercontainsenoughwatertofillLakeHuron,butunfortunay,underthesemiaridclimaticconditionsthatpresentlyexistintheregion,ratesofadditiontotheaquiferareminimal,amountingtoabouthalfacentimeterayear.Thestructureofthebackboneshows,however,thatAmbulocetusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown,eventhoughaflukewasmissing.Manycomplexfactorsledtotheadoptionoftheneweconomies,notonlyatAbuHureyra,butatmanyotherlocationssuchas'AinGhazal,alsoinSyria,wheregoattoebonesshowingtheltalemarksofabrasioncausedbyfoottethering(binding)testifytoearlyherdingofdomesticstock.Inlargepartasconsequenceofthefeminist,historianshavefocusedagreatdealofattentioninrecentyearsondeterminingmoreaccuraythestatusofwomeninvariousperiods.Apprenticeswereconsideredpartofthefamily,andmasterswereresponsiblenotonlyforteachingtheirapprenticesatradebutalsoforprovidingthemsomeeducationandforsupervisingtheirmoralSincetheraisingofmostcropsnecessitatesthepriorremovalofthenaturalvegetation,cropfailuresleaveextensivetractsoflanddevoidofaplantcoverandsusceptibletowindandwatererosion.Windvelocityalsoincreaseswithaltitudeandmaycauseseriousstressfortrees,asismadeevidentbythedeformedshapesathighaltitudes.Whengrowingonrocksurface,lichenssecreteacidsthatdissolvetheminerals,contributingtotheprocessofweatheringbywhichrocksareslowlyturnedtosoil.Theinflowofbothseawaterandfreshwaterprovidehighlevelsofnutrientsinboththewatercolumnandsediment,makingestuariesamongthemostproductivenaturalhabitatsintheworld.AnimpactonmarscapableofejectingafragmentoftheMartiansurfaceintoanEarth-intersectingorbitisevenlessprobablethansuchaneventontheMoon,inviewoftheMoon’ssmallersizeandcloserproximitytoEarth.Inareaswhereconsiderablesoilstillremains,though,arigorouslyenforcedprogramoflandprotectionandcover-cropplantingmaymakeitpossibletoreversethepresentdeteriorationoftheLikethestoneofRomanwall,whichwereheldtogetherbothbytheregularityofthedesignandbythatpeculiarlypowerfulRomancement,thevariouspartsoftheRomanrealmwerebondedintoamassive,monolithicentitybyphysical,organizational,andpsychologicalMoreover,Icanfeelstrongemotionsinresponsetoobjectsofartthatareinterpretations,ratherthanrepresentations,ofreality.Theyareformedbyglaciers—largeriversoficethatbegininlandinthesnowsofGreenland,Antarctica,andAlaska—andmoveslowlytowardthesea.ThestoryofthewestwardmovementofpopulationintheUnitedStatesis,inthemain,thestoryoftheexpansionofAmericanagriculture—ofthedevelopmentofnewareasfortheraisingoflivestockandthecultivationofwheat,corn,tobacco,andcotton.Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose,architectureemploysmethodsofsupportthat,becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws,havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthem—evenwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically.Thatsexratiowillbefavoredwhichizesthenumberof段例Antsandothersocialinsects,suchastermitesandbees,presentuswithaparadoxthatisgoodforproverbs.Theactivitypatternsofindividualsoftenappeartobeverydisorganized,andbyanyofthenormalcriteriatheycertainlycannotbedescribedasinligent.Noonehassucceededinteachingindividualantsanything;forinstance,theyaresimplyincapableoflearningtodiscriminateonedirectionfromanotherinfindingafoodsource,alwaysmakingarandomchoiceataYjunctionevenifthefoodisalwaysinthesameplace.However,putabunchofantstogether,andwhatmarvelsofcollectiveactivityresult.Evenintheareasthatretainasoilcover