國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)教程(雙語(yǔ))Ch.3-Shipment課件

1、國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)教程（雙語(yǔ)）Ch.3 Shipment1 Modes of TransportOcean transport3/4 of the trade among nations is transported by water. Features of ocean transport: Relatively economical mode of transport for bulky and heavy goods. A safe mode of transport with respect to occurrence of accidents. The cost of maintainin

2、g and constructing routes is very low as most of them are naturally made. Slow, vulnerable to bad weather and less punctual if compared with road or air transport.Liner transportThe transport of cargoes from one seaport to another along regular maritime routes according to a schedule. Liner rates us

3、ually include the stevedoring charges for loading and unloading.Freight is charged according to the tariff (運(yùn)費(fèi)表) a schedule of shipping rates charged, together with governing rules and regulations. Two parts: basic freight rates and surcharges. Standards of collecting basic freight ratesWeight: For

4、items marked with “W” in the tariff, per metric ton on weight. This method is called weight ton (運(yùn)費(fèi)噸).Measurement: For items marked with “M” in the tariff, per cubic meter on measurement. This method is usually called measurement ton (尺碼噸).Weight or measurement: For items marked with “W/M” in the ta

5、riff, the freight is to be calculated on either weight or measurement, whichever is greater. Ad Val.: For items marked with “Ad Val., the freight is to be calculated on the price or value of the cargo. W/M or Ad val.: For items marked “W/M or Ad val.” in the tariff, the highest rate is adopted. Surc

6、harges: bunker adjustment factor (燃油附加費(fèi)), port surcharges, transshipment surcharges, heavy lift and long length additional. Company A exports 100 cases of Good X to London. The volume and gross weight per case are 40cm30cm20cm and 30kg respectively. Good X is classified as Class 10 and the freight f

7、or Class 10 is calculated on W/M. The tariff (ChinaLondon) shows that the basic freight rate for Class 10 is US$222, with 10% port surcharges. How much is the total freight? (i) Total weight: 0.03M/T100 = 3 M/T (ii) Total volume: 0.40.30.2100 = 2.4 M3 (iii) As the total weight is greater than the to

8、tal volume, thus weight is the basis for collecting freight. (iv) Total freight = total weight (basic freight rate + surcharge) = 3 (222 + 222 10%) = US$732.6(2) Charter transportCharter transport is a tramp service. A cargo ship not operating on regular routes and schedules, and picking up cargo on

9、ly when it is chartered (hired) from the ship owner. While liner transport is for general cargoes, charter shipping is usually for bulk cargoes (大宗貨物) like oil, coal, ore, and grain. Charter shipping has the lowest freight rate per unit of weight or measure. Two types: voyage charter and time charte

10、r. Voyage charter Voyage charter means transport vessel or vehicle charter for one or a specified number of trips (voyages). The vessel remains under the control of the ship owner who is responsible for equipping and manning (操縱) the vessel. The crew (全體船員) and master are employees of the ship owner

11、, and he is responsible for their wages. The freight rate may be charged by quantity of the goods carried, or a fixed rate regardless of the quantity. The charterparty (租船合同) will identify the vessel, the cargo it is to carry, the voyage (s) for which the ship is made available, and certain terms in

12、 respect of the various responsibilities of the ship owner and the charterer (租船人). It also includes the ports, freight rate and time involved in the voyage (s). Liner terms (gross terms or berth terms): The ship owner is responsible for costs of loading and unloading as in the case of liner transpo

13、rtation.FI (Free In): free”: not including. The charterer is responsible for the cost of loading.FO (Free Out): The charterer is responsible for the cost of unloading. FIO (Free In and Out): The charterer is responsible for cost of loading and unloading. Lay days : Also called lay time, the number o

14、f days allowed by the ship owner to load or unload cargo without incurring demurrage or late charges. Lay days may be expressed as: (1) Running days: consecutive days including weekends and holidays; (2) Working days: consecutive days excluding weekends and holidays; (3) Weather working days: workin

