公約常優(yōu)秀詞

1、PerpendicularIn force, bring into force, take into forceProjectedIn questionCorrespond toCorresponding to, in accordance with Rake of keel, slope, inclinationRespectivelyPermeabilitySingular pluralPenetrateEquilibrium, equal, equalityEstimateIn the aggregate a totalIn addition to the requirements co

2、ntained in this regulation DedicatedDouble side skinAsbestosSubsequent structural alternationsKeep on board a shipEmbarkation disembarkationMain power, emergency, transitional, backupTo the satisfaction of sbSpecial consideration should be given toWhere appropriateXXX subjected to internal pressureS

3、pecified in paragraph XXXXXXXXTake into accountFatigue criteriaPulsating pressures due to dynamic loadOver 230mm diameter in way of tillerSteering gear compartmentAs far as practicableOperate simultaneouslyImplementation and application of the regulations CorridorKnights and dames的用法分析英文論文中“ such as

4、, for example, e.g., i.e., etc., et al.黃龍旺 龔漢忠（上海交通大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)編輯部，200030,上海）在英文論文的編輯加工中，常會(huì)遇到such as, for example, e. g. , i. e. , etc. 和et al.的錯(cuò)誤及 混淆使用。這里，舉例分析這幾個(gè)詞的意義，并闡述其正確用法。1) such as。常列舉同類(lèi)人或事物中的幾個(gè)例子。其典型的表示式為 a plural + such as + single instance( s) of the group to which the plural refers。正確使用的是：The Art

5、s Faculty deals only with humanities subjects such as history and literature.混淆使用的是:The Scienee Faculty deals only with the measurable such as physics and seismology.論文中常出現(xiàn)such as與and so on或etc.連用，這是不正確的。 如 It is no ted that the features such as clea n cut ratio deno ted byRc , die roll heightdenote

6、d by Hdr and die roll width denoted by Wdr , and so on (有的出現(xiàn) etc.) , are better than the ones with the other models.應(yīng)為 It is no ted that the features, such as clea n cut ratio deno ted by Rc , die roll height denoted by Hdr and die roll width denoted by Wdr , are better than the ones with the other

7、models.當(dāng)使用such as時(shí)，讀者已理解后面接著的會(huì)是一些不完整的列舉，因此不需加上and so on或etc.等。 因?yàn)閟uch as是對(duì)前面的復(fù)數(shù)名詞部分起列舉作用，若全部列舉出，要改用namely,意思為即”。文章中出現(xiàn)的 He knows four languages, such as Chinese, English, Japanese and German,應(yīng)將 such as 改成 namely(或 i. e.)及后面加逗號(hào),即 He knows four Ianguages, n amely, Chin ese, En glish, Japa nese and Germ

8、a n. 用such as來(lái)形容復(fù)數(shù)名詞(the plural)可以放在such與as中間，一般插在被列舉事物與前 面的名詞之間。2) for example。用來(lái)舉例說(shuō)明，由它引出介紹普遍概念的例子，使用范圍要比such as自由。 可以出現(xiàn)在句首、句末或有時(shí)可作為獨(dú)立語(yǔ)，插在句中，不影響句子其他部分的語(yǔ)法關(guān)系。例女口 , Cryptography operations, for example, decryption or signing, in a given period only invo Ive the corresp onding temporary secret key wit

9、hout further access to the helper.同樣for example ( e. g.)表示泛泛地舉幾個(gè)例子，并沒(méi)有囊括所有的實(shí)例，其中就已經(jīng)包含 等 等”如果再加etc.或and so on,就畫(huà)蛇添足了。女口論文中出現(xiàn)的這句話是不當(dāng)?shù)?：Writ ing in structors focus on a nu mber of complex skills that require exte nsive practice (e. g. , orga ni zati on, clear expressi on, I ogical thinking, etc. 正確的 為