,thereductionofvegetationtypicallyresultsinthelossofthesoil'sabilitytoabsorbsubstantialtiesofwater.Theimpactofraindropsontheloosesoiltendstotransferfineclayparticlesintothetiniestsoilspaces,sealingthemandproducingasurfacethatallowsverylittlewaterpenetration.Waterabsorptionisgreatlyreduced;consequentlyrunoffisincreased,resultinginacceleratederosionrates.Thegradualdryingofthesoilcausedbyitsdiminishedabilitytoabsorbwaterresultsinthefurtherlossofvegetation,sothatacycleofprogressivesurfacedeteriorationisestablished.Thequalityofthehinterlanddictatedthepaceofgrowthofthecities.ThelandsurroundingBostonhadalwaysbeenthepoorfarmcountry,andbythemid-eighteenthcenturyitwasvirtuallystrippedofitstimber.Theavailablefarmedwasoccupied;therewaslittleinthisregionbeyondthecitytoattractimmigrants.NewYorkandPhiladelphia,bycontrast,servedarichandfertilehinterlandlacedwithnavigablewatercourses.Scots,Irish,Germanslandedinthesecitiesandfollowedtheriversinland.TheregionsaroundthecitiesofNewYorkandPhiladelphiabecamethebreadbasketsofNorthAmerica,sendinggrainnotonlytoothercoloniesbutalsotoEnglandandsouthernEurope,wherecripplingdroughtsinthelate1760’screatedawholenewAtmosphericpressurecansupportacolumnofwaterupto10metershigh.Butplantscanmovewatermuchhigher,thesequoiatreecanpumpwatertoitsverytop,morethan100metersabovetheground.Untiltheendofthenineteenthcentury,themovementofwaterintreesandothertallplantswasamystery.Somebotanistshypothesizedthatthelivingcellsofplantsinwhichallthecellsarekilledcanstillmovewatertoappreciableheights.Otherexplanationsforthemovementofwaterinplantshavebeenbasedonrootpressure,apushonthewaterfromtherootsatthebottomoftheplant.Butrootpressureisnotnearlygreatenoughtopushwatertothetopsoftalltrees.Furthermore,theconifers,whichareamongthetallesttrees,haveunusuallylowrootpressures.篇OG中的閱讀文章為文體題TheOriginsof生Desert地Early歷心Artisansand歷Swimming生話題方面態(tài)度例DesertFormation(OGPracticeSet2,Thedeserts,whichalreadyoccupyapproximayafourthoftheEarth'slandsurface,haveinrecentdecadesbeenincreasingatanalarmingpace.Theexpansionofdesertlikeconditionsintoareaswheretheydidnotpreviouslyexistiscalleddesertification.Ithasbeenestimatedthatanadditionalone-fourthoftheEarth'slandsurfaceisthreatenedbythisprocess.Desertificationis plishedprimarilythroughthelossofstabilizingnaturalvegetationandthesubsequentacceleratederosionofthesoilbywindandwater.Insomecasestheloosesoilisblowncompleyaway,leavingastonysurface.Inothercases,thefinerparticlesmayberemoved,whilethesand-sizedparticlesareaccumulatedtoformmobilehillsorridgesofsand.Evenintheareasthatretainasoilcover,thereductionofvegetationtypicallyresultsinthelossofthesoil'sabilitytoabsorbsubstantialtiesofwater.Theimpactofraindropsontheloosesoiltendstotransferfineclayparticlesintothetiniestsoilspaces,sealingthemandproducingasurfacethatallowsverylittlewaterpenetration.Waterabsorptionisgreatlyreduced;consequentlyrunoffisincreased,resultinginacceleratederosionrates.Thegradualdryingofthesoilcausedbyitsdiminishedabilitytoabsorbwaterresultsinthefurtherlossofvegetation,sothatacycleofprogressivesurfacedeteriorationisestablished.Insomeregions,theincreaseindesertareasisoccurringlargelyastheresultofatrendtowarddrierclimaticconditions.Continuedgradualglobalwarminghasproducedanincreaseinaridityforsomeareasoverthepastfewthousandyears.Theprocessmaybeacceleratedinsubsequentdecadesifglobalwarmingresultingfromairpollutionseriouslyincreases