美國(guó)文學(xué)課件hawthorne-and-melville

1、Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)納撒尼爾霍桑 Life StoryHawthornes family history Hawthornes childhoodHawthornes college yearsHawthornes reclusive yearsHawthornes return to societyFamily HistoryFrom a Puritan familyHis great-great-grandfather, William Hathorne was active in the persecution of Quakers.His gre

2、at-grandfather, John Hathorne, was the magistrate presiding over the trial of the accused witches of Salem (1692). ChildhoodBorn July 4, 1804 in Salem, MAFather, a sea captain, died when Hawthorne was four years oldA serene childhoodSent to Bowdoin College in MaineCollege in MaineClassmates included

3、 Franklin Pierce and Henry LongfellowPierce- future President of the USALongfellow- poet, educator, linguist Graduated in 1825Reclusive Years in Salem1825-1836Lived in virtual solitude in SalemGathered his writing material by observing and listeningHarvest the richness of his backgroundBack into Soc

4、iety“Human nature will not flourish any more than a potato, if it be planted and replanted, for too long a series of generations, in the same worn-out soil.”Editor, customs officer and other political positionsBecame engaged to Sophia Peabody, married in 1842Acquainted with Emerson, Thoreau and Melv

5、ille Hawthornes Major Works Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales 故事新編 Mosses from an Old Manse 古宅青苔 2) The Scarlet Letter 紅字masterpiece, which establishedhim as the leading American native novelist of the 19th century Hawthornes Major Works3) The House of the Seven Gables 七個(gè)尖角閣的房子4) Th

6、e Blithedale Romance 福谷傳奇5) The Marble Faun 大理石雕像Short stories:Young Goodman Brown 小伙子古德曼布朗The Ministers Black Veil 教長(zhǎng)的黑面紗The Birthmark 胎記 Hawthornes thoughtHawthorne is influenced by Puritanism deeply. He was not a Puritan himself, but he had Puritan ancestors who played an important role in his li

7、fe and works.“the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones.”“I hereby take shame upon myself for their sakes, and pray that any curse incurred by them may be now and henceforth removed.”Melville : “霍桑描寫黑暗的巨大力量，是由于受到加爾文派教義關(guān)于與生俱來(lái)的墮落與原罪思想的影響。沒(méi)有一位思想深邃的人能完全擺脫這種思想所發(fā)生的各種形式的影響?！盚awthorne

8、s point of view(1) Evil is at the core of human life. Hawthornesense of sin and evil in life, “black” vision of life and humanis hauntedEvil exists in the human heart, human heart is the source of evil. Everyone possesses some evil secret. Evil is mans birthmark.a most disturbed and tormented one, d

9、iscuses sin and evil in almost every bookliterary worldrejects the Transcendentalist optimismlooks more deeply and more honestly into life, finding much suffering & conflict in itHawthornes point of view(2) Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to gene

10、ration.The House of the Seven GablesColonel Pyncheon takes the land of Matthew Maule and builds a house on the land-is haunted by ghost-his offspring wither and die out “God will give him blood to drink”霍桑在探討罪惡時(shí)，不是宣揚(yáng)加爾文教義，而是抨擊了它對(duì)人性的摧殘，是要使人正視罪的存在，并把人從泯滅人性的罪惡感中解脫出來(lái)。Hawthornes point of view(3) Evil edu

11、cates.Achievement is “under the impact of and by engagement with evil”經(jīng)歷過(guò)犯罪，受到其影響，人們才能有所成就Man is better for the crime which brings about the fall.人在犯罪后才能更好的完善自己Hawthornes point of view(1) Evil is at the core of human life. (2) Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed fro

12、m generation to generation. (3) Evil educates.there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activityA piece of literary work should “show how we are all wronged and wrongers, and avenge one another”Writing featuresHe t

13、ends to explore the moral issues of sin and guilt and the consequencesHe has special interest in the psychological aspect of human beingsHe is a master of symbolism what is a symbol? Generally speaking, a symbol is something that is used to represent something other than itself. In literature, it is