10、e. g. , organization, clear expression, and logical thinking.3) e. g.。是拉丁文exempli gratia的縮寫(xiě)，意思是 舉個(gè)例子，比如”等同于“for example目”的是 用例子來(lái)說(shuō)明前面的觀點(diǎn)，用法與for example相同。4) i. e.。源于拉丁語(yǔ)，是id est的簡(jiǎn)略形式。其意思就是 那就是說(shuō)，換句話說(shuō)”等同于“that is,ri other words和“ namely 目的是用來(lái)進(jìn)一步解釋前面所說(shuō)的觀點(diǎn)。正確的用法是 Use a comma to enclose ( i. e. , both befo

11、re and after) the year in a month day year seque nee. 而文章中出現(xiàn)的這句 The evaluati on no ted that the employee had freque ntly exhibited irresponsible behavior ( i. e. , coming to work late, failing to complete projects), 應(yīng) 該用“e. g.而不是用“i. e”因?yàn)椴迦刖涫菍?duì)“irresponsible behavior的歹”舉補(bǔ)充。5) etc.。是et cetera的縮寫(xiě),意思是 等

12、等”相當(dāng)于“and so on。可用來(lái)列舉事物，若要列舉人， 則需用et al.或用and others 。6) et al.。是拉丁文簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)。其一為 et alibi (以及其他地方),相當(dāng)于and elsewhere;其二為et alii (以及其他人),相當(dāng)于and others 0hyphe n 連字符An gle bracket BraceFrench quotes 法文引號(hào)；書(shū)名號(hào). ellipsis 省略號(hào)tandem colon 雙點(diǎn)號(hào)ditto 同上II parallel 雙線號(hào)/ virgule斜線號(hào)& ampersand = andswung dash 代字號(hào) sectio

13、n; division 分節(jié)號(hào)f arrow 箭號(hào)；參見(jiàn)號(hào)+ plus加號(hào)；正號(hào)min us 減號(hào)；負(fù)號(hào)士 plus or minus 正負(fù)號(hào)x is multiplied by 乘號(hào)* is divided by 除號(hào)=is equal to 等于號(hào)工is not equal to 不等于號(hào)=is equivale nt to 全等于號(hào)幻 is equal to or approximately equal to等于或約等于號(hào) is approximately equal to 約等于號(hào)v is less than 小于號(hào) is more than大于號(hào) is not more than不大

14、于號(hào) is more than or equal to大于或等于號(hào)% per cent 百分之%o per mill 千分之x infin ity無(wú)限大號(hào)x varies as 與成比例V (square) root 平方根/ since; because 因?yàn)?hence 所以:equals, as (proportion)等于，成比例/ angle 角c semicircle 半圓O circle 圓Ocircumfere nee圓周n pi圓周率 trian gle 三角形丄 perpendicular to 垂直于U union of 并，合集A intersection of 交，通

15、集/ the integral of 的積分 E (sigma) summation of總禾口 degree 度mi nute 分second 秒# number 號(hào)C Celsius system 攝氏度 at單價(jià)x是x prime(比如轉(zhuǎn)置矩陣)x是 x double-prime+ plus力口號(hào)；正號(hào)-mi nus減號(hào)；負(fù)號(hào) plus or minus 正負(fù)號(hào)x is multiplied by 乘號(hào)-is divided by除號(hào)=is equal to等于號(hào)豐 is not equal to 不等于號(hào)= is equivale nt to全等于號(hào)= is equal to or a

16、pproximately equal to等于或約等于號(hào) is approximately equal to 約等于號(hào)v is less tha n小于號(hào) is greater tha n大于號(hào) is n ot more tha n不大于號(hào)w is less than or equal to小于或等于號(hào) is more than or equal to大于或等于號(hào)% per cent 百分之%oper mill千分之g infinity無(wú)限大號(hào)x varies as 與成比例V (square) root 平方根since; because 因?yàn)?hence 所以:equals, as (pr

