英語文體學(xué)教程

1、Chapter1 1, what is style in your opinion according to what we have studied in this chapter?Anwser1 , from the perspective of the content, the events and activities described ,style is saying different things in different ways ;from the perspective of the ways of expression used ,styled is same thin

2、g in different ways; from the perspective of the users of language ,style is different speakers using language in different ways; and from the perspective of the text ,style is the functions of texts for different purposes.Anwser2,the definition of style is the concept of style aschoice .this defini

3、tion can have at least too interpretations .one is that first we have a pre-existing thought ,and then we choice the appropriate type of expression to express it in language. The chosen expression is the style .another is that the choice refers to the choice of meaning. The choice of language is at

4、the same time a choice of meaning and a choice of style .2,what is the significance of studying the style of language in learning and teaching English?Anwser, the answer is that if we want to use language appropriately in different situations , we need to study style .as foreign language learners, i

5、f we disregard the rules of using what variety of language in what occasion , or fail to obey them through ignorance , language can become instead a barrier to successful communication . Therefore its necessary to have a clear awareness of how language should be used in different types of situations

6、 especially in unfamiliar situations.3, what factors can result in differences in style ?Answer , 1, the different types of vocabulary create different images of the events in the reader s mind, so they can result in different ,people living indifferent periods of time in history will also speak dif

7、ferently ,and that willresult in a different style.Chapter21, explain the following terms1),foregrounding: the stylistically significant features have to be prominentand motivated ,that is ,foregrounded.2),incongruity:the linguistic features depart from the normal use oflanguage ,breaking the rules

8、grammar ,spelling ,pronunciation.3)deflection :the linguistic featuresdon t depart from the establishedgrammatical, lexical and logical rules and principles ,but have an unexpectedhigh frequency of occurrence.4),field;its concerned with what is happening ,including the subjectmatter,the events happe

9、nings,going-ons, the content ,etc5)tenor: its concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning -therelationship between the speaker and the listener ,their relativestatus,their attitude,and their role relations .6)mode:its concerned with how the interaction is conducted,that iswhether it

10、 is written or spoken ,or whether it is expressed by phonic substanceor graphic substance.2,question for discussion2)in rhetorical series,the number of items can influence the stylistic to analyze the causes on the basis of social culture.Answer :different numbers of words can produce different styl

11、istic effects inthe appropriate contexts. Two items express assertion ,that is ,it is just this ,not that .In appropriate situations three items can produce ethic ,persuasive, and representative effect. Four or more items in a seriesstress a large number of the concrete things ,and these can produce

12、 an imageryin the mind of the reader that the large amount of thingsconstitutes asignificant situation in which certain aspect are highlighted. Another functionof the rhetorical series is to use concrete items to highlight abstract concepts so that the abstract concept can be expressed in concrete ,

13、lively andvivid way to enhance the aesthetic value of language.3)what factors affect the writer s selection of words and styleAnswer : five criteria for the selection of words :whether they are familiar or not familiar, whether they are concrete or abstract, whether they are single or more ,whether

14、they are short and simple. Or long. Whether they are Anglo-saxon words or latin words .field,tenor ,mode affect the writer s selectionof style.4)what is the criterion used to classify wordsAnswer :we can use more systematic way to classify word according to registerand dialect .register:field,tenor

15、, mode .dialect:regional dialect,such asLondon dialect;social dialect such as dialect of age, race, dialect such as od English .5)through what channels can words be used to achieve transferred meaning?Answer :simile :x is like Y, eg as busy as bee. Metaphor: X is Y ,eg he is a pig.Synecdoche eg many

16、 hands represent the people who work with their hands .Metonymy eg purse represent money.Chapter3 1,explain the following terms 1),chiasmus:chiasmus is formed by inverting the word order of the second partof a parallel structure,so it forms a kind of antithetical structure. Eg:letus never negotiate

17、out of fear,but let us never fear to negotiate.2)antistrophe:it is the repetition of the same items but in invertedorder ,eg:what s polly to me,or me to polly?3)epizeuxis:it is a continuous repetition for high lighting a particular feature.4)ploce: the repetition is not continuous , but intermittent

18、 or dispersed in the text.5)loose sentence: put the major idea first and than the illustration .such a sentence is easy to grasp .6)periodic sentence:a periodicsentence can be used to createsuspense,orexpectation, thus drawing the listener s attention to the end of the can beused to produce humorous

19、 and emphatic effect .2,question for discussion1),there are many types of syntactic deflection ,but they have one thing in common :recurrence of structures. How is syntactic deflection classified?Answer :there are two type of syntactic deflection :the unexpected high frequency of occurrence of a cer

20、tain type of sentence; and the overregular occurrence of a particular pattern .2)the high frequency of occurrence of long and short sentence can create stylistic effect .apart from the difference in expressive meanings ,what are other characteristics of the two types of sentences?Answer : long sente

