LoveisaFallacy課文

1、LoveFallacyMaxShu 1m a1 Charles Lamb, as merry and enterprising a fellow as you will meet in a month of Sundays, unfettered the informal essay with his memorable Old China and Dream's Children. There follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond Lamb's frontier, indeed, "informal&

2、quot; may not be quite the right word to describe this essay; "limp" or " flaccid" or possibly "spongy" are perhaps more appropriate.2 Vague though its category, it is without doubt an essay. It develops an argument; it cites instances; it reaches a conclusion. Could Ca

3、rlyle do more Could Ruskin3 Read, then, the following essay which undertakes to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma -Author's Note4 Cool was I and logical. Keen, calculating, perspicacious, acute and

4、 astute-I was all of these. My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist's scales, as penetrating as a scalpel. And-think of it! -I was only eighteen.5 It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. Take, for example, Petey Butch, my roommate at the University of

5、Minnesota. Same age, same background, but dumb as an ox. A nice enough young fellow, you understand, but nothing upstairs. Emotional type. Unstable. Impressionable. Worst of all, a faddist. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason. To be swept up in every new craze that comes along, to surren

6、der yourself to idiocy just because everybody else is doing it-this, to me, is the acme of mindlessness. Not, however, to Petey.6 One afternoon I found Petey lying on his bed with an expression of such distress on his face that I immediately diagnosed appendicitis. "Don't move," I said

7、. "Don't take a laxative. I'll get a doctor."7 "Raccoon," he mumbled thickly.8 "Raccoon" I said, pausing in my flight.9 "1 want a raccoon coat," he wailed.10 I perceived that his trouble was not physical, but mental. "Why do you want a raccoon coa

8、t"11 "1 should have known it," he cried, pounding his temples. "1 should have known they'd come back when the Charleston came back. Like a fool I spent all my money for textbooks, and now I can't get a raccoon coat."12 "Can you mean." I said incredulously,

9、"that people are actually wearing raccoon coats again"13 "All the Big Men on Campus are wearing them. Where've you been"14 "In the library," I said, naming a place not frequented by Big Men on Campus15 He leaped from the bed and paced the room, "I've got to

10、 have a raccoon coat," he said passionately. "I've got to!"16 "Petey, why Look at it rationally. Raccoon coats are unsanitary. They shed. They smell bad. They weight too much. They're unsightly. They-"17 " You don't understand," he interrupted impatient

11、ly. "It's the thing to do. Don't you want to be in the swim"18 "No," I said truthfully.19 "Well, I do," he declared. "I'd give anything for a raccoon coat. Anything!"20 My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. "Anything&quo

12、t; I asked, looking at him narrowly.21 "Anything," he affirmed in ringing tones.22 I stroked my chin thoughtfully. It so happened that I knew where to set my hands on a raccoon coat. My father had had one in his undergraduate days; it lay now in a trunk in the attic back home. It also happ

13、ened that Petey had something I wanted. He didn't have it exactly, but at least he had first rights on it. I refer to his girl, Polly Espy.23 I had long coveted Polly Espy. Let me emphasize that my desire for this young woman was not emotional in nature. She was, to be sure, a girl who excited t

14、he emotions but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. I wanted Polly for a shrewdly calculated, entirely cerebral reason.24 I was a freshman in law school. In a few years I would be out in practice. I was well aware of the importance of the right kind of wife in furthering a lawyer's caree

15、r. The successful lawyers I had observed were, almost without exception, married to beautiful, gracious, intelligent women. With one omission, Polly fitted these specifications perfectly.25 Beautiful she was. She was not yet of pin-up proportions but I felt sure that time would supply the lack She a

16、lready had the makings.26 Gracious she was. By gracious I mean full of graces. She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing, a poise that clearly indicated the best of breeding, At table her manners were exquisite. I had seen her at the Kozy Kampus Korner eating the specialty of the house-a

17、sandwich that contained scraps of pot roast, gravy, chopped nuts, and a dipper of sauerkraut-without even getting her fingers moist.27 Intelligent she was not. in fact, she veered in the opposite direction. But I believed that under my guidance she would smarten up. At any rate, it was worth a try.

