語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程復(fù)習(xí)題與答案

1、語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程復(fù)習(xí)題與答案（胡壯麟版第一章）Chapter IIn troduct ionI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage.2. Lin guistics studies particular Ian guage, not Ian guages in gen eral.3. A scientific study of Ianguage is ba

2、sed on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on Ianguage facts and checked aga inst the observed facts.5. Gen eral lin guistics is gen erally the study of Ian guage as a whole.6. Gen eral lin guistics, which relates itself to the research of other

3、 areas,studies the basic con cepts, theories, descripti ons, models and methods applicable in any lin guistic study. 7.7. Phon eticsisdiffere ntfrom phono logyin that the latter studies thecomb in ati ons of the sounds to con vey meaning in com muni catio n.8. Morphology studies how words can be for

4、med to produce meanin gful senten ces.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the comb in ati on of morphemes into words and words into senten ce

5、s.11. The study of meaning in Ianguage is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning notin isolatio n, but in con text.14. Social changes can often bring about Ianguage changes.15. Sociolinguistics

6、 is the study of Ianguage in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of Ianguage is the description of Ianguage at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regard

7、s the written Ianguage as primary, not the writtenIan guage.20. The disti nctionbetwee n compete nee and performa neewas proposed by F.deSaussure.II. Fill in each of the followingblanks with one word which begins with the lettergive n:21. Chomsky defi nes“ compete nee ” as the ideal user s k of the

8、rulesof his Ian guage.22. La ngue refers to the alin guistic system shared by all the membersof a speech com munity while the parole is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and applicati on of the rules.23. Dis one of the desig n features of huma n Ian guage which refers to the pheno 廣告網(wǎng)址 n that I

9、anguage consists of two levels: a lower level of meaninglessin dividual sounds and a higher level of meanin gful un its.24. Lan guage is a system of a vocal symbols used for huma n com muni cati on.25. The discipli ne that studies the rules gover ning the formati on of words intopermissible sentence

10、s in Ian guages is called s.26. Huma n capacity for Ian guage has a gbasis, but the details of Ian guagehave to be taught and lear ned.27. Prefers to the realizati on of Ian gue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of somepractical problems. The stu

11、dy of such applicati onsis gen erally known as alin guistics.29. Lan guage is p in that it makes possible the con struct ionin terpretati on of new sig nals by its users .In other words, they can produce and un dersta nd an infin itely large nu mber of sentences which they have n ever heard before.3

12、0. Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the sstudy of Ian guage.III. There are four choices following each statement.Mark the choice that cancomplete the stateme nt.31. If a linguisticstudy describes and analyzes the Ianguage people actuallyit is said to be.A.prescriptiveB.an alyticdescriptiveD. l

13、i nguistic 32.Which of the follow ing is not adesig n feature of huma n Ian guage?A. Arbitrari nessB.B.Displaceme ntDualityD. Meaningfuln ess33. Moder n lin guistics regards the writte n Ian guage as.A. primaryB. correctC. sec on daryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more bas

14、ic than writing, because . A. in lin guistic evoluti on, speech is prior to writ ingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information con veyed. C. speech is always the way in which every n ative speaker acquires his mother ton gueD. All of the above_ study of Ian gua

15、ge.B. diachronicC.andbestuse.C.C.35. A historical study of Ian guage is aA. synchroniccomparative36.Saussure took a (n)from apoint of view.A. sociological psychologicalC. applied pragmatic37. Accord ing to F. de Saussure,by all the members of a speech com mun ity.A. paroleB. performa neeC. la ngueD.

16、 Lan guage38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connectionbetweenand meanin gs.view of Ianguage,prescriptiveD.while Chomsky looks atsociologicalIan guageB. psychologicalD.semantic and linguisticrefers to the abstract lin guistic system sharedA. senseB. sounds C. objectsD.

17、ideas39. Lan guage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the immediate situati onsof the speaker. This feature is called,A. displaceme nt B. duality40. The details of any Ianguage system ,rather tha n by in sti net.C. booksC. flexibilityD. cultural tran smissi onis passed on from one genera

18、tionto then extthroughA. lear ningB. teach ingIV. Define the following terms: 41. Lin guistics42.Psycholi nguistics46.Morphology 49.Sema ntics 52.Arbitrari ness53D. both A and B43. Sy ntaxLanguage 47.50. Socioli nguisticsProductivity 54. Displaceme ntPhono logy44.51.PragmaticsPhon etics45.48.Applied

19、Lin guistics55.Duality56.Desig n Features 57. Compete nee58 Performa nee59. Lan gue60 ParoleV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustrati on if n ecessary:61. Lan guage is gen erally defi ned as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols usedforhuma n com mu