14、 most often a concrete object which is used to represent something abstract, often a moral, religious or philosophical concept or value.style typical romantic writera man of literary craftsmanship，extraordinary inthe use of symbolrevelation of characters psychologythe use of supernatural mixed with

15、the actualThe symbol serves as a weapon to attack reality. It can be found everywhere in his writingHe is good at exploring the complexity of human psychology. There isnt much physical movement going on in his works1. In what century is the story of Hester Prynne set? (A) The 16th century (B) The 17

16、th century (C) The 18th century (D) The 19th century B2. What is situated immediately outside the door of the prison in which Hester is kept? (A) A rosebush (B) A pine tree (C) A gallows (D) A graveyardAThe Scarlet LetterThe Scarlet Letter3. How does Hester support herself financially? (A) As a pros

17、titute (B) As a seamstress (C) As a nurse (D) As a farmhandB4. Next to whom is Hester buried? (A) Dimmesdale (B) Chillingworth (C) Pearl (D) No one; her body is burnedAThe Scarlet Letter5. Why does Pearl not recognize her mother when she sees her with Dimmesdale in the forest? (A) Hester has removed

18、 the scarlet letter. (B) Hester has removed her cap to expose her long hair. (C) Hester is not wearing her usual plain gray dress. (D) Mistress Hibbins has cast a spell on Hester, changing her appearance.AThe Scarlet Letter6. How does Pearl acknowledge Dimmesdale as her father at his death? (A) By c

19、alling him “father” (B) By interrupting his sermon (C) By kissing him (D) By announcing that she has seen him with her motherCThe Scarlet Letter7. What color of clothing does Hester always wear? (A) Scarlet (B) White (C) Black (D) GrayC8. What does Chillingworth pretend to be? (A) A minister (B) A d

20、octor (C) A madman (D) A scholarBThe Scarlet Letter9. What does Hesters letter “A” eventually come to represent to the townspeople? (A) “Able” (B) “Alone” (C) “Avaricious” (D) “Absolutely Admirable”AMajor characters in The Scarlet LetterHester Prynne Arthur Dimmesdale Roger Chillingworth daughterlov

21、erhusbandheroinePearl The Scarlet LetterSetting of the story: Boston in the early days of the Massachusetts Colony a Puritan society during the 1640sCharacters of the story: Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, ChIllingworth and PearlScene of the public shameScene of public shame: 1. Why was Hester ask

22、ed to stand on the scaffold? sin of adultery, show her shame and warn the public2. How did she look like on the scaffold? Serenely and quietly3. What did the ministers ask her to do and how did she respond? Name the man, but she refused4. Who did she see when standing there? Chillington appeared as

23、an elderly, almost deformed manScene of prisonWhat happened to Chillington after he sent Hester to Boston? his ship was wrecked and he remained a captive among the IndiansWhat did Chillington want to do with the shame imposed on him? He asked for the name of the man He stated he would stay in Boston

24、 to practice medicine and devote the rest of life to discovering the truthAfter imprisonmentHow did Hester live with her litter girl Pearl? worn the scarlet letter isolated from town people, needleworkWhat happened between Chillingworth and Dimmesdale? intimately acquainted with each other and lived

25、 in the same houseWhat did Hester ask Chillingworth to do with Dimmesdale? to have mercy on Dimmesdale and let go of his revenge on DWhat did Hester and Dimmesdale decide to do to get away from the evil influence of Chillingworth? they decided to leave the town togetherScene of church on election da

26、y: union of the threeWhat did Dimmesdale do on election day? He delivered an inspiring speech; dreamlike walking; stood together with Hester and PearlWhat was exposed after he tore the ministrial band across his breast? A was imprinted on his chestEnd of the storyDimmesdale died on his admission of

27、his sinChillingworth died within the year, left his property to Pearl “became the richest heiress of her day”Hester left with Pearl and returned alonePearl “but where was little Pearl? If still alive, she must now have been in the flush and bloom of early womanhood” “Pearl was not only alive, but ma

28、rried, and happy, and mindful of her mother”Symbolism of The Scarlet LetterSymbolism of scarlet letter “A”AdulteryAlone and alienation Imprisonment After imprisonmentAble, admirable and angel The letter was the symbol of her calling. Such helpfulness is found in her so much power to do and power to

