新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教程主要章節(jié)語(yǔ)法術(shù)語(yǔ)

1、 /12新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教程主要章節(jié)語(yǔ)法術(shù)語(yǔ)Introduction:GrammaticalHierarchy(導(dǎo)論語(yǔ)法層次)1.Morpheme詞素Freemorpheme自由詞素Boundmorpheme粘附詞素Allomorph詞素變體2.Partsofspeech(wordclass)Simplewords簡(jiǎn)單詞Derivatives派生詞Compounds復(fù)合詞*(1)ClassificationintermsofwordformationOpen-classwords(contentwords)v開(kāi)放詞類(實(shí)義詞)NounVerbAdjectiveAdverb3.PhrasesCoun

2、tableNCollectiveLCommonmaterialN勺hcount比NAbstractNzPartitive（UnitNoun）單位詞CasesofNounsNominativecase/Subjectivecase（主格）Accusativecase/Objectivecase（賓格）Genitivecase（屬格）/Possessivecase（所有格）Dativecase（受事格/與格）IndependentGenitiveGenitivecase彳DoubleGenitiveGenitivecasesspecifyingthereferenceofthenounphrase

3、.Specificreference（特扌旨）Genericreference（類扌旨）Indefinitegenitivephrase（非確定特扌旨）Lecture4Determiner（L6-7）DefinitionDeterminersarefunctionwordwhichareusedtodetermineorfixthereferenceofanoun.ra.Specificreterence（持指）Scope$/LbGenericreference（類指）Reference/re.Definitequantity定數(shù)雖）Quantity（數(shù)量）Ld.Indefinitequant

4、itj7（非確定數(shù)量）ClassificationArticles冠詞）DefiniteIndefiniteGeniti*亡號(hào)（possessives（屬格）Demonstratives（描示詞）fRelatives系限定詞）IInterrogatives（疑間限定詞）GenitivenounGenitivePron,CentraldEterminersDwt巳TininErNumerals數(shù)詞）Multiplier（倍數(shù)）Fraction（分?jǐn)?shù)）Cardinal（基數(shù)）Ordinal（序數(shù)）Quantifiers（量詞）IndefiniteDet（不是限定詞）Jsucli一Predeterm

5、iner.APastdeterminerssevieralTmiin.ytmuch.mure,（a）few/littleotherjanotherall,both*halfno,any,each,everenough,either,neitherArticlesArticleisamajorgroupofdeterminersusedtodelimitthescopeofreferenceofnouns（主要用來(lái)卩限定名詞的指稱范圍）.TypesFunctionsArticlesy：Indefinite!a/an.Definite:theZero:eGenericreference（類指）Sp

6、ecificreference（特指）Unceilaina.Anaphoric（后照應(yīng)）DefinitespecificeeferenceJhCataphoric（前照應(yīng)）Specificreference（確定特指）jC.Situational（語(yǔ)境）dIndefinitespecificreference（非確定特指）Lecture5Pronoun（L8-9）Classification/PersonaLFron（人稱彳弋詞）：I/me,we/us,you,he/him.she/her,it，they/tliemPossessivesPron（物主彳弋詞）：mine,oursyours,h

7、i邑hers?theirsReflexivePron（反身代詞）：myself,ourselves,yourself,yourselves,himself,herselfitself；themselvespJReciprocalPron（相互代詞）：eachotherfoneanotherDemonstrativePron（指示代詞）：this,thatthesethosejsuchRelativePron（關(guān)系代詞）：tliat,who?what?which.everInterragativePron（磁I可彳弋詞）；wliOiwhat,which*whose*-everIndefinite

8、Pron（不定彳弋詞）：every-?some-,any-no-,others,anotheT,many,mildlyfew,little,all,halEalot.either,neither,Qtc-;theforiner/latt-erone/tvo/tliree/etc.;thefirst/second/last/etc.Antecedent先行詞Theuseofreflexivepronoun（-self）廠ObjectUncmphaticJusePrcpositionadcomplementation（介詞補(bǔ)足成分）ReflexivePronxAppositive（同位語(yǔ)）Cont

