2011高三英語(yǔ)第一輪總復(fù)習(xí) 專題五動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)專題學(xué)案 外研版

1、題五動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 高考一直側(cè)重對(duì)動(dòng)詞各種用法的考查，其中又以考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)為重中之重?？忌ㄟ^(guò)特定的語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行判斷，選擇使用正確的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)?？忌谌粘W(xué)習(xí)中要理解和區(qū)別各種時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)，注重將動(dòng)詞放在具體的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用。一、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(1) 表示習(xí)慣性或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 He writes to his parents once a month.他每月給父母寫一封信。She is always late for class. 她上課總是遲到。 (2) 表示客觀事實(shí)、普遍真理，特別是用于表示科學(xué)事實(shí)、客觀存在的事物和格言等。 The earth goes arou

2、nd the sun. 地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。 Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。 (3) 表示現(xiàn)階段存在的狀態(tài)。 I dont agree with you. 我不同意你的觀點(diǎn)。 The book is mine. 這本書是我的。 (4) 一些動(dòng)詞如:come，go，leave，arrive，return，start，begin等常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)意義上的時(shí)間，表示按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 The term starts at the beginning of September. 這個(gè)學(xué)期從九月份開(kāi)始。 (5) 在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)

3、。When he arrives, hell tell us all about the match. 當(dāng)他到的時(shí)候，他會(huì)告訴我們這場(chǎng)比賽的經(jīng)過(guò)。 I cant come unless my brother agrees. 我不能來(lái)，除非我哥哥同意。 2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)(1) 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或一段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生過(guò)的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 I wasnt in last night. 昨晚我不在家。 (2) 表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。 When he was a child, he often swam in the river. 當(dāng)他還是小孩兒的時(shí)候，經(jīng)常在這條河里游泳。 (3) 在條件從句中表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)?/p>

4、來(lái)事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。 If I were you, I wouldnt accept the offer. 如果我是你，我不會(huì)接受這個(gè)提議。 (4) 用于I wish, Id rather, Its (high) time后的that從句中，表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的事實(shí)相反的主觀設(shè)想。 Its time you went to bed. 你該睡覺(jué)了。 3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)(1) “will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形”表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀況。There will be a meeting at four. 4點(diǎn)鐘要開(kāi)會(huì)。They will fly to Beijing in three days.三天后他們將乘

5、飛機(jī)去北京。Youve left the light on. 你沒(méi)關(guān)燈。Oh, so I have. Ill go and turn it off. 噢，確實(shí)是。我這就去把它關(guān)掉。(2) “is/am/are going to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示說(shuō)話者明確地打算或根據(jù)某種跡象認(rèn)為要發(fā)生某事。They are going to hold a meeting to discuss it.他們打算開(kāi)個(gè)會(huì)來(lái)討論這件事。Look at the clouds. Its going to rain.看天上的云彩，要下雨了。(3) “is/am/are to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示計(jì)劃安排做某事或命令做某事。I am t

6、o meet Mr Brown at eleven this morning.我要在今天上午11點(diǎn)見(jiàn)布朗先生。You are to return the book before Friday.你務(wù)必在星期五之前歸還這本書。(4) “is/am/are about to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,但不可與將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如soon, tomorrow, immediately等。The meeting is about to begin. 會(huì)議就要開(kāi)始了。They are about to start. 他們即將動(dòng)身。4.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常見(jiàn)結(jié)

7、構(gòu)有：(1) would+動(dòng)詞原形(2) was/were going to+動(dòng)詞原形(3) was/were to+動(dòng)詞原形(4) was/were about to+動(dòng)詞原形5.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(1) 表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 I am waiting for the bus. 我正在等公共汽車。 (2) 表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。He is translating a book.他正在翻譯一本書。(3) 有些動(dòng)詞如:arrive, go, come, start, leave，stay，begin等的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。My grandmother is coming to see

