高中英語語法精講

第一 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行 第五 分第六 助動詞和情態(tài)動第七 動詞語第八 強(qiáng)調(diào)句、語序和倒第九 名詞從第十 定語從第十一第十二

狀語從主謂一thepresentperfectMyfatherhasworkedherefornearly30years.【從過去繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)】IhavevisitedthestateofMichigantwice.【過去某時(shí)刻發(fā)生的動作使現(xiàn)在有某種經(jīng)驗(yàn)】Ihavejustfinishedmy 繼續(xù)sinceforHowlong~?,all經(jīng)驗(yàn)ofteneverneverbeforeonce完成already,justyet結(jié)果不需要時(shí)間狀語表示繼續(xù)的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)IbegantostudyEnglishthreeyears IstillstudyEnglishIhavestudiedEnglishsincethreeyearsHestudiedinBeijingUniversityfor4yearsin I’velearnedtodancesincethreeyearsWehaveknowneachothersincewewereIt’stenyearssinceweleft其它時(shí)間副詞：always,often,thesedays(months,years~),recently y),sofar=upnow=tillnow=untilnow,inthelast(past)few過去時(shí)：Helenreadthenovelthreeyearsagoandshereadthenoveland現(xiàn)在時(shí)：Nowsheknowsthenovel(orNowsheremembersthe現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：HelenhasreadthenovelthreeNo,IneverNo,Ihaveneverdone,ShehasreadthepoemIhavetaughtEnglishinthisschoolhave(hasbeen…形意用have(has)been曾經(jīng)去經(jīng)到～去過完have(has)been曾在經(jīng)一直繼 Ifinished I’vejustfinished IopenedthewindowThewindowisopennowIhaveopenedthewindow.我已經(jīng)打開了窗戶。Ihavealreadywrittenalettertomyteacher.Ihavejustphonedhim.Hasshearrivedatthestation放在句末的副詞Ihaven’thadlunchyet在否定句中，yetalreadyyet的用alreadyyet的用肯already（已經(jīng)否yet（還疑yet（已經(jīng)justnow和justToday,thismorning,thisHedidn’tdo Hehasn’tdonehis Hearrivedherealittlelatetodaybecausehegotuplateanddidn’tcatchthebus他Iboughtthiswatchin“ 一般過去時(shí)：HeleftChinatwoyears一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：ItistwoyearssinceheleftChina【句型：itis時(shí)間+since+過去時(shí)態(tài)的句子】現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：HehasbeenawayfromChinafor2years.Hehasn’tbeenslee for5hours.否定詞看似否定的是謂語hasn’tbeen ，但實(shí)際上卻否定了狀語for5hours。譯為“他沒有一直睡五個(gè)小時(shí)?！币?Millerhasalwaysbeenstudying 是非常努力。（贊許的 彩Theartisthaspaintedthepainting.TheartisthasbeenpaintingthepaintingI’vealwaysbeenthinkingofherbutIcan’tseeHehasbeenpromisingmetohelpyou.Hasn’thedone被動語Passive英語中時(shí)態(tài)的種類：過去，現(xiàn)在，將來，一般，進(jìn)行，完成，過去完成時(shí)；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；將來完成時(shí)ThelifesaverhassavedmorethantwentyMorethantwentyliveshavebeensaved(bytheTheyhadbuilttenbridgesbyTenbridgeshadbeenbuiltbythem)by1980.【bythem和by1980意義不同，后者是MothersaidshewouldpunishthenaughtyboythisMothersaidthenaughtyboywouldbeWeshallhavemadetenthousandDVDsbytheendofthisTenthousandDVDswillhavebeenmade(byus)bytheendofthisHesaidhewouldhavelearnedfivethousandwordsbyHesaidfivethousandwordswouldhavebeenlearned(byhim)by Thebuildershavebeenbuildingthisskyscraperfortwomonths.Thisskyscraperhasbeenbuiltfortwomonths. ngtheexperimenthereatthistimenextTheexperimentwillbedonehereatthistimenext 主動句：SVIO（間賓）DO（直賓句：S（原IO）be原DOby原主語之賓可有兩 Helentmeabike.－－Abikewaslenttome(byhim).－－Iwaslentabike(by通常用直賓 Hewrotehera－－Aletterwaswritten(to)herbyhim.－－Shewaswrittenaletter.（不 Irefusedhertheinvitation.－－Shewasrefusedtheinvitationbyme.－－Theinvitationwasrefusedhimbyme.（不 Hesawathiefstealsomethingfromthe－－Athiefwasseentostealsomethingfromthe Thestudentsdancedaroundthe－－thevisitorsweredancedaround(bythe－－Around(bythestudents)thevisitorswere Iwillaskhim.－－Heshallbeasked(by否定祈使句 語態(tài)主動句－－Don’t+ ）+句－－Don’tO（原賓語）be過去分 lhimthetruth.－－Don’tletthetruthbetoldto根據(jù)狀語來區(qū)別：根據(jù)所用的時(shí)態(tài)來區(qū)別：根據(jù)動詞的種類來區(qū)別：不及物動詞沒有語態(tài)，除非它后面有介詞或副詞。所以be+不及物動詞過去分詞一般不 語態(tài)，而是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如下表狀態(tài)begone,bereturnedbefallenberisenbe表智力活動結(jié)果belearnedbeeducatedbemistakenbe詞和可接by來表 意義be+延續(xù)動詞的過去分詞只 語態(tài),如下beadmired,beloved,berespected,beencouraged,be ,smell,sound,taste,look,seem,remain,prove,appear,fall,cost,weigh,number,keep,wash,drink,clean,lock,translate,read,last,write,cook,tear,cut,burn,strike,pull,act,last,feelhave/getsth/sbIhadmywatch Igotmywatchstolen.我 主語+want/need/ ng(=tobeThebabywants(needs,requires)Thecarisunderrepair.(beingrepairedThiskindofcomputerisinuse.(beingused 無無HelikestoplayTheguardorderedmetoshowhimmypassport Todrawsuchapictureisnot常見帶形式主語it的句型Itiseasy(difficult,hard,important,right,impossible,necessary,wise,kind,cruel,nice…)toItispleasure(pity,pleasingthing,crime,anhonor…)toIttakessb.sometimetodofor和of做不定式邏輯上的主forsb.的句型通常使用表示Itisimportantforustoexpressouropinions.(todosth.isofsb.的句型一般用于表 感情或態(tài)度的形容詞Itiscleverofhimtoleavethatcountry.(sb.is常見的動詞如be,seem,remain,appear,get等，用來說明主語的內(nèi)容常見的主語如one’sdreambusinesswishideaplanjobworktaskduty及whatonewantstodo句型：主語+及物動詞it賓語補(bǔ)足語toVWethinkitimportanttoobeythelaws.Idon’tthinkitpossibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithout emory下列動詞后：wa,wh,hope,lie,hae,pla,,loe;下列助動詞后：havetooughtto在beabletousedtobegoingto當(dāng)介詞but,except,besides前面有一個(gè)實(shí)意動詞do時(shí)，介詞后面的不定式可以省略to另外，介詞insteadof前后兩個(gè)成分必須對等，如果前面一個(gè)成分是一個(gè)不定式，后面的不定式就可以省略toWhatdoyouliketodobesidesplaygames?WewanttowatchTVinsteadofgooutforaTheboyhashisownideaofhowtofinish