21、nces are good to provide the detailed descriptions ,and aregood to reveal the mental activities of the speaker .so they are used to produce a vivid, rich, exuberant, luxurious style. Short sentence： can produce direct ,terse ,concise ,clear effect or continuous ,compact ,swift effect ,sothat itcreat

22、escertainatmosphere , and leave a deep impression on thelisteners.3) why do writers oftenviolate the rule of grammar? What do we cal thisviolation?Answer: we call this violation syntactic incongruity .the violation of the grammatical rules can be used to produce certain stylistic effects. The so- ca

23、lled ungrammatical sentences are used to represent the different varieties of language according to register and dialect. In literary works, dialectical andpersonal features of speech are oftenusedto depict the personality ofthecharacters. In poetry, the poet often uses deviant grammatical structure

24、s to achievespecial effects, makes linesterseand concise, to make itrichinmeaning.4)what is the function of rhetorical questions?Answer: A rhetoricalquestion is to use the form of a questionin order toexpress a strong emotion or to emphasize a particular aspect. The function of inverted sentence is

25、to make a declarative sentence more powerful, to attractthe listener s attention, or to induce others sympathy. Arranged in parallelism, rhetorical questions can express strong emotions and increase thepersuasive power. A rhetorical question can also introduce the topic of the text.5) In what ways c

26、an we use inverted sentences to achieve emphatic effect?Answer: to change the normal word order can be used to produce some emphaticeffect. What is put to the initial part of the sentence is usually the focus of information of the clause and also the theme of he clause. So it is highlighted.Chapter4

27、 1 explain the following terms1)Synaesthesia:it refers to the factthatsounds s areattributedwithcertain values or esthetic features.It isvery casual,and supportedbysituational features and meaning.2) Alliteration:refers to the repetition of the initialsoundusuallyaconsonant, or a vowel at first posi

28、tion, in two or more words that occurclose together.3) Assonance: refers to the use of the same or relatedvowelsoundsinsuccessive words. It can create harmonious effect.4) Consonance: refers to the repetition of the last consonants of the stresses words at the end of the lines.2 questions for discus

29、sion1) What are the characteristic of spoken language and written language respectively?Answer: spoken language: 1 it can directly be accompanied by other non- linguistic means as the aid; 2 it is generally speaking not as formal as written language; 3 it permits errors in the process of production;

30、 4 it uses a particular grammar, a grammar characteristics of spoken language. 5 homophones can be used for special stylistic effects, such as pun; 6 some implications are best represented by special sound features; 7 sound feature can represent the feature of regional dialect or social dialect.Writ

31、ten language:1 as written language communication is usually not a direct one, but is delayed in time and at different places, the writer generally hastime to get wellprepared and revise the text beforehe sends it out to thereader;2 as space is limited, it has special grammatical features so as to pu

32、tmore meaning init .there are many nominalizationsto make sentencesintogroups;3 written language is often used in a more formal situation; 4 as time is enough, it is usually written in a more detailed and logical way;5 as written language is more purposeful, and for a single specific goal, it is usu

33、ally more constant and developed around a single subject.2) How many sound patterns do we have? What special stylistic effects can beachieved by them?which can create harmony,Answer: these sound patterns include alliteration connection and achieve special stylistic effects, assonance which can creat

34、e harmonious effect, and consonance3) What factors can influence graphological prominence? .Answer: there are three distinctive factors that can produce graphological prominence: marking, spacing and sequence. Marking refers to the use of written symbols to convey information; space is spacing arran

35、gement departing from this normal way of spacing can be used to achieve stylistic effects.4 In modern English, punctuation marks are patterned and standardized. How can we use punctuation marks for special stylistic purpose?Answer: period typically occurs at the end of a declarative sentence. If per

36、iod occurs in unexpected high frequency of occurrence, it often means that the text mainly functions to provide information; comma is used to mark the unit larger than a word, however,in Charles Dickens Dombey and Son, comma is used toindicate syllables; exclamation marks can be used to carry emotio

37、nal coloring, a mark of expressingspecial feelings;parenthesesare used forfurtherexplanation; the ellipsis of punctuation marks produces an illogical and nonsequential image.Chapter71 explain the following terms1 ) Guide: guide is the further explanation of the headline, it consists of six elements;

38、 location, character, event, mode, time, and cause.2 ) Nominalization:refers to a grammatical phenomenon in which the meaningwhich is normally expressed by a clause is here expressed by a phrase, so clause nominalization is normal. It is contracted.3 ) The highlighting method: from the productive po

39、int of view, the columnist can publish the whole story, or he can cut off some parts from the end. He can even cut off the main body.4 ) Meaning contraction: using the smallest form to get the most meaning.5 ) Journalese words: as new report requires the speaker to use the least form to get the most

40、 meaning, and it has to be fresh and attractive, so the words in news report is short and new.6 questions for discussion1) What are semantic features of news report?Answer:1 In terms of ideational meaning, apart from the semantic field of newsreport, it covers virtually all areas of meaning systems