8、 me next week. 我奶奶下周要來(lái)看我。 (4) 與always，constantly等時(shí)間副詞連用，表示不滿、抱怨或贊賞等情感。She is always finding fault with others.她老是挑別人的毛病。John is always thinking of others.約翰總是為別人著想。6.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(1) 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。I was reading a book when you came in. 你進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)我正在看書。(2) 表示過(guò)去某一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。He was writing a novel last year, but I

9、dont know whether he has finished it or not.他去年在寫一部小說(shuō)，但我不知道他是否已寫完。7.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)(1) 表示將來(lái)某時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。What will you be doing at this time next Monday?下星期一的這個(gè)時(shí)間你會(huì)在做什么？When he comes to my house tomorrow, I will be writing the report. 明天他來(lái)我家時(shí)，我將會(huì)在寫報(bào)告。(2) 表示預(yù)定的將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或?qū)?lái)的預(yù)測(cè)。I will be working in the department stor

10、e next month.下個(gè)月我將在這個(gè)百貨大樓里上班。After you take the medicine, you will be feeling much better.服藥之后你會(huì)感覺(jué)好得多。8.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(1) 表示到現(xiàn)在為止的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的情況或動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，可能是已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，也可以表示多次動(dòng)作的總和，或習(xí)慣性的行為。I have cut my finger. 我割破了手。Ive always walked to school. 我一直步行去學(xué)校。(2) 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去，這時(shí)常常與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。I ha

11、ve studied English for four years. 我學(xué)英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)有四年了。 He has lived in Shanghai since 1992. 自從1992年以來(lái)他一直住在上海。 (3) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用于將來(lái)的情況，即:主句為一般將來(lái)時(shí)，時(shí)間和條件從句中的謂語(yǔ)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示將來(lái)某時(shí)刻完成的動(dòng)作。Ill lend the magazine to you as soon as Ive finished reading it. 我一看完這本雜志就借給你。9.過(guò)去完成時(shí)(1) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作或時(shí)間之前，另一個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，它強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。 When I go

12、t to the airport, the flight had taken off.當(dāng)我到達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng)時(shí)，飛機(jī)已經(jīng)起飛了。He told me he had finished all the work.他告訴我他已完成了所有的工作。By the end of that month Jack had collected more than a hundred foreign stamps. 到那個(gè)月底，杰克已收集了一百多張外國(guó)郵票。 (2) 在由if, if only, as if, as though, Id rather, I wish等引導(dǎo)的從句中，表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的主觀愿望或想法。 If

13、the driver had been careful enough, all the passengers would be safe now. 如果這個(gè)司機(jī)能足夠小心，那么所有的乘客現(xiàn)在就都安全了。(3) intend，mean，hope，want，think，plan等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)可表示一種未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或想法。 They had wanted to come to help us, but couldnt get here in time.他們本想來(lái)幫助我們，但沒(méi)能及時(shí)趕到這里。10.將來(lái)完成時(shí)將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某個(gè)日期或某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前，另一個(gè)動(dòng)作將要結(jié)束。Theyll have

14、 hit the years target by the end of October. 到十月份末他們將會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)年度目標(biāo)。By next month I will have studied German for just two years. 到下個(gè)月我學(xué)德語(yǔ)正好兩年了。11.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能仍然在進(jìn)行，也可能停止了一會(huì)兒。She is ill. Shes been lying in the bed for two weeks. 她病了，已經(jīng)臥床兩個(gè)星期了。We have been looking for you for

15、an hour.我們找了你一個(gè)小時(shí)了。12.過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前開(kāi)始，到過(guò)去某一時(shí)間仍在進(jìn)行或剛剛結(jié)束，必須以某一特定的過(guò)去時(shí)間為前提。He told me he had been writing the paper for one month. 他告訴我他寫論文已經(jīng)一個(gè)月了。 I had been ringing outside for half an hour before she called me in. 在她叫我進(jìn)去之前，我已經(jīng)在外面等了半個(gè)小時(shí)了。二、動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種：一是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，二是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，則為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)

