北京版高考英語高中總復習附錄一《特殊句式》教與學

1、附錄 附錄一 特殊句式高考英語 北京專用考點一倒裝句一、完全倒裝(Full Inversion)謂語部分完全放在主語之前的句子,便是完全倒裝句。1.副詞、介詞短語類:表示地點的副詞here,there置于句首,且主語是名詞(不是代詞),需用完全倒裝,其形式為:There/Here+謂語+主語。常用于此句型的謂語動詞為be,go,come,exist,follow,remain,lie等,時態(tài)要用一般現(xiàn)在時。There goes the last bus.末班公共汽車開走了?？键c清單Here is the address of your hotel.這里就是你賓館的所在地址。There goes

2、 the bell for break.下課鈴響了。Here you are.給你。(代詞作主語,不倒裝)表示時間的副詞(如:now,then等)、運動方向的副詞(如:out,in,up,down,away等)及表示地點的介詞短語置于句首,且主語是名詞(不是代詞),需用完全倒裝,其形式為:副詞或介詞短語+謂語+主語。常用于此句型的謂語動詞為come,fall,follow,exist,lie,go,remain,run等,時態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時。Now comes your turn!現(xiàn)在該你了!Up went the arrow into the air.箭直射向空中。Under th

3、e table sleeps a white cat.在桌子下面睡著一只白色的貓。Behind the counter he stood.他站在柜臺后面。(代詞作主語,不倒裝)2.表語類:為了保持句子平衡或強調(diào)表語部分等,將作表語的形容詞、分詞、介詞短語、such置于句首時,需用完全倒裝,其形式為:形容詞/現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/介詞短語/such+be+主語。Happy are those who are contented.知足者常樂。Growing all over the mountain are wild flowers.漫山遍野長滿了野花。Seated on the ground ar

4、e a group of young people.席地而坐的是一群年輕人。Inside the parcel was a letter.包裹里有封信。Such were his words.(=Such was what he said.)這就是他說的話。二、部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)把be動詞、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞置于主語之前的句子叫部分倒裝句。這類句型主要有下面幾種:1.only 修飾副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句,且放在句首時。Only in this way can we learn English well.只有用這種方法我們才能學好英語。使用特點:(1)在部分倒裝句中,

5、如果謂語部分無助動詞,則需找助動詞來“幫助”構成倒裝句。()Only after the war learned he the sad news.()Only after the war did he learn the sad news.在戰(zhàn)后他才得知那個不幸的消息。(2)only 修飾狀語從句時,從句不可倒裝,主句倒裝。()Only when did he return we found out the truth.()Only when he returned did we find out the truth.當他回來的時候,我們才查明了真相。(3)only 修飾主語時,句子不可倒裝。

6、()Only can he answer the question.()Only he can answer the question.只有他能回答這個問題。題組訓練單句填空Only when you can find peace in your heartwillyou keep good relationships with others.Only after Mary read her composition the second time did she notice the spelling mistake.2.否定詞never,nor,not,hardly,little,seldo

7、m,scarcely,rarely及表否定意義的介詞短語at no time,under/in no circumstances,in no case,by no means,on no condition等置于句首時。Never before have I seen such a moving film.=I have never seen such a moving film before.以前我從未看過這么感人的電影。Not a single mistake did he make.=He didnt make a single mistake.他一個錯誤也沒犯。Hardly do I

8、think it possible to finish the work before dark.=I hardly think it possible to finish the work before dark.我認為在天黑之前完成這項工作幾乎是不可能的。題組訓練單句填空At no timedidthey actually break the rules of the game.It was unfair to punish them.3.六個重要的固定句型:(1)“so+be動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語”意為“也是如此”。They love having lots of friends;

9、so do those with disabilities.他們喜歡交很多朋友,那些身有殘疾的人也是如此。使用特點:此句型也可寫成“it is/was the same with.”或“so it is/was with.”。They love having lots of friends;如果僅是對前面內(nèi)容的肯定或附和(此時的so=indeed),那么,句子不可使用倒裝。試比較:A:I was afraid.(I 指的是A)B:So was I.(I 指的是B,此句意為:I was afraid,too.)A:我害怕。B:我也是。A:I was afraid.(I 指的是A)B:So you