41、;2 in terms of interpersonal meaning, it stresses objectivity;3 in terms of textual meaning, it has the feature of meaning contraction.3) Most of the headlines are elliptical sentences. Tell in what way ellipsis is best achieve in news report.Answer: most of the headlines are elliptical sentences. W

42、hat is omitted is: (a) subject-predicate (b) predicate (c) link verb or auxiliary verb4) How is meaning contraction of news report embodied in grammar?Answer: one feature of news report is meaning contraction, that is using the smallest form to get the most meaning .its grammatical feature are as fo

43、llows:(1) the nominalization of the processes (2)big noun phrases and complex modifications (3)as some of the pre-modifiers come from a separate clause, it is highly contracted .5) The concreteness contraction of news report is in contradiction to meaning contraction. Tell how this contradiction is

44、revolved in news report.Answer: besides itsauthenticityandobjectivity,newsreportshould alsoemphasize concretenessand detailedness.Therefore, thewriteroften givesbackground informationand details byusing parenthesis.Bydoing so, thewriter can provide concrete and detailed information and save space as

45、 well.6) ) What graphological means are used in news report? Analyze what effects are achieved by graphological means.Answer: grphological means are made in the typesetting, for example, headlinescan be arranged in such ways: 1 flush-left(itis made into asquare)2dropped-line(the length of the lineis

46、 the same, but dropped in abit eachtime) 3 short line followed by a long tome4 along line followed by ashort line5 concave form6 convex form .They canincreaseesthetic value and become more attractive.7) ) What are lexical features of news report? Why are many nonce words used innews report?Answer: l

47、exical feature: 1short and new-fashioned such acrisis ” intheUN faces crisis ofcredibility ”2 short journalesephrase suchaskeyissue ” in “ joblesswill be the key issue in 1993” .3nonce words, oftenblends such as Euromarket=European market.8) Why is there so much use of direct speech in news report?o

48、f news report.Answer: the use of direct speech can enhance the credibilityThe directly quoted speech can be regarded as basis of facts.9) ) What prominent devices are used in headlines in news report?Answer: alliteration allusion suspense etc.Chapter61 Explain the following terms1 ) time non-fluency

49、 :pauses in inappropriate positions within a phrase or groups position ,the use of um or er to delay the time ,the repetition of someexpressions ,such as be said be said be said.,2 ) Quality non-fluency: often the speaker cannot find the appropriate words toexpress himself, and he is striving for wo

50、rds, so he uses many inexactexpressions and even wrong expressions or wrong pronunciations to express himself.3 ) Adjacency pair: most of the sentences are declarative and interrogative sentences as they are mostly made up of questions and answers.4 ) Slot filling words: slot filling words are used

51、to fill in the pauses whenthe speaker strives for meaning as words, or when he or she strives to be politeness or lessen the degree of imprudence.5 question for discussion1) ) What are the characteristics of conversation from the perspective of semantics, grammar, vocabulary and phonology?Answer :se

52、mantic features:(1)the inexplicitness of meaning (2)the randomness ofsubject matter, and a general lack of planning (3)the lack of fluencyGrammatical features :(1)sentence complexity (2)verbal phrases(3)nominal phrases(4)the types of sentences (5)quoted elements. Lexical feature:(1)mostof the words

53、are short and simple Anglo-Saxon ones, (2)the choice of words islimited in scope or range (3)slang and colloquial words, taboowords ,exclamatory words are frequently used (4)some slot filling words ,suchas you know ,I mean,etc.(5)use exaggerated words and expressions.Phonological features :(1)use mo

54、re contractions for the unimportant information (2)the often try to express themselves in spite of the fact that the other is speaking (3)there are many emphatic ways of speech ,such as stress .2) How do you account for the inexplicitness of language in daily conversation?Answer: the inexplicitness(

55、1)lots of exophoric expressioof meanings manifested in the following aspects:n such as “ this “ is the tendency (2)there area lot of background informationmissing links between the utterances(3) missing.(4)many inexact expressions using general words for particular concepts(5)many incomplete express

56、ions.3) ) What are the features spontaneous commentary from the perspective of semantics, grammar, vocabulary and phonology?Answer: from the perspective of semantic features, if the listeners could also see the event while the commentary is delivered, there will be a lot of meaning implied or simply

57、 presupposed; but in a commentary without visual support on the part of the listeners, the commentator has to provide all the necessary information. In terms of syntactic structure, the sentences and the clauses are usually short as the commentator has no time to give detailed description of the eve

58、nt, and the sentences contain fewer words than usual. From the perspective of lexical features, the words are mostly simple in structure, theyare short and simple; they are mostly composed of verbs, and proper names; there might be specializedterms depending on the subjectmatter of thecommentary.From the perspective of phonological features, it is very fastand fl