16、作的承受者，則為被動(dòng)動(dòng)態(tài)。 1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主要由“助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成；而時(shí)態(tài)則由助動(dòng)詞的各種變化來(lái)表示，要注意助動(dòng)詞be的時(shí)態(tài)必須與相應(yīng)的主動(dòng)句保持一致。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)還可以由get構(gòu)成，這也是高考試題中常出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)之一。John was fired last week. 約翰上周被解雇了。My finger got badly burnt, now it becomes swollen. 我的手指被傷得很重，現(xiàn)在腫起來(lái)了?？膳cget相搭配的過(guò)去分詞有：broken, burnt, killed, hurt, washed, lost, confused, marri

17、ed, dressed, divorced, engaged等。 2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)： is (am, are)+過(guò)去分詞一般過(guò)去時(shí)： was (were)+過(guò)去分詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： is (am, are)+being+過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)： was (were) +being+過(guò)去分詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： have (has)+been+過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去完成時(shí)： had +been+過(guò)去分詞一般將來(lái)時(shí)： shall (will)+be+過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)： should (would)+be +過(guò)去分詞3. 主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)的幾種情況:(1) 不及物動(dòng)詞與狀語(yǔ)連用，用以表示主語(yǔ)的品質(zhì)和狀態(tài)。常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞

18、有：cut，sell，read，write，cook，lock，wash，drive，keep等。These books sell well. 這些書銷售得不錯(cuò)。The pen writes smoothly. 這支筆寫起來(lái)很流暢。Meat wont keep long in such hot weather. 肉在這樣熱的天氣里不宜久放。(2) 連系動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)式形容詞。常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）有:look，smell，taste，sound，feel，turn out等。The apples taste good. 這些蘋果很好吃。The flower smells wonderful.這花聞起來(lái)很

19、香。Cotton feels soft. 棉花摸起來(lái)很柔軟。(3) 不定式用在某些形容詞之后，且與主語(yǔ)有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。常見(jiàn)形容詞有：hard，difficult，easy，heavy，fit，good，comfortable，convenient等。The question is difficult to answer. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題難以回答。The box is heavy to carry.這個(gè)盒子搬著很沉。例1:Why does the lake smell terrible? -Because large quantities of water .（2009·福建）A. have p

20、olluted B. is being pollutedC. has been polluted D. have been polluted解析：選D?？疾閯?dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)和主謂語(yǔ)一致。根據(jù)前一分句可知,所填動(dòng)詞表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響，故時(shí)態(tài)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主語(yǔ)是large quantities of water，其中心詞是quantities，為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),故選D。例2:According to the literary review, Shakespeare his characters live through their langu

21、age in his plays. （2009·福建）A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes解析:選D?？疾閯?dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。題干是陳述一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),故選D。例3:Would you please keep silent? The weather report and I want to listen.（2009·湖南）A. is broadcast B. is being broadcastC. has been broadcast D. had been broadcast解析:選B?？疾闀r(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意為：

22、請(qǐng)保持安靜行嗎? 我想聽(tīng)正在播放的天氣預(yù)報(bào)。說(shuō)話時(shí)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí),同時(shí)表示被動(dòng)含義。故選B。例4:The food here is nice enough.My friend me a right place.（2009·湖南）A. Introduces B. introducedC. had introduced D. was introducing解析:選B?？疾闀r(shí)態(tài)的用法。句意為：這里的食物不錯(cuò)。我的朋友給我介紹了一個(gè)正確的地方。表示過(guò)去的行為。例5:I was out of town at the time, so I dont know exactly how

23、it . （2009·山東）A. was happening B. happenedC. Happens D. has happened 解析:選B?？疾榫唧w語(yǔ)境中的時(shí)態(tài)，后半句隱藏的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是at the time。例6:This is the first time we a film in the cinema together as a family. （2009·陜西）A. See B. had seen C. saw D. have seen解析:選D?？疾閯?dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)?！癟his is the+序數(shù)詞+time”引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。故選D。例7:Why