10、 were.(you 指的也是A。此句意為:Indeed you were afraid.)A:我害怕。B:你確實很害怕。(2)“neither/nor+be動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語”意為“也不這樣”。Lily cant ride a bicycle;neither/nor can Lucy.莉莉不會騎自行車,露西也不會。使用特點:此句型也可寫成“it is/was the same with.”或“so it is/was with.”。Lily cant ride a bicycle;此句型中的neither/nor不可用so.not 替代,但可用not.either 改寫。()I h

11、ave never been abroad.So hasnt he.()I have never been abroad.Neither/Nor has he.()I have never been abroad.He has never/not been abroad,either.我沒出過國。他也沒有。（3）So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.他說英語說得如此清晰,以至于別人都能聽得懂。Such an interesting book does he have that we

12、 all want to read it.他有一本如此有趣的書,以至于我們都想讀。使用特點:在這個句型中,so,such后面的句子要倒裝,而that 引導的從句不倒裝。(4)Neither.,nor.意為“既不,也不”。Neither do I know it,nor do I care about it.我既不知道這件事,也不關心。使用特點:由于neither 和nor 都是否定詞,所以它們后面的句子均需倒裝。(5)Not only.but also.意為“不僅而且”。Not only will help be given to people to find jobs,but also me

13、dical treatment will be provided for people who need it.不僅要給那些找工作的人提供幫助,而且也要給那些有需要的人提供藥物治療。使用特點:此句型也可寫成 Not only.but.或Not only.but.as well 的形式,但but(al-so)連接的句子必須用正常語序。(6)Not until.意為“直到才”。Not until 4:00 in the morning could he fall asleep.直到早晨4點他才睡著。Not until he returned did we have supper.直到他回來我們才吃

14、晚飯。但是:Not until did he return we had supper.()使用特點:not until 引導的是從句時,until 從句的主謂不可倒裝,只是主句需要倒裝。題組訓練單句填空Jane wont join us for dinner tonight and Tom wont either.Not until he left his home did he begin to know how important the family was for him.三、形式倒裝(Formal Inversion)形式上的倒裝在語法上稱為前置。它的特點是:只把強調(diào)的內(nèi)容提至句首

15、,主謂并不倒裝。這樣的結構非常多,但有幾個重要的句型需要特別注意:1.感嘆句 What an interesting talk they had!他們進行了一次多么有趣的談話呀!How interesting their talk is!他們的談話多么有趣呀!使用特點:對名詞(或中心詞是名詞)感嘆時,用what 引出;對形容詞或副詞感嘆時,用how 引出。2.the more.,the more.句型The more you listen to English,the easier it becomes.你聽英語聽得越多,它就變得越簡單。使用特點:(1)此句型中的more 代表的是形容詞或副詞

16、的比較級,要靈活使用。The harder you work,the greater progress you will make.你學習越努力,取得的進步就越大。(2)此句型中的第一個the more 引導的部分相當于一個條件狀語從句;第二個the more 引導的部分相當于一個主句。所以,上面例句的意思實質(zhì)上就是:If you work harder,you will make greater progress.3.however,whatever引導的讓步狀語從句(1)“however+adj./adv.”引導的讓步狀語從句However difficult the problem ma

17、y be,we must work it out this evening.無論這個問題可能會有多難,今晚我們必須解決它。(2)“whatever+n.”引導的讓步狀語從句Whatever reasons you have,you should carry out your promise.無論你有什么理由,你都應當履行諾言。4.as,though引導讓步狀語從句時采用形式倒裝的情況(1)表語的倒裝Tired as/though he was,he still went on with his work.盡管很累,他還是繼續(xù)工作。Strange as/though it seems,it is