9、rastiveprepositionalcomplementation（對(duì)比性介詞補(bǔ)足成甘）useEmphatic丄Special-meaningprepositionalcomplementation（表特殊意義的介詞補(bǔ)足成分）Subjectcoinplcinent（主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)）SubjectorpartofsubjectPronounreference（代詞照應(yīng)）前照應(yīng)（Anaphoricreference）、后照應(yīng)（Cataphoricreference）、語(yǔ)境照應(yīng)（Situationalreference）、人稱照應(yīng)（Personalreference）、指示照應(yīng)（Demonstrati

10、vereference）Lecture6VerbandVerbPhrase(L10-22)NotionalverbClassificationofverbsPrimary,modal&semi-auxiliariesMainverbs&auxiliaries(function&formation)Transitiveverb,intransitiveverbs&Iinkingverbs(whetherfollowedbycompliments)V.+object/compliment/adverbialDynamicverb&stativeverbs(lexicalmeaning)Single

11、-wordverb&phrasalverbs(word-formation&grammaticalform)Finiteverbsandnon-finiteverbs(form)toinfinities-ingparticiple&-edparticiple(L19-22)動(dòng)詞分類的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有很多種，如上圖所示，記住基本的術(shù)語(yǔ)和其用法就是。比如及物動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞、聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞、靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞、詞組動(dòng)詞、限定動(dòng)詞、非限定動(dòng)詞、不定式，不帶to不定式(bareinfinitive)等等，還有副詞小品詞(adverbparticle)。TransitiveVerbs：followedbyobj

12、ects.Intransitiveverbs：donotrequireanobject.svo主一動(dòng)一賓SVoO主一動(dòng)一賓一賓SVOC主一動(dòng)一賓一補(bǔ)SV主一動(dòng)SVC主一動(dòng)一補(bǔ)Linkingverbs：followedbysubjectcompliments.(Transitiveverb)(Ditransitiveverb)【雙賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞】(Monotransitiveverb)【單賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞】(Intransitiveverb)(Linkingverb)Thisaspectisofessentialimportancebecausetheverbtypeheredeterminesthebasi

13、csentencestructureofyoursentenceandhowyoucanexpandyoursentence.2.TenseandaspectsTenseAspect-.SimplepresentSimplepastSimplefuturePastfutureprogressive現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體過(guò)去進(jìn)行體將來(lái)進(jìn)行體過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行體perfective現(xiàn)在完成體過(guò)去完成體將來(lái)完成體過(guò)去將來(lái)完成體Perfectiveprogressive現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行體過(guò)去元成進(jìn)行體將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行體過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行體Mood陳述式(Indicativemood)、祈使式(Imperativemood)、虛擬

14、式(Subjunctivemood)Non-finiteverbspp.230-1動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞(DynamicAdjective)、靜態(tài)形容詞(StativeAdjective)p.251前置修飾語(yǔ)(Premodifier)、p.256懸垂分詞(DanglingParticiple)/無(wú)依著分詞(Unattachedparticiple)、依著法貝卩(Attachmentrule)Lecture7AdjectiveandAdverb(L23-24)11Adjective&AdjectivePhrase(pre-modifier)(coinplenieiitation補(bǔ)足成分orA(UPheadp

15、ost-modifier甘萱惟怖命)bittersvveetlerriblysoriytooyoungvenrproudnotmature丄oo%sureasgoodworthworthgladbusybrandthatIcouldnhelptogotosclioolofhersonenoughthatthegamewaslostasusualtheeffortpraisingloworkonthisprojeclansweringquestions1.2Adjectiveform廠FreenioipheineAdj(e.g.,hot,cold)廠Oiie-vordAdj-JDerivativ