20、n icatio n. Expla in it in detail.62. What are the design features of human Ianguage? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is moder n lin guistics differe nt from traditi onal grammar?64. Howdo you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern ling

21、uisticsregard the spoken form of Ianguage as primary, notthe writte n?66. What are the major dist inctions betwee n Ian gue and parole?67. How do you un dersta nd compete nee and performa nee ?68. Saussure s distinction between Iangue and parole seems similar to Chomskys disti nctio nbetwee n compet

22、e nee and performa nee. What do you th ink are their majordiffere nces?69. Do you think human Ianguage is entirely arbitrary? Why?I. Decide whether each of the follow ing stateme nts is True or False:I.T 2.F3.F4.T5.T6.F7.T8.F9.T10.F11.T 12.T13.T14.T15.T16.F17.T18.F19.F20.FII. Fill in each of the fol

23、low ing bla nks with one word which begi ns with the Ietter give n: 21. kn owledge22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax26.ge netic27. Parole28. applied29. productive 30. scie ntif ic (or systematic)III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can32.D33.C34.D

24、35.B36.A37.best complete the stateme nt. 3l.CC 38.B39.A40.DIV. Define the follow ing terms: 41.Lin guistics: Lin guistics is gen erallydefi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage. 42.Phono logy: The study of howsounds are put together and used in com muni catio n is called phono logy.43.Syn tax:

25、The study of how morphemes and words are comb ined to form sentencesis called syn tax. 44.Pragmatics:The study of meaning in con text of use is calledpragmatics. 45.Psycholi nguistics: The study of Ian guage with reference tothe work ings of mind is called psycholi nguistics. 46.Lan guage: Lan guage

26、 isa system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n com muni catio n.47.Phon etics: The study of sounds which are used in lin guistic com muni cati on iscalled phonetics.48.Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes arearranged to form words is called morphology. 49.Semantics: The study

27、ofmeaning in Ian guage is called sema ntics.50.Socioli nguistics: The studyof Ianguage with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.51. Applied lin guistics: In a n arrow sen se, applied lin guistics refers to theapplication of linguistic principles and theories to Ianguage teaching and lear

28、ning, especially the teaching of foreign and second Ianguages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problemssuch as the recovery of speech ability. 52.Arbitrari ness: It is one ofthe design features of Ianguage. It means that there is no

29、logical connection between meanings and sounds 53. Productivity:Language is productive or creative inthat it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by itsusers. 54.Displaceme nt: Displaceme nt means that Ian guage can be used torefer to things which are prese nt or not pr

30、ese nt, real or imag ined matters in thepast, prese nt, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, la nguage can beused to refer to con texts removed from the immediate situati ons of the speaker55. Duality: The dualitynature of Ianguage means that Ianguage is a system, whichcon sists of two

31、sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanin gs.56.Desig n features: Desig n features refer to the defi ningproperties of huma n Ian guage that dist in guish it from any ani mal system of com muni catio n57.Compete nee: Chomsky defi nes compete nee as the ideal userskno wl

32、edge of the rules of his Ian guage, 58.Performa nee: performa nee is theactual realizati on of the kno wl-edge of the rules in lin guistic com muni cati on.59. Ian gue : Lan gue refers to the abstract lin guistic system shared by all the members of a speech com muni ty; Lan gue is the set of conven

33、ti ons and rules which Ian guage users all have to follow; Lan gue is relatively stable, it does not cha nge freque ntly60.Parole: Parole refers to the realizati on of langue in actual use; parole is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and the applic ation of the rules; parole varies from person

34、to person, and from situation tosituatio n.V. An swer the followi ng questi ons as comprehe nsively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Lan guage is gen erally defi ned as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols usedfor huma n com mun icati on. Expla in it in detail.First of all

35、, la nguage is a system, because eleme nts of Ian guage are comb ined accord ing to rules. Secon dly, la n guage is arbitrary because there is no in tri nsic connection betwee n form and meaning, or betwee n the sig n and what it sta nds for. Different Ian guages have different words for the same ob

36、ject in the world. This fact is a good illustra tion of the arbitrary nature of Ianguage. This also explains the symbolic natu re of Ian guage: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, acti ons, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primar y medium is so

37、und for all Ian guages, no matter how well - developed their writ ing systems are.The term huma n in the defi niti on in dicates that la nguage is possessed by huma n beings only and is very differe nt from the com muni cati on systems of other livi ng creatures. The term com mun icatio n means that