18、 true.盡管看上去奇怪,這事卻是真的。Exhausted as/though she was,she wasnt able to sleep.盡管筋疲力盡,但她還是睡不著覺。注意:如果是單數(shù)名詞或形容詞的最高級作表語,不再用冠詞。Youngest as/though he is in our class,he speaks English best.他雖然是我們班年齡最小的,但他英語說得最好。(2)謂語動詞的倒裝Try as he might,he didnt pass the exam.盡管用盡全力,但他考試還是不及格。Search as they would here and ther

19、e,they could find nothing in the room.盡管到處尋找,但他們在房間里找不到任何東西。注意:行為動詞前置時,從句主語后面要用may,might,can,could,will,would等情態(tài)動詞,若沒有情態(tài)動詞,則需加上一個do(does或did)。若前置的行為動詞是及物動詞,則其賓語也隨其后一并提前。Change your mind as/though you do,you will get no help from us.即使你改變主意,你也得不到我們的幫助。(3)狀語的倒裝Much as he likes the bike,he doesnt want

20、to buy it.雖然他很喜歡那輛自行車,但他不想買它。Hard as I studied,I could not catch up with them.我雖然學習努力,但還是趕不上他們。題組訓練單句填空Whatan interesting role she played in the film!No wonder she has won an Oscar.In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go,the better(good)our holid

21、ay will be.Strange as/thoughit might sound,his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting.考點二強調(diào)句和反意疑問句一、強調(diào)句(一)強調(diào)句型1.It is/was+被強調(diào)部分+that/who+句子剩余成分強調(diào)人時可用 who/that來連接,強調(diào)事物時常用 that。所強調(diào)的可以是單詞、短語,也可以是從句,但結構必須完整。被強調(diào)的成分可以是主語、賓語或狀語,但不能是定語或謂語。如:It is I who/that am right.我才是對的。(主語)It was him that/who

22、 we met at the school gate.我們在校門口見到的就是他。(賓語)It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.湯姆是在公園里丟的那只手表。(狀語)2.一般疑問句的強調(diào)句型:Is/Was it+被強調(diào)部分+that/who+其他成分。如:Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out? 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)是在1939年爆發(fā)的嗎?Is it Professor Wang who teaches you English?教你們英語的是王教授嗎?3.特殊疑問句的強調(diào)句型:特殊疑問詞+is/

23、was+it+that+其他成分。如:Who was it that broke the window?打破窗戶的是誰?When was it that you called me yesterday?你昨天給我打電話是什么時候?What is it that you want me to do?你要我干什么?4.有時可用It might be.that.,It must have been.that.句型表示強調(diào)。如:It might be his father that youre thinking of.你想到的可能是他父親。It must have been his brother t

24、hat you saw.你看到的一定是他的弟弟。5.not.until.句型的強調(diào)句其強調(diào)句式為:It is/was not until+被強調(diào)部分+that+其他成分。如:He didnt go to bed until ten oclock.It was not until ten oclock that he went to bed.直到10點他才上床睡覺。I didnt realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.It was not until she took off her dark

25、 glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.直到她摘掉墨鏡我才認出她是著名影星。6.強調(diào)句型中的it與作形式主語的it可根據(jù)能否恢復原句來判斷,即把It is/was和that去掉,如果剩下的成分仍然能構成一個完整的句子,這就是強調(diào)句型,否則就不是。如:It is there that accidents often happen.Accidents often happen there.事故經(jīng)常在那里發(fā)生。以上就是強調(diào)句型,被強調(diào)成分是狀語,把It is和that去掉,可還原成原來的非強調(diào)句。It is clear that not

26、 all boys like football.很顯然并非所有男孩都喜歡足球。去掉 It is和that,句子成了:Clear not all boys like football.很顯然這不是一個完整的句子,因此不是強調(diào)句型,而是由it 作形式主語,that從句作真正主語的復合句。7.強調(diào)句型 It is/was.that.與It is/was+時間+when/before從句、It is+時間+since 從句、It was not long before.等句型的區(qū)別(1)強調(diào)句型與It is/was+時間+when/before 從句在“It is/was+時間+when/before