15、g days on which weather permits continuous work. the most commonly used expression. Lay days begin to run when the vessel is berthed (停泊) or when its arrival is recorded as arrived ship.Dispatch money (速遣費(fèi)) : When so agreed in the charterparty, this is paid by the shipowner to the charterer as a res

16、ult of the vessel completing loading or discharging before the stipulated time. Demurrage (滯期費(fèi)): Demurrage is a penalty to be paid by the charter to the ship owner for exceeding lay days in loading or unloading.(2) Time charterThe ship owner agrees to charter a vessel to the charterer for a specifie

17、d period of time. As in a voyage charter, the ship owner retains control of the ship and the employee on board the ship.The charterer is responsible for its employment, the number of voyage it takes, and the destination of the voyages. The terms of time charterparty concentrate on employment of vess

18、el, speed of vessel, maintenance of vessel, hire period, return of vessel, payment of hire, etc. Time charter generally does not include loading and unloading costs in the charter rate.2. Rail transportA major mode of transport in terms of capacity, only second to ocean transportation. It is capable

19、 of achieving relatively high speed and is very economical especially if it provides the complete trainload for a shipper on a regular basis. It is less prone to interruption by bad weather. But it is confined (受限制的) to railroads and therefore less flexible. Rail transport is popular in multimodal t

20、ransport and transshipment. It is widely used in landbridge transport.3. Air transport Ideal mode of carriage for valuable goods, delicate goods, physically perishable goods such as food and plants, urgent products such as medicine and very small shipments which are less costly by air than by water,

21、 etc.(1) Benefits of air transport faster delivery, better security, less packing, lower insurance.(3) Types of air transport servicesScheduled airline: operates over a fixed airline and between fixed airports. Chartered carriers: the hire of an aircraft by a shipper or several shippers to deliver c

22、argoes. Consolidation: the air freight forwarder assembles a number of individual shipments into one consignment and dispatches them on one air waybill. the freight rate is lower.Air express service: for shipping small packages of goods such as medicines in urgent need, samples and shipping document

23、s by air.4. Intermodal transport (multimodal transport) The transportation of freight in an intermodal container or vehicle, using multiple modes of transportation, without any handling of the freight itself when changing modes. (1) The virtue of containerizationSimplifies and speeds up the cargo-ha

24、ndling process. Offers protection from the elements, reduces the chances of damage, and virtually eliminates the pilferage. Approximately 90% of non-bulk cargo worldwide moves by containers .(2) Modes of container serviceFCL: full container load, the whole container load (整箱貨)LCL: less than containe

25、r load，a partial container load (拼箱貨)CFS: container freight station, where cargoes are delivered for containerizationCY: container yard， where FCL is delivered.CY/CY container service: door-to-door CY/CFS container service: door-to-port CFS/CY container service: port-to-door CFS/CFS container servic

26、e: port-to-port(3) Measurement of containerFive common lengths, 20-ft, 40-ft, 45-ft, 48-ft, and 53-ft. Container capacity is measured in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU, or sometimes teu). An equivalent unit is a measure of containerized cargo capacity equal to one standard 20ft (length) 8ft (widt

27、h) 86ft (height) container, approximately 38.5 m3.Many containers today are of the 40-ft (12.2m) variety and are known as 40-foot containers. 2 Major Shipping DocumentsBill of lading (B/L)A transportation document issued by an ocean carrier to a shipper with whom the carrier has entered into a contr

28、act for the carriage of goods. Three functions performed by the B/L Receipt for goods Evidence of the contract of carriage Document oftitle to the goods The B/L describes the goods put on board a vessel, states the quantity, and their condition. The carrier will check to see that the goods loaded co

29、mply with the goods listed. The B/L becomes conclusive evidence of the terms of the contract of carriageonce it is negotiated to a good faith third party. The named consignee or the lawful holder of a B/L has a claim to title by surrendering the bill. The carrier is obliged to deliver the cargo only