16、eA(y(派生形容詞)AdjYParticipialAdj分詞形容詞）-ingAdj-edAdj-CompoundAdjCM合形容詞)1.3Adjectivemeaningassociateduddimotionabusiu斷ambitiousffriendlyfenthusiasticDynamicA(yambitiousfamoustallnablAIoiP囲竺上二gg益嚴(yán)n節(jié)皿Adiassociatedwitliinherente.g.?taU,u.glyfwhiteEitheratomicdentalAmericanchildlessiioil-atomicnoti-dentalnon

17、-AmeTicannon-childlessAnyexceptionstotliisclassificatioii?E.g.junemployed,following;rural?American動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞、靜態(tài)形容詞、等級(jí)形容詞、非等級(jí)形容詞2.1Adverb&AdverbPhrase(AdvP)independentlyofhisparents2.2Advformwell,too.Lmoreaggressive.-.moreaggressivethanthestandardspeakersl.AdjPmodifierheadIAdvPr,headdegreecomplementationm

18、oreaggressivethanthestandardspeakers張道真等人：as/than引導(dǎo)的成分是比較狀語(yǔ)(X)-旻lewaggressive?-ZVloFeaggressiveth亡slDiidiiTd首pt日htrs.(修飾語(yǔ))GeneralstructureofComparativeconstructionComparativeconstructionmoifierheadAdvPheadAdvdegreeconipIementationcomparativephrase/clauseels/so;-er;more/lessAdj/Adv/Nas/than-phrase/cl

19、auseNotes:(1)More(less,fewer)canbeDetorPron:Model2accountedformorevariancethandidModel1.(Det)Itappearedinmorethan50%oftherequeste-mails.(Pron)(2)As&thanareConjorrarelyPrep:Johnistallerthanshe(is)./Johnistallerthanher.EgAppleisastastyastomato.ClauseSubjectVPComplementAdjP(comparativeconstruction)NPAp

20、pleismodifierAdvPheadAdjtastv7degreeTomplementatiDncomparativehraseConjasNPtomatoLecture9Statement,Question,Command&Exclamation(L27)(陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句、感嘆句)Sentencetypes句子Simplesentence,Compoundsentence,Complexsentence&Compoundcomplexsentence簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、復(fù)雜句、并列復(fù)雜句(Accordinggrammaticalstructure)Declarativesenten

21、ce,imperativesentence,interrogativesentence,Exclamatorysentence陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句、感嘆句(Accordingtocommunicativefunction)1Statements(Declarativesentences):Positive/NegativestatementsQuestions(Interrogativesentences):General(yes-no)questions,Special(Wh-)questions,Alternativequestions,Tagquestions(附加疑問(wèn)句),Rheto

22、ricalquestions(修辭疑問(wèn)句)CommandsandExclamationsTagquestions(pp.316-9)Transferrednegation(否定轉(zhuǎn)移)Lecture10ExistentialSentence&It-Patterns(L28-29)(存在句和It-句型)Existentialsentence存在句、實(shí)義主語(yǔ)(NotionalSubject)、真主語(yǔ)(Realsubject)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)(Locativeadverbial)、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(Temporaladverbial)*p326,提及的非確定特指,冠詞、數(shù)詞等限定詞，見(jiàn)限定詞(Determiner)一

23、講。前置修飾語(yǔ)(premodifier)、后置修飾語(yǔ)(postmodifier)、操作詞(Operator)*p.328,存在句的非限定形式(Non-finiteexistentialclauses)：theretobe/therebeing(therehavingbeen)的用法區(qū)別。It-Patterns*pp331-5虛義it(Emptyit)、先行it(Anticipatoryit)、分裂句(Cleftsentence)假分裂句(Pseudo-cleftsentence)Lecture11Coordination并列結(jié)構(gòu)(L30)并列結(jié)構(gòu)(Coordinateconstruction)