27、從句”中,it 指時間,when/before引導的是時間狀語從句。注意兩種句型中“時間”表達方式的不同。如:It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday.昨天午夜我回到了家里。It was midnight when/before I got back home yesterday.當我昨天回到家里時,已經(jīng)是午夜了。/昨天我還沒到家就到了午夜了。第一句是強調(diào)句型,被強調(diào)的是時間狀語,因此用介詞短語表達;而第二句是一般句型,時間以名詞的方式表達,用來作表語。(2)強調(diào)句型與 It is+時間+since 從句It is.since.表示“自

28、以來已有(時間)”。注意:兩個句型中的時態(tài)一般不同,試比較:It was two years ago that I began to learn English.我是在兩年前開始學英語的。It is/has been two years since I began to learn English.我學英語兩年了。第一句為強調(diào)句型,強調(diào)的是過去的事情,用一般過去時;而第二句表示“從過去到現(xiàn)在已有多長時間”,用一般現(xiàn)在時,也可用現(xiàn)在完成時。(3)強調(diào)句型與It was not long before.It was not long before.可有以下幾個句式:It wont be long

29、before.不久就會It was two years/days before.過了兩年/兩天才It was not two years/days before.不到兩年/兩天就It will be two years/days before.兩年/兩天后才會It will not be two years/days before.用不了兩年/兩天就會試比較:It was two years before he came back from abroad.It was two years later that he came back from abroad.同樣表示“他兩年以后回國”,強調(diào)句

30、型中應注意狀語的表達方式。(二)對謂語動詞的強調(diào)It is/was.that.結構不能強調(diào)謂語動詞。如果需要強調(diào)謂語動詞,用助動詞do,did 或does。如:Do come this evening.今天晚上一定要來呀。He did write to you last week.上周他的確給你寫信了。Tom does study hard now.現(xiàn)在湯姆的確學習很努力。題組訓練單項填空It was not until midnightA they reached the campsite.A.thatB.whenC.whileD.asIt was in New ZealandAElizab

31、eth first met Mr. Smith.A.thatB.howC.whichD.whenIt is not who is right but what is rightCis of importance.A.whichB.itC.thatD.thisIt was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the villageBthe hostess cooked such a nice dinner.A.whereB.thatC.whenD.whichIf you have a job,Ayourself to it and fi

32、nally youll succeed.A.do devoteB.dont devoteC.devotingD.not devotingIt was along the Mississippi River C Mark Twain spent much of his childhood.A.how B.whichC.thatD.whereIt was not until she got home B Jennifer realized she had lost her keys.A.whenB.thatC.whereD.beforeI just wonder D that makes him

33、so excited.A.why it doesB.what he doesC.how it isD.what it is二、反意疑問句(一)陳述部分含有must/may(might)的反意疑問句當must 作“必須”講時,其反意疑問部分(又叫附加問句)用neednt;當含有mustnt(不允許、禁止)時,其反意疑問部分用must/may。如:You must go now,neednt you?你現(xiàn)在必須走,是嗎?You mustnt smoke here,must/may you?你不可以在這里吸煙,行嗎?當must/may(might)表示推測,即must作“一定,準是”講,may/mi

34、ght作“可能”講時,可首先將句子改為“I am sure/guess+that從句”,反意疑問部分的動詞形式根據(jù)be sure/guess后的賓語從句的謂語動詞形式確定。如:You must/may(might)be hungry now,?I am sure/guess that you are hungry now,arent you?You must/may(might)be hungry now,arent you?你現(xiàn)在一定/可能餓了,是嗎?You must have heard about it,?I am sure that you have heard about it,ha

35、vent you?You must have heard about it,havent you?你一定聽說過這件事了,是嗎?You must have watched that football match last night,?I am sure that you watched that football match last night,didnt you?You must have watched that football match last night,didnt you?你昨晚一定看那場足球賽了,是嗎?(陳述部分有表示過去的時間狀語last night)(二)陳述部分含有u