18、It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.28 "Petey," I said, "are you in love with Polly Espy"29 "1 think she's a keen kid," he replied, "but I don't know if you'd call it love. Why"30 &

19、quot;Do you," I asked, "have any kind of formal arrangement with her I mean are you going steady or anything like that"31 "No. We see each other quite a bit, but we both have other dates. Why"32 "Is there," I asked, "any other man for whom she has a particular

20、 fondness"33 "Not that I know of. Why"34 I nodded with satisfaction. "In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open. Is that right"35 "1 guess so. What are you getting at"36 "Nothing, nothing," I said innocently, and took my suit

21、case out of the closet.37 "Where are you going" asked Petey.38 "Home for the weekend." I threw a few things into the bag.39 "Listen," he said, clutching my arm eagerly, "while you're home, you couldn't get some money from your old man, could you, and lend i

22、t to me so I can buy a raccoon coat"40 "1 may do better than that," I said with a mysterious wink and closed my bag and left.41 "Look," I said to Petey when I got back Monday morning. I threw open the suitcase and revealed the huge, hairy, gamy object that my father had worn

23、 in his Stutz Bearcat in 1925.42 " Holy Toledo!" said Petey reverently. He plunged his hands into the raccoon coat and then his face. "Holy Toledo!" he repeated fifteen or twenty times.43 "Would you like it" I asked.44 "Oh yes!" he cried, clutching the greasy

24、peltto him. Then a canny look came into his eyes. "What do you want for it"45 "Your girl," I said, mincing no words.46 "Polly" he said in a horrified whisper. "You want Polly"47 "That's right."48 He flung the coat from him. "Never," he

25、said stoutly.49 I shrugged. "Okay. If you don't want to be in the swim, I guess it's your business."50 I sat down in a chair and pretended to read a book, but out of the corner of my eye I kept watching Petey. He was a torn man. First he looked at the coat with the expression of a

26、waif at a bakery window. Then he turned away and set his jaw resolutely. Then he looked back at the coat, with even more longing in his face. Then he turned away, but with not so much resolution this time. Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning . Finally he didn't tur

27、n away at all; he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat.51 "It isn't as though I was in love with Polly," he said thickly. "Or going steady or anything like that."52 "That's right," I murmured.53 "What's Polly to me, or me to Polly"54 &qu

28、ot;Not a thing," said I.55 "It's just been a casual kick -just a few laughs, that's all."56 "Try on the coat," said I.57 He complied. The coat bunched high over his ears and dropped all the way down to his shoe tops. He looked like a mound of dead raccoons. "Fit

29、s fine," he said happily.58 I rose from my chair. "Is it a deal" I asked, extending my hand.59 He swallowed. "It's a deal," he said and shook my hand.60 I had my first date with Polly the following evening. This was in the nature of a survey; I wanted to find out just ho

30、w much work I had to do to get her mind up to the standard I required. I took her first to dinner. "Gee, that was a delish (=delicious ) dinner," she said as we left the restaurant. Then I took her to a movie. "Gee, that was a marvy (=marvelous) movie," she said as we left the th

31、eater. And then I took her home. "Gee, I had a sensaysh (=sensational) time," she said as she bade me good night.61 I went back to my room with a heavy heart. I had gravely underestimated the size of my task. This girl's lack of information was terrifying. Nor would it be enough merely

32、 to supply her with information First she had to be taught to think. This loomed as a project of no small dimensions, and at first I was tempted to give her back to Petey. But then I got to thinking about her abundant physical charms and about the way she entered a room and the way she handled a kni

33、fe and fork, and I decided to make an effort.62 I went about it, as in all things, systematically. I gave her a course in logic. It happened that I, as a law student, was taking a course in logic myself, so I had all the facts at my finger tips. "Polly," I said to her when I picked her up