24、、并列連詞(Coordinator)Lecture12Subordination從屬結(jié)構(gòu)(L31-34)從屬連詞(Subordinator)：簡(jiǎn)單從屬連詞、復(fù)雜從屬連詞、關(guān)聯(lián)從屬連詞、邊際從屬連詞(simplesubordinator,complexsubordinator：correlativesubordinator：marginalsubordinator)從屬結(jié)構(gòu)(Subordinateconstruction):限定從屬分句(Finitesubordinateclause)、非限定從屬分句(Non-finitesubordinateclause)限定分句、非限定分句、無(wú)動(dòng)詞分句3Fi

25、nitesubordinateclauseNominalclause名詞性分句L31Relativeclause關(guān)系分句L31，L33Adverbialclause狀語(yǔ)分句L31，L34Conditionalclause條件分句L34FinitesubordinateclauseSubjectiveclause主語(yǔ)從句Objectiveclause賓語(yǔ)從句Subjectcomplement主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(表語(yǔ)從句)Appositiveclause同位語(yǔ)從句Prepositionalcomplementation介詞補(bǔ)足成分RestrictiveClause限制性關(guān)系分句Non-restrictive

26、Clause非限制性關(guān)系分句DoubleRelativeClause雙重關(guān)系分句EmbeddedRelativeClause嵌入式關(guān)系分句AdverbialclauseofTime時(shí)間AdverbialclauseofPlace地點(diǎn)AdverbialclauseofManner方式AdverbialclauseofCause原因AdverbialclauseofResult結(jié)果AdverbialclauseofPurpose目的AdverbialclauseofCondition條件AdverbialclauseofConcession讓步TypeI:whenever-typerealcond

27、itionalTypeII:thecommonesttypeofrealconditionalTypeIII:probableunrealconditionalTypeIV:hypotheticalunrealconditionalcontrarytothepastfact表語(yǔ)從句：Predicativeclause4Non-finiteclause&Verblessclause(L32)Non-finiteclause&VerblessclauseL32Infinitiveclause不定式分句-ingparticipleclause-ing分詞分句-edparticipleclause-e

28、d分詞分句Verblessclause無(wú)動(dòng)詞分句Absoluteconstruction獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)Lecture13DirectSpeech&IndirectSpeech(L35)直接引語(yǔ)(Directspeech)、間接引語(yǔ)(Indirect/reportedspeech)Lecture14Modification修飾(L36)前置修飾語(yǔ)(premodidier)、后置修飾語(yǔ)(postmodifier)、限定詞(determiner)、限制性修飾語(yǔ)(Restrictivemodifier)非限制性修飾語(yǔ)(Non-restrictivemodifier)、分隔修飾(discontinuousmo

29、dification)作為名詞詞組的同位語(yǔ)，也是一種后置修飾語(yǔ)。同位語(yǔ)(appositive)、限制性同位語(yǔ)(Restrictiveappositive)、非限制性同位語(yǔ)(Non-restrictiveappositive)廣義上說(shuō)，狀語(yǔ)(Adverbial、也是一種修飾語(yǔ)。狀語(yǔ)分為修飾性狀語(yǔ)(Adjunct)、評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ)(Disjunct)和連接性狀語(yǔ)(Conjunct)q狀語(yǔ)作為一種句子成分，主要指第一種，修飾性狀語(yǔ)(Adjunct)。修飾性狀語(yǔ)按其內(nèi)容，可表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、伴隨狀況等意義。Lecture15Substitution替代(L37)替代有三種現(xiàn)象：名詞性替代(nominalsubstitution),動(dòng)詞性替代(verbalsubstitution)和分句性替代(clausalsubstitution)，也有三種替代詞：名詞替代詞(nominalsubstitute),動(dòng)詞替代詞(verbalsubstitute)和分句替代詞(clausalsubstitute、。Lecture16Ellipsis省略(L38)Ellipsis：(1)incoordinateconstructions;(2)incompoundsentences;(3)innounphrases;(4)inprepositionalph