36、sed to 的反意疑問句其反意疑問部分用 usednt或didnt均可。如:You used to sleep with the windows open,usednt/didnt you?你過去經(jīng)常開著窗戶睡覺,是嗎?(三)陳述部分含有ought to的反意疑問句其反意疑問部分用oughtnt或shouldnt均可。如:He ought to attend the lecture,oughtnt/shouldnt he?他應該去聽這個演講,是嗎?(四)陳述部分含有否定詞或半否定詞的反意疑問句當陳述部分帶有seldom,hardly,scarcely,never,few,little,not

37、hing,nobody等否定詞或半否定詞時,反意疑問部分的動詞用肯定形式。如:He could hardly walk without a stick,could he?沒有拐杖他幾乎不能走路,是嗎?(五)如果陳述部分含有由表示“否定”意義的前綴構成的詞,其反意疑問部分一般用否定形式。如:Tom dislikes playing tennis,doesnt he?湯姆不喜歡打網(wǎng)球,是嗎?Its unfair,isnt it?那不公平,不是嗎?(六)陳述部分含有賓語從句的反意疑問句1.當陳述部分帶有賓語從句時,反意疑問部分常和主句的主謂保持一致。如:He said that he would c

38、ome to my birthday party,didnt he?他說他要來參加我的生日聚會,是嗎?Tom doesnt believe Jane will succeed,does he?湯姆認為簡不會成功,是嗎?2.陳述部分的謂語動詞是think,believe,suppose,guess,expect,imagine,且主句主語為第一人稱時,反意疑問部分與賓語從句的主語和謂語保持一致。若主句為否定句,則將否定轉(zhuǎn)移到賓語從句中。如:I dont believe he will succeed,will he?我認為他不會成功,會嗎?(七)陳述部分為祈使句的反意疑問句祈使句后的反意疑問部分

39、不表示反意,而表示一種語氣。其結構為:1.否定祈使句,+will you?2.肯定祈使句,+will/wont you?3.Lets.,+shall we?4.Let us.,+will you?5.Let+第三人稱.,+will you?如:Open the door,will/wont you?打開門,好嗎?Lets go out for a walk,shall we?我們出去散步,好嗎?Let us go home now,will you?現(xiàn)在,(您)讓我們回家,好嗎?(八)there be句型的反意疑問句其反意疑問部分用be/情態(tài)動詞/助動詞+there。如:There will

40、be rain tomorrow,wont there?明天要下雨,是嗎?There should be no problem,should there?應該沒什么問題,是嗎?(九)回答反意疑問句時應遵循的原則1.不管是陳述部分為否定,還是反意疑問部分為否定,回答時只看所提到的事情是否已/會發(fā)生。如果發(fā)生了,用肯定回答,否則用否定回答。如當對方問你You arent a teacher,are you?或You are a teacher,arent you?時,你只要聽懂you和teacher兩個單詞即可,如果你是老師,回答Yes,I am.否則,回答No,I am not.2.要么肯定到底

41、,要么否定到底,不會出現(xiàn)類似于Yes,I dont.或No,I do.的形式。陳述部分主語反意疑問部分主語例句one(指人)one 或he, she One cant be careful enough,can she/he/one?一個人再小心也不為過,是嗎?this,that或these,those it 或theyThis isnt a fast train,is it?這不是列快車,對嗎?everything,anything,something,nothing it Nothing happened to him,did it?他沒發(fā)生什么事,是嗎?everyone,everybod

42、y,someone,somebody,no one,nobody,anyone,anybodyshe, he 或they(更常見)Nobody likes to be laughed at,沒人愿意被嘲笑,是嗎?(十)反意疑問部分的主語和陳述部分的主語在人稱、數(shù)上保持一致的幾種情況陳述部分主語反意疑問部分主語例句不定式、動名詞、其他短語it Learning English well takes us a lot of time,doesnt it?學好英語要花費我們很多時間,對嗎?續(xù)表題組訓練完成下列句子You havent been here long,have you?No,I have

43、nt.I am a newcomer here.Neither you nor I have done such silly things,have we?What a long time weve been waiting,isnt it?Mrs.Black doesnt believe her son is able to design a digital camera,does she?It must have rained last night,didnt it?John told you that there wasnt anyone in the room at that time