.Thereislittledoubt,however,thatdesertificationinmostareasresultsprimarilyfromhumanactivitiesratherthannaturalprocesses.Thesemiaridlandsborderingthedesertsexistinadelicateecologicalbalanceandarelimitedintheirpotentialtoadjusttoincreasedenvironmentalpressures.Expandingpopulationsaresubjectingthelandtoincreasingpressurestoprovidethemwithfoodandfuel.Inwetperiods,thelandmaybeabletorespondtothesestresses.Duringthedryperiodsthatarecommonphenomenaalongthedesertmargins,though,thepressureonthelandisoftenfarinexcessofitsdiminishedcapacity,anddesertificationresults.Fourspecificactivitieshavebeenidentifiedasmajorcontributorstothedesertificationprocesses:overcultivation,overgrazing,firewoodgathering,andoverirrigation.Thecultivationofcropshasexpandedintoprogressivelydrierregionsaspopulationdensitieshavegrown.Theseregionsareespeciallylikelytohaveperiodsofseveredryness,sothatcropfailuresarecommon.Sincetheraisingofmostcropsnecessitatesthepriorremovalofthenaturalvegetation,cropfailuresleaveextensivetractsoflanddevoidofaplantcoverandsusceptibletowindandwatererosion.Theraisingoflivestockisamajoreconomicactivityinsemiaridlands,wheregrassesaregenerallythedominanttypeofnaturalvegetation.Theconsequencesofanexcessivenumberoflivestockgrazinginanareaarethereductionofthevegetationcoverandthetramplingandpulverizationofthesoil.Thisisusuallyfollowedbythedryingofthesoilandacceleratederosion.Firewoodisthechieffuelusedforcookingandheatinginmanycountries.Theincreasedpressuresofexpandingpopulationshaveledtotheremovalofwoodyplantssothatmanycitiesandtownsaresurroundedbylargeareascompleylackingintreesandshrubs.Theincreasinguseofdriedanimalwasteasasubstitutefuelhasalsohurtthesoilbecausethisvaluablesoilconditionerandsourceofplantnutrientsisnolongerbeingreturnedtotheland.Thefinalmajorhumancauseofdesertificationissoilsalinizationresultingfromoverirrigation.Excesswaterfromirrigationsinksdownintothewatertable.Ifnodrainagesystemexists,thewatertablerises,bringingdissolvedsaltstothesurface.Thewaterevaporatesandthesaltsareleftbehind,creatingawhitecrustallayerthatpreventsairandwaterfromreachingtheunderlyingsoil.Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.Oncethesoilhasbeenremovedbyerosion,onlythepassageofcenturiesormillenniawillenablenewsoiltoform.Inareaswhereconsiderablesoilstillremains,though,arigorouslyenforcedprogramoflandprotectionandcover-cropplantingmaymakeitpossibletoreversethepresentdeteriorationoftheArtisansandIndustrialization(OGPracticeSetBefore1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesorshopsbyskilledartisans.Asmastercraftworkers,theyimpartedtheknowledgeoftheirtradestoapprenticesandjourneymen.Inaddition,womenoftenworkedintheirhomespart-time,makingfinishedarticlesfromrawmaterialdbymerchantcapitalists.After1815thisolderformofmanufacturingbegantogivewaytofactorieswithmachinerytendedbyunskilledorsemiskilledlaborers.Cheaptransportationnetworks,theriseofcities,andtheavailabilityofcapitalandcreditallstimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction.Thecreationofalaborforcethatwasaccustomedtoworkinginfactoriesdidnotoccureasily.Beforetheriseofthefactory,artisanshadworkedwithinthehome.Apprenticeswereconsideredpartofthefamily,andmasterswereresponsiblenotonlyforteachingtheirapprenticesatradebutalsoforprovidingthemsomeeducationandforsupervisingtheirmoralbehavior.Journeymenknewthatiftheyperfectedtheirskill,theycould