如果作定語用的不定式是不及物動詞，就要在其后加一個(gè)介詞，使被修飾的詞成為該介詞的邏Heislookingforaroomtolive有時(shí)不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點(diǎn)、工具等，不定式后面也應(yīng)該有必要的介PleasepassmesomepapertowriteHehasnomoneyandnoplacetolive.Ithinkthebestwaytotravel(by)ison不定式所修飾ThefactorytoproduceelectricitywillbesetupnextAfactorywhichistoproduceelectricitywillbesetupnext當(dāng)不定式修飾的是序數(shù)詞或是形容 所修飾的名詞時(shí)，或者這個(gè)名詞被省略時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞和定式之間也是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)Sheisalwaysthelast )tospeakattheLiMingwasthefirst )to句型：不定代詞+形容詞+不定Iwantsomethingto【此句意為“我要一些可讀的東西”，toread作形容詞修飾something；而“Iwanttoread 作toread的賓語】 Therebe句型中，thereisalettertowrite.可以理解為“thereisaletterforme)再如：thereisnotimetolose.=thereisnotimeforustoI’mgoingtothepostoffice,Iknowyouhavealettertopost.LetmepostitforThankyou,butIhavenolettertobeposted ,Wehave PleasebuymesomenewspapertoI’llgiveusomenoveltoreadonthe