44、,didnt heJohn,you mop the floor,will/wont you?Lets have a break,shall we?Mr.Smith,let us have a break,will you?There is no doubt about it,is there?考點三祈使句、感嘆句和省略句一、祈使句(一)否定式和強調(diào)式Dont be so sure.別那么有把握。(否定式)Please dont forget to take your medicine.請不要忘了吃藥。(否定式)Do come on time this evening.今晚務必準時到。(強調(diào)式)

45、Do be careful!千萬要小心!(強調(diào)式)(二)帶主語的祈使句1.為了加強語氣或要特別指明向誰提出命令或要求時,需加主語“you”,有時還可同時加稱呼語。如:Tom,you water the flowers!湯姆,你去澆花!2.命令或吩咐幾個人分頭做幾件事情時,祈使句需帶主語“you”,還可同時帶稱呼語。如:You,girls,clean the desks;you,boys,sweep the floor.你們,女生,擦桌子。你們,男生,打掃地板。3.在表達“不高興,厭煩”等情緒時,可帶主語“you”。如: You mind your own business!你少管閑事!4.祈使

46、句的主語除了用“you”外,還可用“everybody,everyone,somebody,someone”等,它們可以放在句末。如:Be quiet,everyone!大家靜下來!(三)祈使句+and+陳述句=If.,+主句祈使句+or+陳述句=If.not.,+主句如:Work hard and you will succeed.(=If you work hard,you will succeed.)努力學習,你就會成功。Hurry up or we will be late.(=If we dont hurry up,we will be late.)快點兒,否則我們就遲到了。題組訓練

47、句型轉(zhuǎn)換Work hard and you will be admitted to a key university.If you work hard,you will be admitted to a key university.If you dont hurry up,you will be late for the bus.Hurry up or you will be late for the bus.二、感嘆句(一)基本構成形式1.What(+a/an)+形容詞+名詞+主語+謂語!2.How+形容詞+a/an+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+主語+謂語!3.How+形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語!What

48、 a clever boy he is!=How clever the boy is!多聰明的男孩啊!What beautiful flowers these are!=How beautiful these flowers are!這些花多美啊!What sweet water it is!這水可真甜呀!How high the mountain is!這山真高呀!How fast he is running!他跑得真快!(二)省略形式的感嘆句1.how直接修飾謂語動詞:How+主語+謂語!如:How(much)we love our motherland!我們多么熱愛我們的祖國呀!2.省略

49、主語和謂語。如:How wonderful(it is)!真棒!(三)其他形式的感嘆句。如:How can you be so silly!你怎么這么傻!The design and the colours!多美的圖案和色彩啊!To sell such a suit as that to a millionaire!竟然要把這樣一套衣服賣給一個百萬富翁!題組訓練用what或how填空What an interesting book it is!Howinteresting a book it is!What interesting books they are!Whatdelicious fo

50、od I had!Howkind of you to help!HowI wish I were a bird!三、省略句(一)定語從句中的省略現(xiàn)象限制性定語從句中作賓語的關系代詞that,which,whom?？梢允÷浴Ｈ?Where is the book(which)I bought this morning?我今天上午買的那本書在哪里?(二)狀語從句中的省略現(xiàn)象1.當狀語從句的主語和主句的主語一致,且從句中含be動詞時,可以省略狀語從句中的主語和be動詞,這時從句中可出現(xiàn)如下結構:(1)連詞(as)+名詞As(he was)a student,he worked very hard.當

51、他是學生的時候,他學習非常努力。(2)連詞(though,if,when)+形容詞Work hard when(you are)young,or youll regret.少壯不努力,老大徒傷悲。(3)連詞(as if,while)+介詞短語He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.他四處張望,好像在找什么東西。(4)連詞(when,while,though)+現(xiàn)在分詞While(I was)walking along the street,I heard my name called.走在街上的時候,我聽見有人叫我的名字。(5)連詞(when,if,even if,unless,once,until,than,as)+過去分詞The exhibition is more inte