29、sympathize - that many people refuse to interpret the scarlet letter A by its original signification. Do you see that woman with the embroidered badge? It is our Hester the towns own Hester who is so kind to the poor, so helpful to the sick, so comforting to the afflicted! Symbolism of charactersHes

30、terHestier (Zeuss sister) symbol of truth, beauty and goodnessArthur Dimmesdale Initials AD Dimdark and weak, dalevalley Symbol of the dark interior of the clergymanPearl symbol of beauty: “There was fire in her and throughout her, she seemed the unpremeditated offshoot of a passionate moment” symbo

31、l of value and treasure: “I must tarry at home, to keep watch over my little Pearl. Had they taken her from me, I would willingly have gone with thee into the forest, and signed my name in the Black Mans book too, and that with mine own blood”Symbolism of charactersChillingworth Chillingchilly: cold

32、, heartless and bloodless Symbol of his worthless revenge“All his strength and energyall his vital and intellectual force seemed at once to desert him; insomuch that he positively withered up, shriveled away, and almost vanied from mortal sight, like an uprooted weed that lies wilting in the sun”Con

33、sequences of sinSin of adultery Hester: shame, imprisonment, alienation from the society Dimmesdale: self punishment by whipping and fastingSin of revenge: devoted to seeking revenge Herman Melville 梅爾維爾 (18191891) Herman MelvilleDid not receive recognition until the 1920s“He has a very high and nob

34、le nature”Herman Melville (1819-1891)Life story: born in 1819 in New York poor and not well-educated bank clerk, a farmer, a school teacher, sailor a whale ship is “my Yale College and my Harvard” friendship with Hawthorne unnoticed death in 1891 Melvilles Major Works 1) Typee 泰皮2) Omoo 歐穆3) Mardi 瑪

35、地4) Redburn 雷得本5) White Jacket 白外衣from his adventures among the people of the South Pacific islandsan account of his voyage to EnglandThe man who lived among cannibalsMelvilles Major Works6) Pierre 皮埃爾7) Billy Budd 比利巴德(a sign that he had resolved his quarrel with God) Clarel 克拉萊爾( a poem)Moby-DickT

36、he cornerstone of Melvilles modern fameA complete failure when publishedCharactersIshmael: sailor and narratorcaptain Ahab: Starbuck: shipmate, a religious manStubb: the second mate, fatalistFlask: enjoys the thrill of killingQueequeg: Ishmeals native friendFedallah: prophetMoby-Dick story1st part:

37、before signing on boardIshmael: a former school master, sailor decided to sign on a whaling ship.Queegueg: a native American, a friend of IshmaelsMoby-Dick storyPart II: life on board PequodStarbuck, Stubb, FlaskCaptain Ahab: a leg made of whalebone a scar from head to foot obsessed with killing Mob

38、y Dick Monomaniac: obsessed with killing the whale Tragic hero: tremendous overconfidenceMoby-Dick storyPart II: life on board Pequodencounters with other captains Captain 1: warned Ahab not to chase Moby Dick Captain 2: knew nothing about the whale Captain 3: his arm made of sperm whalebone; warned

39、 that it was almost impossible to chase Moby DickMoby-Dick storyPart II: life on board PequodFadallahs prophecy and Queeguegs coffinProphecy: 1) Ahab would die only after he saw two strange hearses carrying the dead: one not made by mortal hands, the other made of wood grown in America 2) Ahab would

40、 have no hearse or coffin for his own deathQueeguegs coffin: used as a chest with some strange designs carved on it Moby-Dick storyPart III: the encounter with Moby Dick1st day: the whale split the ship into pieces2nd day: dashed three harpoons into his flanks, but the lines twisted and Fedallah was

41、 disappeared3rd day: Fedallahs body was bound to Moby Dick; Moby Dick swam into Pequod and shattered it; Ahab died because rope coiled around his neck Ishmael survived because of the coffinMoby-Dick1. Which body part has Ahab lost to Moby Dick? (A) His leg(B) His arm(C) His eye(D) His fingersAMoby-D