34、on our next date, "tonight we are going over to the Knolland talk."63 "0o, terrif (=terrific)," she replied. One thing I will say for this girl: you would go far to find another so agreeable.64 We went to the Knoll, the campus trysting place, and we sat down under an old oak, and

35、 she looked at me expectantly. "What are we going to talk about" she asked.65 "Logic."66 She thought this over for a minute and decided she liked it. "Magnif (=magnificent)," she said.67 "Logic," I said, clearing my throat, "is the science of thinking. Be

36、fore we can think correctly, we must first learn to recognize the common fallacies of logic. These we will take up tonight."68 " Wow-dow!" she cried, clapping her hands delightedly.69 I winced, but went bravely on. "First let us examine the fallacy called Dicto Simpliciter."

37、70 "By all means," she urged, batting her lashes eagerly.71 , "Dicto Simpliciter means an argument based on an unqualified generalization. For example:Exercise is good. Therefore everybody should exercise.72 "1 agree," said Polly earnestly. "1 mean exercise is wonderful

38、. I mean it builds the body andeverything."73 "Polly," I said gently, "the argument is a fallacy. Exercise is good is an unqualified generalization. For instance, if you have heart disease, exercise is bad, not good. Many people are ordered by their doctors not to exercise. You m

39、ust qualify the generalization. You must say exercise is usually good, or exercise is good for most people. Otherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter. Do you see"74 "No, " she confessed. "But this is marvy. Do more! Do morel"75 "It will be better if you stop tugg

40、ing at my sleeve," I told her, and when she desisted, I continued: "Next we take up a fallacy called Hasty Generalization. Listen carefully: You can't speak French. I can't speak French. Petey Burch can't speak French. I must therefore conclude that nobody at the University of

41、Minnesota can speak French."76 "Really" said Polly, amazed. "Nobody"77 I hid my exasperation. "Polly, it's a fallacy. The generalization is reached too hastily. There are too few instances to support such a conclusion."78 " Know any more fallacies" sh

42、e asked breathlessly. "This is more fun than dancing even."79 I fought off a wave of despair. I was getting nowhere with this girl absolutely nowhere. Still, I am nothing if not persistent. I continued.80 "Next comes Post Hoc. Listen to this: Let's not take Bill on our picnic. Eve

43、ry time we take him out with us, it rains."81 "1 know somebody like that," she exclaimed. "A girl back home-Eula Becker, her name is, it never falls. Every single time we take her on a picnic-"82 "Polly," I said sharply, "it's a fallacy. Eula Becker doesn&

44、#39;t cause the rain. She has no connection with the rain. You are guilty of Post Hoc if you blame Eula Becker."83 "I'11 never do that again," she promised contritely." Are you mad at me"84 I sighed deeply. "No, Polly, I'm not mad."85 "Then tell me som

45、e more fallacies."86 "All right. Let's try Contradictory Premises."87 "Yes, let's," she chirped, blinking" her eyes happily.88 I frowned, but plunged ahead. "Here's an example of Contradictory Premises: If God can do anything, can He make a stone so hea

46、vy that He won't be able to lift it"89 "Of course," she replied promptly.90 "But if He can do anything, He can lift the stone," I pointed out.91 "Yeah," she said thoughtfully. "Well, then I guess He can't make the stone."92 "But He can do any

47、thing," I reminded her.93 She scratched her pretty, empty head. "I'm all confused," she admitted.94 "Of course you are. Because when the premises of an argument contradict each other, there can be no argument. If there is an irresistible force, there can be no immovable objec

48、t. If there is an immovable object, there can be no irresistible force. Get it"95 "Tell me some more of this keen stuff," she said eagerly.96 I consulted my watch. "1 think we'd better call it a night. I'll take you home now, and you go over all the things you've lear

49、ned. We'll have another session tomorrow night."97 I deposited her at the girls' dormitory, where she assured me that she had had a perfectly terrif evening, and I went glumly to my room. Petey lay snoring in his bed, the raccoon coat huddled like a great hairy beast at his feet. For a