Heisluckytogetthere./LeeseemedwillingtodoThehouseisverycomfortabletolivein./Wefoundhimwaseasytogetalong表目的【前置以將強(qiáng)語氣，如需進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)，可加inorder/soas（inorder）ToservethepeoplewellIstudy比較：soasto引導(dǎo)的目的狀語不能放在句首，inorderto可以；soasto也可以表示結(jié)果，但要分開寫：so…asto+do，如Theystartedsoearlyastocatchthefirstbus.IhurriedtogetthereonlytofindhimHeisonlytoogladtocome lyouthetruth,Idon’tthinkthefilmisTobefrank,youareHeknowsEnglishandFrench,nottospeakof

在某些感官動詞（feelhearlistento,watchlookatnoticeobserve） DiduhearanyonesayanythingaboutTheworkersweremadetoworkdayand ThisroomwassaidtohavebeenItwassaidthattheroomhadbeenHewastoldtobequiet.－－Theteachertoldhimtobe只有當(dāng)have,make當(dāng)使役動詞時(shí)，才省去不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)的小品詞to，當(dāng)它們?yōu)閷?shí)意動詞時(shí)不能省TheymadealotofflowerstodecoratetheIpromisedtofinishmyworkandhanditinontime.(,andtohandit但是在對照的場合，to不可以It’sbettertolaughthanto,,TheenemycandonothingbutTheenemyhadnothingtochoosebutto,Goaskyourfather./Youshouldgosay“ThankWhatIwantto shaveagoodrest.句型Whynotdosth?/Whydosth?Iprefertogotothemoviesratherthan(to)stayprevent/stop/save/keepsb. ngHesuggestedawayoutofthedifficulty.Isuggestputtingthemeetingoff.Theteachersuggestedthatthestudents(should)relaxthemselvesonHispalefacesuggestsheisinpoorsuggest后不跟不定式動名詞Itisnouse ngsth.Itisnogood Itisnouse ngsth.Itisnogood ItisofnousetodoItisuselesstodo作主語【謂語動詞一律用單數(shù)Itisnouse(useless)talkingtooItisnogoodIttrainstheearlisteningtoThereis ng…=Itisimpossibletodo…=NoonecanThereis lingwhatwill＝It’simpossible lwhatwill＝Noone lwhatwill作表語【表語和主語常常可以互Oneofhishabitisnotspeakingclearly.=Notspeakingclearlyisoneofhis動名詞和不定式做表語的區(qū)別：動名詞接近于名詞，所表示的動作比較抽象，或者 性的；而不定多表示某次比較具體作賓語【注意固定搭配的詞組動名詞和不定式做賓語有區(qū)別的情況Ilikeskating,ButIdon’tliketoskatetoday.前者 ，后者表暫時(shí)的動作所有抽煙的人Thegirlhaslearnedtocook.表示學(xué)會做什么作定語【表示所修飾詞的用途Theswimmingpoolbelongstoourschool.Hewantstoimprovehisteachingmethod.Mypresencemakesthemangry.但如果做主語動名詞的主動形式代 形主語（物

（需要 ng（動名詞的主動形式=

（需要）+tobedone（不定式 形式主語+be ng=主語+beworthytobedone.（推薦）/ofbeingThebookiswellworthreading分詞分詞、動名詞、不定式作定語時(shí)的區(qū)分動名不定I’msorrytohearthat./Theyrejoicedtogettogether表原因的分詞短語【在句子任何位置都可以，而且要帶有逗號Thedoctor,notwishingtomakehernervous,didn’tfullyexplaintheseriousnessofsupposing,假設(shè)、假如、設(shè)considering,認(rèn)granted,認(rèn)