17、oport ion)等于，成比例/an gle 角c semicircle 半圓O circle 圓O circumferenee 圓周n pi圓周率 trian gle三角形丄perpe ndicular to垂直于U union of 并，合集A in tersectio n of 交，通集/ the integral of 的積分刀 （sigma） summati on of總禾口 degree 度mi nute分second秒CCelsius system 攝氏度 ope n brace, ope n curly左花括號(hào) close brace, close curly右花括號(hào)（ op

18、e n paren thesis, ope n paren 左圓括號(hào)） close paren thesis, close paren 右圓括號(hào)（）brakets/ pare ntheses括號(hào)ope n bracket 左方括號(hào)close bracket 右方括號(hào)square brackets 方括號(hào). period, dot 句號(hào)， 點(diǎn)| vertical bar, vertical virgule豎線& ampersa nd, and, referen ce, ref禾口，弓丨用* asterisk, multiply, star, poin ter星號(hào)，乘號(hào)，星，指針/ slash,

19、divide, oblique 斜線，斜杠，除號(hào)/ slash -slash, comment雙斜線，注釋符# pound 井號(hào)backslash, sometimes escape反斜線轉(zhuǎn)義符，有時(shí)表示轉(zhuǎn)義符或續(xù)行符 tilde 波浪符.full stop 句號(hào),comma 逗號(hào):colon 冒號(hào);semico Ion分號(hào)? questi on mark 問(wèn)號(hào)! exclamation mark （ 英式英語(yǔ)）exclamation point （ 美式英語(yǔ)）apostrophe 撇號(hào)-hyphe n 連字號(hào)-dash破折號(hào). dots/ ellipsis 省略號(hào) sin gle quota

20、ti on marks 單弓 I號(hào) double quotati on marks雙弓 I號(hào)II parallel 雙線號(hào)& ampersa nd = and swung dash 代字號(hào) section; division 分節(jié)號(hào)arrow 箭號(hào)；參見(jiàn)號(hào)英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)的 dash 與hyphen來(lái)源：何夕的日志dashhyphenl cm dash flQff cndashdashendash H *1比HI字身略寬;比曙于兩個(gè)箸于三介椿當(dāng)亍中丈中婦字致略短曾md辭h1tm dash當(dāng)于中文對(duì)開(kāi)踐主耍 功能等同于中文的破折號(hào)餛下文)侃下處篩同于中文的靈止呂下面我們逐一介紹表中各標(biāo)號(hào)在英文中的使用方

21、法。em dash英文中1-em dash最常見(jiàn)，通常簡(jiǎn)稱為 em dash。em dash的基本功能等同于中文的破折號(hào)。使用破折號(hào)的場(chǎng)合，中英文基本一樣，具體場(chǎng)合可查閱國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T 15834 1995中4.10.24.10.5的說(shuō)明，以及其他有關(guān)著作(如林穗芳著標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)學(xué)習(xí)與應(yīng)用，張道真著實(shí)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法)。這些書(shū)籍中對(duì)于破折號(hào)的使用論述得十分具體，無(wú)須本文贅述。這里主要想提醒編著者使用 em dash時(shí)必須注意的地方，也就是中英文破折號(hào)的小異”我國(guó)出版的英語(yǔ)書(shū)刊中，使用em dash時(shí)，以下兩種錯(cuò)誤最常見(jiàn)。1. 誤用二字長(zhǎng)的中文破折號(hào)代替英文破折號(hào)em dash。須注意，em dash顧名思義，長(zhǎng)度應(yīng)該與m字母差不多(與大寫(xiě) M寬度相當(dāng))，只有一個(gè)字長(zhǎng)。2. em dash前后不要留空，有些作品在其前后各留一個(gè)字母的空位是不規(guī)范的。這一點(diǎn)與中文破折號(hào)用法一樣。2- em dash主要用于表示單詞中省略了字母。例如：Hh ( Hirsch ?)We ha a copy in the library.注意：第一個(gè)例子中2-em dash前后不留空，因?yàn)槭÷缘氖且粋€(gè)單詞的中間部分。第二個(gè)例子中省略的