50、moment I considered waking him and telling him that he could have his girl back. It seemed clear that my project was doomed to failure. The girl simply had a logic-proof head.98 But then I reconsidered. I had wasted one evening: I might as well waste another. Who knew Maybe somewhere in the extinct

51、crater of her mind, a few embers still smoldered. Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame. Admittedly it was not a prospect fraught with hope, but I decided to give it one more try.99 Seated under the oak the next evening I said, "Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam."100

52、 She quivered with delight.101 "Listen closely," I said. "A man applies for a job. When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he replies that he has a wife and six children at home, the wife is a helpless cripple, the children have nothing to eat, no clothes to wear, no shoes

53、 on their feet, there are no beds in the house, no coal in the cellar, and winter is coming."102 A tear rolled down each of Polly's pink cheeks. "Oh, this is awful, awful," she sobbed.103 "Yes, it's awful," I agreed, "but it's no argument. The man never answ

54、ered the boss's questions about his qualifications. Instead he appealed to the boss's sympathy. He committed the fallacy of Ad Misericordiam. Do you understand"104 "Have you got a handkerchief" she blubbered.105 I handed her a handkerchief and tried to keep from screaming whil

55、e she wiped her eyes. "Next," I said in a carefully controlled tone, "we will discuss False Analogy. Here is an example: Students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during examinations. After all, surgeons have X-rays to guide them during an operation, lawyers have briefs to

56、 guide them during a trial, carpenters have blueprints to guide them when they are building a house. Why, then, shouldn't students be allowed to look at their textbooks during an examination"106 "There now," she said enthusiastically, "is the most marvy idea I've heard in

57、 years."107 "Polly," I said testily, "the argument is all wrong. Doctors, lawyers, and carpenters aren't taking a test to see how much they have learned, but students are. The situations are altogether different, and you can't make an analogy between them."108 "

58、1 still think it's a good idea," said Polly.109 "Nuts," I muttered. Doggedly I pressed on. "Next we'll try Hypothesis Contrary to Fact."110 "Sounds yummy," was Polly's reaction.111 "Listen: If Madame Curie had not happened to leave a photographic p

59、late in a drawer with a chunk of pitchblende （n. 瀝青油礦）, the world today would not know about radium ."112 "True, true," said Polly, nodding her head. "Did you see the movie Oh, it just knocked me out. That Walter Pidgeon is so dreamy. I mean he fractures me."113 "If you

60、 can forget Mr. Pidgeon for a moment," I said coldly, "I would like to point out that the statement is a fallacy. Maybe Madame Curie would have discovered radium at some later date. Maybe somebody else would have discovered it. Maybe any number of things would have happened. You can't

61、start with a hypothesis that is not true and then draw any supportable conclusions from it."114 "They ought to put Walter Pidgeon in more pictures," said Polly. "I hardly ever see him anymore.115 One more chance, I decided. But just one more. There is a limit to what flesh and bl

62、ood can bear. "The next fallacy is called Poisoning the Well."116 "How cute!" she gurgled.117 "Two men are having a debate. The first one gets up and says, My opponent is a notoriousliar. You can't believe a word that he is going to say. '. Now, Polly, think. Think h

63、ard. What's wrong"118 I watched her closely as she knit her creamy brow in concentration. Suddenly, a g1immer of intelligence the first I had seen-came into her eyes. "It's not fair," she said with indignation. "It's not a bitfair. What chance has the second man got i

64、f the first man calls him a liar before he even begins talking" 119 "Right!" I cried exultantly. "One hundred percent right. It's not fair. The first man haspoisoned the well before anybody could drink from it. He has hamstrung his opponent before he could even start. Polly, I ' m proud of you."120 " Pshaw" she murmured, blushing with pleasure.121 "You see, my dear, these things aren't so hard All you have to do is concentrate.Think-examine ev