42、ick2. What is the name of Ahabs ship? (A) The Town-Ho(B) The Rachel(C) The Samuel Enderby(D) The PequodDMoby-Dick3. After what is Ahabs ship named? (A) Its owner(B) A vanished tribe of Native Americans(C) A species of whale(D) A biblical characterBMoby-Dick4. For what were whales primarily hunted? (

43、A) Oil(B) Skin(C) Meat(D) FinsBMoby-Dick5. What does Ahab nail to the ships mast to motivate his crew in his quest for Moby Dick? (A) A gold coin(B) A severed head(C) A drawing of Moby Dick(D) A pirate flagAMoby-Dick6. What keeps Ishmael afloat after the Pequod sinks? (A) A coffin(B) A barrel of oil

44、(C) A lifeboat(D) A mattressAMoby-Dick7. What frightens Ishmael the most about Moby Dick? (A) The whales size(B) The whales teeth(C) The whiteness of the whale(D) The sounds that the whale makesBMoby-Dick8. With what is the Pequod adorned? (A) Sperm whale teeth(B) American flags(C) Red paint(D) Whal

45、e finsAMoby-Dick9. From what is Ahabs false leg made? (A) A whales jawbone(B) Wood(C) An elephants tusk(D) LeatherAMoby-Dick10. How does the Pequod sink? (A) She is rammed by Moby Dick.(B) She is overloaded with oil.(C) She gets lost in a storm.(D) She is rammed by another ship.AMoby-DickHard to tra

46、ce, to find and impossible to kill/destroyPowerful, overwhelmingMysteriousMoby DickLanguage is difficult to understand: sailors talk; old-fashionedA story of fantasy and realismsymbolismSymbols in Moby DickThe PequodMoby DickAhabQueequegs CoffinThe Pequoda symbol of doomnamed after a Native American

47、 tribe in Massachusettsdid not long survive the arrival of white men (extincted)is painted gloomy black and covered in whale teeth and bonesthe mementos of violent deathlike a primitive coffinthe microcosm of human societyMoby Dickis hidden all the timemirrors its environmentunknown and unknowable t

48、ruthsonly the surface of the ocean is available for human observation and interpretationthe depths conceal unknown truthsa metaphor for the human relationship with the Christain God: God is unkown and cannot be pinned downinscrutable, mysteriousvarious symbolic meaningsto the Pequods crewa concept o

49、nto which they can diplay their anxiety about dangerous and frightening jobsto Ahaba manifestation of all that is wrong with the worldIt is his destiny to get rid of this symbolic evilto the readers and criticsGod: all powerful, dominant, butunknowabletruth: purpose of the crewnature: complex, myste

50、rious, unpredictable, beautifulQueequegs CoffinQueequegs coffin alternately symbolizes life and death. Queequeg has it built when he is seriously ill, but when he recovers, it becomes a chest to hold his belongings and an emblem of his will to live. He perpetuates the knowledge tattooed on his body

51、by carving it onto the coffins lid. The coffin further comes to symbolize life when it replaces the Pequods life buoy. When the Pequod sinks, the coffin becomes Ishmaels buoy(浮標(biāo)), saving not only his life but the life of the narrative that he will pass on.The sea adventurespiritual voyage of the min

52、d in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe.Ones futile struggle with natureOnes overconfidence and his doomed destinyThemes of Moby DickMelvilles bleak view (negative attitude): the sense of futility and meaninglessness of the world. His attitude to life is “Everlasting Nay”Man in this un

53、iverse lives a meaningless and futile life, meaningless because futile. Man cannot overcome nature. Once he attempts to seek power over it he is doomed. Themes of Moby DickMelvilles bleak view (negative attitude): the sense of futility and meaninglessness of the world. His attitude to life is “Everl

54、asting Nay”Man in this universe lives a meaningless and futile life, meaningless because futile. Man cannot overcome nature. Once he attempts to seek power over it he is doomed. Themes of Moby Dickthe adventure of killing Moby Dick is meaningless. Ahab tries to control it, which leads to his doom. the embodiment of naturemodern life the loss of faith, the sense of futilitywell expressed in Moby DickThemes of Moby Dick2) alienation (far away from each other) exists between man and