erespectedmasterartisanswiththeirownshops.Also,skilledartisansdidnotworkbytheclock,atasteadypace,butratherinburstsofintenselaboralternatingwithmoreleisurelyThefactorychangedthat.Goodsproducedbyfactorieswerenotasfinishedorelegantasthosedonebyhand,andprideincraftsmanshipgavewaytothepressuretoincreaseratesofproductivity.Thenewmethodsofngbusinessinvolvedanewandstrictersenseoftime.Factorylifenecessitatedamoreregimentedschedule,whereworkbeganatthesoundofabellandworkerskeptmachinesgoingataconstantpace.Atthesametime,workerswererequiredtodiscardoldhabits,forindustrialismdemandedaworkerwhowasalert,dependable,andself-disciplined.Absenteeismandlatenesshurtproductivityand,sinceworkwasspecialized,disruptedtheregularfactoryroutine.Industrializationnotonlyproducedafundamentalchangeinthewayworkwasorganized;ittransformedtheverynatureofwork.Thefirstgenerationtoexperiencethesechangesdidnotadoptthenewattitudeseasily.Thefactoryclockbecamethesymbolofthenewworkrules.Onemillworkerwhofinallyquitcomplainedrevealinglyabout"obediencetotheding-dongofthebell-justasthoughwearesomanylivingmachines."Withthelossofalfreedomalsocamethelossofstandinginthecommunity.Unlikeartisanworkshopsinwhichapprenticesworkedcloselywiththemasterssupervisingthem,factoriessharplyseparatedworkersfrommanagement.Fewworkersrosethroughtherankstosupervisorypositions,andevenfewercouldachievetheartisan'sdreamofsettingupone'sownbusiness.Evenwell-paidworkerssenseddeclineinInthisnewlyemergingeconomicorder,workerssometimesorganizedtoprotecttheirrightsandtraditionalwaysoflife.Craftworkerssuchascarpenters,printers,andtailorsformedunions,andin1834individualunionscametogetherintheNationalTrades'Union.ThelabormovementgatheredsomemomentuminthedecadebeforethePanicof1837,butinthedepressionthatfollowed,labor'sstrengthcollapsed.Duringhardtimes,fewworkerswerewillingtostrike*orengageincollectiveaction.Andskilledcraftworkers,whospearheadedtheunionmovement,didnotfeelaparticularlystrongbondwithsemiskilledfactoryworkersandunskilledlaborers.Morethanadecadeofagitationdidfinallybringaworkdayshortenedto10hourstomostindustriesbythe185O’s,andthecourtsalsorecognizedworkers'righttostrike,butthesegainshadlittleimmediateimpact.Workerswereunitedinresentingtheindustrialsystemandtheirlossofstatus,buttheyweredividedbyethnicandracialantagonisms,gender,ingreligiouss,occupationaldifferences,politicalpartyloyalties,anddisagreementsovertactics.Forthem,thefactoryandindustrialismwerenotagentsofopportunitybutremindersoftheirlossofindependenceandameasureofcontrolovertheirlives.AsUnitedStatessocietybecamemorespecializedanddifferentiated,greaterextremesofwealthbegantoappear.Andasthenewmarketscreatedfortunesforthefew,thefactorysystemloweredthewagesofworkersbydividinglaborintosmaller,lessskilledtasks.托福閱讀強(qiáng)題量：3-5Theword/phrase“X”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningMeteorologistsandcomputerscientistsnowworktogethertodesigncomputerprogramsandequipmentcapableoftransformingrawweatherdataintowords,symbols,andvividgraphicdisplaysthatforecasterscaninterpreteasilyandquickly.Theword“raw”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningstormy○inaccurate○uncookedTheexplosionisalsocalculatedtohaveproducedvasttiesofnitricacidandmeltedrockthatsprayedoutovermuchofEarth,startingwidespreadfiresthatmusthaveconsumedmostterrestrialforestsandgrassland.Theword“consumed”inthepassageisclosestinthemeaningchanged○exposed○destroyedAfterthecwentintooperation,thecostperoftransportingatonoffreightfromBuffalotoNewYorkCitydeclinedfromnearly20centstolessthan1cent.Eventually,thewesternstatesdivertedmuchoftheirproducefromtheriverstotheErieC,ashorterroutetoeasternmarkets.Theword“diverted”inthepassageisclosestinthemeaning