38、 lang uage makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their c ommun icative n eeds.62. What are the desig n features of huma n Ian guage? Illustrate them with exa mples. 1) Arbitrari nessAs men ti oned earlier, the arbitrary property of Ianguage means that there is no logical

39、connection betwee n meanings and soun ds. F or in sta nee, there is no n ecessary relati on ship betwee n the word elepha nt and the ani mal it symbolizes. In additi on, differe nt sounds are used to refer to t he same object in differe nt la nguages, and even with in the same Ian guage, the same so

40、und does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitatio n of sounds by sou n ds, such as crash, bang in En glish. Besides, some compo und words are also not en tirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited

41、 in nu mber. The arbitrary n ature of Ian guage makes it possible for Ian guage to have an uni imited source of expressi ons. 2) ProductivityLan guage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con struct ion and in terpretati on of new si gn als by its users. This is why they can produ

42、ce and un dersta nd an infin itely large nu mber of senten ces, in cludi ng senten ces that they have n ever said or he ard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before. Pro ductivity is unique to huma n Ian guage. Most ani mal com mun icati on systems appea r to be highly r

43、estricted with respect to the nu mber of differe nt sig nals thattheir users can send and receive. 3) DualityThe duality n ature of Ian guage means that la nguage is a system, which con sists of two sets of structure, o r two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanin gs. At the lower or the bas

44、ic level, there is the structure of soun ds, which are meanin gless, discrete, i n dividual soun ds. But the sounds of Ian guage can be comb ined accord ing to rule s into un its of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher leve I, can be arran ged into senten ces. This duality of st

45、ructure or double articul ati on of Ian guage en ables its users to talk about anything with in their kno wle dge. No ani mal com mun icati on system has duality or eve n comes n ear to possessi ng it. 4) Displaceme ntDisplaceme nt mea ns that Ian guage can be used to refe r to things which are pres

46、e nt or not prese nt, real or imagi ned matters in the past, prese nt, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, la nguage canbe used to refer to con texts removed from the immediate situatio ns of the spea ker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situa tion.

47、5) Cultural tran smissi onHuma n beings were born with the ability toacquire Ian guage, but the details of any Ian guage are not gen etically tran smit ted or passed dow n byin st inct. They have to be taught and lear ned,but animalcall systems are gen etically tran smitted.63. How is modern linguis

48、tics different from traditional grammar?Traditional gram-mar is prescriptive; it is based on high (religious, literary)written Ianguage. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on langu age users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; It collects authentic, a nd mainly spoke n Ian guage dat

49、a and the n it studies and describes the data in an objective and scie ntific way.64. How do you un dersta nd the disti ncti on betwee n a synchronic study and a diachronic study? The description of a Ianguage at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a Ianguage as it changes t

50、hrough time is a diachr onic study. A synchronic study of Ian guage describes a Ian gua ge as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachr onic study of Ian guage is the study of the historical developme nt of Ian guage over a per iod of time.65. Why does moder n lin guistics regard the sp

51、oke n form of Ian guage as primary,n ot the writte n?First, the spoke n form is prior to the writ-te n formand most writi ng systems are derived from the spoke n form of Ian guage. Se cond, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the am ount of in formati on con veyed and it se

52、rves a wider range of purposes Final ly, the spoke n form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tong ue.66. What are the major disti nctions betwee n Ian gue and parole?The dist inction betwee n Ian gue, and parole was made by the famous lin guist Ferd inand deSaussure early this cen tur

53、y. Lan gue refers to the abstract lin guistic system shared by all the members of a speech com muni ty, and parole refers tothe realization of Iangue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventionsand rules which Ianguage users all have to follow while parole is the conerete use of the conventions a

54、nd the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the Ian guage people actually use, but parole is con crete;it refers to the naturally occurring Ianguage events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to pers on, and from situati on

55、to situati on.67. How do you un dersta nd compete nee and performa nee?America n lin guist N.Chomsky in the late 1950 s proposed the disti nction betwee n compete nee and performa nee. Chomsky defi nes compete nee as the ideal user s kno wledge ofthe rules of his Ian guage. This intern alized set of

56、 rules en ables the Ian guage user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentenc es and recog nize sentences that are un grammatical and ambiguous. Accord ing to Chomsky,performa nee is the actual realizatio n of this kno wledge in lin guistic com muni cati on. Although the speaker

57、 s kno wledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performa nces may have mistakes because of social and p sychological factors such as stress, embarrassme nt, etc. Chomsky believes that what lin guists should study is the compete nee, which is systematic, not the performa nee, which is too haphazard.68. Saussure s distinction between Iangue and parole seems similar to Chomskys disti nction betwee n compete nee and performa nee. What do you thi nk are their major differences?Although