including,包括BecauseitisSunday,youneedn’tgotoschool.ItbeingSunday,youneedn’tgotoschool.Afteralltheofficialshadarrived,themeetingwasdeclaredopen.Alltheofficialshavingarrived,themeetingwasdeclaredopen.Ifweatherpermits,we’llgototheSummerPalace.Weatherpermitting,We’llgototheSummerPalace.Auxiliaryverb&Modal五個(gè)助動詞（behavedoshallbeableis,am,must(hadhas/havehavehadhadhaddo,oughtoughtoughtMaynot的三個(gè)意思作“不可以”解，表不允許（=mustnot）MayIgoNoyoumaynotmastnot)回答can…？答句中的maynot為“可能不”之Canitbetrue?Itmaybe,ormaynotbe.maynot也表示“可以不”YoumaynotMay/might的慣用語maywell+動 Youmaywellsay 你說的對maymightaswell（hadbetter）最好Youmayaswellsayso.mayaswell+動 …+as+動YoumightaswellthrowyourmoneyawayaslendittoShallwecarryitforyou?與let’scarryit.oughtto和shouldoughtto表示“道義”上的責(zé)should表示從說話人的個(gè) ，would較規(guī)則WhenIpassmyschoolIwouldseemyteacherswhotaughtme5years 或某時(shí)的狀況，但現(xiàn)在已不存在Heusedtosmoke.（butnowheneverWhenhewasyoung,hewouldsmokealot.（不含有和現(xiàn)在的比較，現(xiàn)在他或許還在抽煙，也許不抽了）beusedto中的to是介詞，所有后面可以跟名詞、代詞或動名詞，而usedto后需跟動詞不定式，to是小IwonderhowhedaressaysuchIwonderhowhedarestosaysuchIftheenemydareenterthevillage,we’llfightagainstthem Youdaretogo,so .（對）Youdarenotgo.=Youdon’tdaretogo.Hedoesn’tdaretowalkatnight.用must,haveto,oughtto,should等。作為情態(tài)動詞，他的詞形只有一個(gè)need。Needhego=Didheneedtogo從主從主用過去用過去將來If+主語 wereifIwereyou.Iftherewasnoshould/wouldmight/Ishould/wouldgoat過去完過去將來完IfhadIfyouhadbeentherelastIfyouhadgotthereshould/wouldhavemight/nothingwouldhaveyouwouldhavecaughtthe過去時(shí)（wereto）：shouldV（萬一過去將來If主語weretodoIfshoulddoifitwereSundayifyouweretovisittheshould/wouldmight/wewouldn’thaveanyouwouldsay“o”to錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句：主句謂語動詞所表示的動作和形式并不完全按照上述表格來進(jìn)行，而需要按照各自的時(shí)間來調(diào)整，這樣的句子就叫錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句Ifyouhadfollowedthedoctor’sadviceyouwould now.現(xiàn)在就已經(jīng)好Ifyouhadfollowedthedoctor’sadvice,youwouldhave then當(dāng)時(shí)就好了IfIhadn’tfinishedmycompositionbynowIwouldbeworkingonittomorrow從句表示與過去事反，主句表示與將來含蓄條件句：不用條件句表示，而用with,without等介詞短語或分詞短語或者獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來替代條件從句Wemighthavediedwithoutyourhelp.=Wemighthavediedifyouhadn’thelpedHavingknownintime,wecouldhavestoppedit.=Ifwehadknownitintime,wecouldhavestopped用相當(dāng)于if的其他連詞表示虛butthat,要不是…unless,除非

incase,假如oncondition(that)條件是…supposesupposing(that)假solongas,只 providing/provided(that),如果Iwasbusylastweek,otherwiseIwouldhavecometoseeIwasbusylastweek,IfIhadnotbeenbusylastweek,Iwouldhavecometoseewere,had,should,would等詞時(shí)，才可以省略if，把這些詞放在主語前；3，省略if時(shí)，主語與were,had, IfIshouldmeetherI lherShouldImeetherI lher.（萬一IfIwereinyourposition,I t=WereIinyourposition,I t

建議、命令等時(shí)，用ThePLAmenorderedthatalltheenemy（should）givesuggest的用法：當(dāng)“建議”解，后面的賓語從句才用虛擬語氣；／當(dāng)“暗示”、“略微透露”、“表明”HesuggeststhatsheshouldleavethehouseatHisfacesuggestedthathewassuggest動名詞（不能跟不定式）：Hesuggestedgoingthereatinsist的用法：當(dāng)“堅(jiān)稱說”解，不用虛擬語氣；/當(dāng)“堅(jiān)決要求”、“硬要”解，它后面的賓語從句才用HeinsistedthathewasHeinsistedthatthey(should)showhimtheir與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反用過去時(shí)：HowIwishIwere與過去事實(shí)相反用過去完成：Hewisheshehadn’tmadethebig與將來的愿望相反，愿望難以實(shí)現(xiàn)用過去將來：IwishIcouldbeofmoreuseinthehope+從句，表示可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事實(shí)，不能用虛擬語氣。Hehopesthatwewillgotherewillhim.HewisheswewouldgotherewithItiswashightimethat主語shouldvItiswas)hightimethat主語過去Itistimethatyoushould（不能?。﹉aveaclassItistimethatyouhada主語