30、 against an original B/L.(2) Types of bill of lading Shipped (on board) B/L & received for shipment B/L Shipped B/L: issued by after the goods are actually shipped on board the designated vessel. Both the name of the vessel and the date of issue of the B/L are indicated on the shipped B/L. It provid

31、es better guarantee for the consignee to receive the cargo at the destination. Most B/L forms are preprinted as “Shipped Bill”.Received for shipment B/L arises where the word “shipped” does not appear on the bill of lading. It merely acknowledges that the goods have been received by the carrier for

32、shipment. Therefore, the goods could be in the dock or warehouse. Clean B/L & unclean B/L (foul B/L or claused B/L)Clean B/L: A B/L that is free from any adverse remarks, made by the carrier about the condition, packing, or quantity of the goods being shipped. apparent good order and condition, clea

33、n on board or the like are indicated on the B/L. It provides proof that up until the time goods were transferred to the carrier, no damage has occurred. Unclean B/L: A B/L with adverse remarks or notations (called clauses) by the carrier that the goods received for shipping (or their packing) look w

34、et, damaged, or otherwise in doubtful condition, or not of correct quantity. Importers and their banks normally do not accept foul B/L for payment under a L/C. Straight B/L, blank B/L and order B/L Straight B/L has designated consignee. Only the consignee is entitled to take delivery of the cargo. N

35、ot transferable, not commonly used and normally applies to high value shipments or goods for special purposes. Blank B/L: Open B/L or Bearer B/L, no definite consignee. In the field of consignee, “To bearer”. Anyone who holds the bill is entitled to the goods the bill represents. No endorsement is n

36、eeded for the transfer of the blank bill. Due to the exceedingly high risk involved, this bill is rarely used. Order B/L: “To order”, “To order of the shipper”, or “To order of the consignee” is marked. Goods are consigned to the order of a named person. It may be used to transfer title to goods bei

37、ng shipped to another party, at any time during the transit process simply by conveying the order bill to another party through endorsement. “To order means to order of shipper. EndorsementBlank endorsement(carries only the signature of the endorser and does not specify the endorsee )Special endorse

38、ment(names the endorsee and requiresits endorsement for further negotiation) Direct B/L, transshipment B/L and through B/LDirect B/L: indicates the goods are shipped from the port of loading direct to the port of destination without involving transshipment.Transshipment B/L: indicates the goods need

39、 to be transshipped at an intermediate port as there is no direct service between the shipment port and the destination port.Through B/L: issued for containerized door-to-door shipments that have to use different ships and/or different means of transportation from origin to destination. Unlike in ca

40、se of a multimodal B/L, the principal carrier or the freight-forwarder (who issued the through B/L) is liable under a contract of carriage only for its own phase of the journey, and acts as an agent for the carriers executing the other phases. Liner B/L, charterparty B/L and container B/L Liner B/L:

41、 issued by a liner company.Charterparty B/L: issued by the carrier (or its agent) based on the charterparty. This B/L is subject to the clauses of charterparty. Thats why when a charterparty B/L is accepted by the bank or the buyer, the copy charterparty is required.Container B/L: issued when the go

42、ods are conveyed by container. Long form B/L and short form B/L Long form B/L: with the terms and conditions of carriage which are printed on the back of the page. Commonly used in international shipping.Short form B/L (or blank back B/L) : The terms and conditions of carriage on the back of the B/L

43、 are omitted. Unless otherwise stipulated in the letter of credit (L/C), a short form bill of lading is acceptable. The short form B/L saves the cost of printing and if the terms and conditions of carriage change, there is no need to reprint the B/L form. Miscellaneous B/L On deck B/L: B/L containin

44、g the notation that the goods have been loaded on the deck of the vessel, for goods that can not fit into the ships hold. Stale B/L: B/L presented after the stipulated expiry date of presentation or after the goods are due at the port of destination. The late arrival of this important document may h