Inallbuttheremotestregionsoftheempire,Romanpotteryofahighstandardiscommonatthesitesofhumblevillagesandisolatedfarmsteads.Theword“humble”inthepassageisclosestinthemeaning Ecologistsareespeciallyinterestedtoknowwhatfactorscontributetotheresilienceofcommunitiesbecauseclimaxcommunitiesallovertheworldarebeingseverelydamagedordestroyedbyhumanactivities.ThedestructioncausedbythevolcanicexplosionofMountSt.Helens,inthenorthwesternUnitedStates,forexample,palesincomparisontothedestructioncausedbyhumans.Weneedtoknowwhataspectsofacommunityaremostimportanttothecommunity’stodestruction,aswellasitsrecovery.Theword“pales”inthepassageisclosestinmeaning○increasesproportionally○differs○losessignificance○isTheseponderousmachines—sometimespulledbyasmanyas40horses—reapedthegrain,threshedit,andbaggedit,allinonesimultaneousoperation.Theword“ponderous”isclosestinmeaningadvanced○heavy○complexAmongalltheabilitieswithwhichanindividualmaybeendowed,musicaltalentappearsearliestinlife.Veryyoungchildrencanexhibitmusicalprecocityfordifferentreasons.Somedevelopexceptionalskillasaresultofawell-designedinstructionalregime,suchastheSuzukimethodfortheviolin.Somehavethegoodfortunetobebornintoamusicalfamilyinahouseholdfilledwithmusic.Theword“precocity”inthepassageisclosestinmeaning○stronginterest○goodluck○advancedskill alFossilsaretheremainsandtraces(suchasfootprintsorothermarks)ofancientplantandanimallifethataremorethan10,000yearsold.Theword“traces”isclosestinmeaningstructures○importance○skeletonsWhattheproxyrecordsmakeabundantlyclearisthattherehavebeensignificantnaturalchangesintheclimateovertimescaleslongerthanafewthousandyears.Equallystriking,however,istherelativestabilityoftheclimateinthepast10.000years(theHoloceneperiod).Theword“striking”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningnoticeable○confusing○trueStarsmaybespheres,butnoteverycelestialobjectisspherical.Objectsintheuniverseshowavarietyofshapes:roundplanets(somewithrings),tailedcomets,wispycosmicgasanddustclouds,ringednebulae,pinwheel-shapedspiralgalaxies,andsoon.Theword“celestial”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningvisible○astronomical○glowingThetide-generatingforcesofthemoonandsuncauseaumaccumulationofthewatersoftheoceansattwooppositepositionsontheearth’ssurface.Atthesametime,compensatingamountsofwateraredrawnfromallpoints90degreesawayfromthesetidalbulges.Theword“bulges”inparagraph3isclosestinmeaning○currents○ridges○increasesIfeggsrestagainstthewoodenbottominextremelycoldweatherconditions,theycan chilledtoapointwheretheembryocannolongersurvive.Similarly,theseboxesshouldbeprotectedfromdirectsunlighttoavoidhightemperaturesthatarealsofataltothegrowingembryo.Theword“fatal”inthepassageisclosestinmeaning○close○hot○naturalChildrennormallydesiretoventaggressiveimpulsesonotherpeople,includingtheirparents,becauseeventhemostattentiveparentscannotgratifyalloftheirdemandsimmediay.Theword“gratify”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningidentify○modify○satisfyMoreoften,wesimplycooperatewithotherstoreachsomeendwithoutendowingtherelationshipwithanylargersignificance.Theword“endowing”