+that

should+動 should+完成 過去比較asifthough)和seemseem和appear是敘述事實(shí)或近乎事實(shí)，要用陳述asif和asthough是指事實(shí)上不是但好Stresssentence.Orderandthat或who,whom之后動詞的人稱和數(shù)要與它前面被強(qiáng)調(diào)的名詞或代詞一致；過去進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)，用itwas…，其余的時(shí)態(tài)用itis…。bynomeansinnocaseinnoonnoconsiderationUndernocircumstances

常見放在句首的否定 從nosooner(than一…就 絕 nota 一點(diǎn)也notuntil 直到才notonly…butalso不但……而inno 幾乎沒有，一

沒有地 必背

anyonewho nomatteranyonewhom nomatteranyonewhose nomatter anythingthat anythingthat=what=先行詞+which/that

nomatternomatterIdoubtamnotsure)whetherif我懷疑是否Idon’tdoubtamsure) 我毫不懷疑【don’tdoubtbelieveIdoubtwhetherhecanspeakDoyoudoubtthathecanspeakhaha連接副詞when,where,how,why除了起連接作用外，還在從句中做狀語，保留其疑問意義，沒有先行詞；定語從句Attributive1何時(shí)宜用who，而不用Onewhohasnothingtofearforoneselfdares ltheAnyonewhofailstofinishthetaskgivenshouldbeThosewhowerenotfitfortheirworkcouldnotseethebeautifulclothesmadeofmagicImetaforeignerinthestreetyesterdaywhocouldaskedmequestionsinTheboythatyoumetlastnightisthegroupleaderwhostudiesveryThereisanoldmanwhowantstosee２.關(guān)系代詞that的用 Themoneythat(which)isinthewalletis Thisisthebestthathasbeenusedagainstpollution.Heisthe (that)IwanttoWhichisthebikethatyoulost?Doyouknowthethings sthattheyaretalking先行詞是all,muchlittlesomethingeverything,anythingnothingnonetheone等代詞時(shí)Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.先行詞前面only,anyfewlittlenoall,oneofthesamethevery等修飾詞Theonlythingthatwe stogiveyousome有兩個(gè)定語從句，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用which，另外一個(gè)宜用Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseen3.關(guān)系代詞which的用法Beijing,whichisthecapitalofChina,isaverybeautifulThisistheho inwhichyouwillstay.=Thisistheho that/whichyouwillstayin.LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.

關(guān)系代 介詞+關(guān)系代詞的省介詞放在關(guān)系代詞的前面時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞一律不能省。介詞賓語只能用which代物，和whom代人ThisistheheroofwhomweareThisistheherothat/whowhom/weareproudof.關(guān)系代詞的省當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中Thepeople(who,whom,that)wemetatthepartywereveryfriendlyto關(guān)系代詞在從句中作Hereistheman(that,who,whom)youhavebeenlooking關(guān)系代詞在從句中作Shanghaiisnolongerthecity(that,which)itusedto在therebe句型中，和先行詞為way時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞總是省Idon’tliketheway(that)youtalktosomebody注意：有的介詞像during，不能后√√√√√√√√√√√√√of√

√√√√√√√√√√√√關(guān)系副詞的用代替先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任狀 作用，它把兩個(gè)句 成為一個(gè)帶有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句Thisisthehouse+Iwasborninthehouse.=ThisisthehousewhereIwaswhere代替先行詞thehouse在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，它代替there（副詞）或inthehouse（介詞短語）When的用Hecameatatimewhenweneeded=Why的用法ThereasonwhyI’mcallingyouistoinviteyoutoa＝thereasonwhythatI’mcallingyouistoinviteyoutoa只要在定語從句中擔(dān)任狀語的，就是關(guān)系副詞，而不取決于先行詞是什么ThisisthehousewhereIworked2yearsago.Thisisthehousethat/which/Ivisited.that/where/可省，在從句中作賓I’llneverforgetthedaywhenIjoinedthearmy.I’llneverforgetthedaythatwhichwespenttogether.that/which/可省在從句總作spent的賓語。as引導(dǎo)的定語從a是關(guān)系代詞，其中uch和ameasawehavefound ater