45、ave undesirable consequences and therefore should be avoided. Sometimes especially in the case of short sea voyages, it is necessary to add a clause of “Stale B/L is acceptable”.Ante-dated B/LB/L which is dated before the date on which it is issued. When the actual shipment date is later than that s

46、tipulated in the L/C, the carrier sometimes, at the shippers request, issues a B/L with a date of signature that suits the requirement so as to avoid non-acceptance by the bank. Due to the risk of the goods being rejected by the buyer arising from the issuance of such a bill, it is advisable to avoi

47、d this malpractice even when it seems necessary in certain circumstances.Advanced B/LB/L issued in advance when the expiry date of the L/C is due but the shipment has not yet been effected.The issuance of this B/L is also a malpractice and should be avoided.Several types may be combined into one lik

48、e “Clean on board, to order, blank endorsed B/L”. Bs/L are made out in sets, consisting of a number of originals (usually three) and copies and marked “original” and “copy” respectively. Only the originals signed by the carrier enable the consignee to take delivery of the goods. (3) Three rules gove

49、rning bill of lading The Hague Rules (The Brussels Convention) Drawn up by the International Law Association in 1921 in the Hague (the Netherland). The International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to B/L. Generally well received and have been adopted by 58 maritime n

50、ations.Prior to these rules, shipowners often thwarted cargo damage claims by inserting limits in B/L. The Hague Rules represented the effort made by the international community to achieve uniformity in ocean B/L. Major weaknesses: The scope is limited to the outward shipment, i.e. shipment from a p

51、ort of the contracting states to a foreign port; No liability for delay in delivery of the goods；The Rules are not compatible (相容的) with container transport;The deck cargo is entirely excluded; The maximum limit of carriers liability is limited to 100 pound sterling per package or unit, or the equiv

52、alent of that sum in other currency, unless the shipper has made a declaration of value; The carriers liability only covers “tackle to tackle”; Navigational fault is excepted.(2) The Hague-Visby Rules 1968 Amendments to the Brussels Convention: I. Its territorial application is extended; II. The Rul

53、es increase the maximum amount for limitation of liability of a carrier and introduce a new weight-based criterion; III. The Rules are compatible with container transport. The Hamburg Rules The UN Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea in Hamburg in 1978. It came into force on 1st November 1992.

54、 Major amendments: Scope of application. Both inward shipments and outward shipments; Period of responsibility. The period during which the carrier is in charge of the goods at the port of loading, during the carriage and at the port of dicharge; Libility limits. The carrier is liable for loss resul

55、ting from loss or damage to the cargo as well as delay in delivery; Liability amount. Far above the previous two rules.20 nations have approved 2. Other shipping documentsSea waybill A non-negotiable document, evidence of the contract of carriage, receipt of the goods by the carrier. About 90% of al

56、l containerized cargoes shipped over the Atlantic Ocean are carried under sea waybills. Natural choice. for shippers or consignees who do not plan to sell the goods en route;for trading between established consignors and consignees who have been trading for many years, andfor open account sales. Not

57、 suitable for transactions of goods that are negotiated repeatedly during transit. Cannot act as security for letter of credit transactions.(2) Air waybill (used for carriage of goods by air)A receipt of the goods for dispatch and evidence of the contract ofcarriage between the carrier and the consi

58、gnor, not a negotiabletitle to goods. Three originals:Normally original 1, in green, for the issuing carrier, is to be retainedBy the carrier for accounting purposes and to serve as documentaryevidence. Original 2, in pink, for the consignee, is to accompany theconsignment to its final destination a

59、nd is to be presented to the consignee to enable him to collect the goods. Original 3, in blue, for the shipper, is returned to him as a receipt andevidence of his affreightment contract (包租合同) with the airline. (3) Multimodal transport document Evidences the contract of carriage of goods by at leas

60、t two modes of transport, issued by a multimodal transport operator (MTO) under a multimodal transport contract. Essential difference between MTD and through B/L:MTD: The MTO takes responsibility as principal for the entire carriage. Through B/L: The principal carrier concludes several separate cont