R180柴油機(jī)曲軸工藝設(shè)計(jì)及夾具設(shè)計(jì)課程畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯@中英文翻譯@外文翻譯

中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院 本科畢業(yè) 設(shè)計(jì) 外文資料翻譯 系 別： 工程技術(shù)系 專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 姓 名： 劉慶鵬 學(xué) 號： 05211602 年 月 日 外文資料翻譯 原文 R180 柴油機(jī)曲軸工藝設(shè)計(jì)及夾具設(shè)計(jì) 一、 研究目的及意義 曲軸是柴油機(jī)的關(guān)鍵零部件之一，主要用于往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)械中，與連桿配合將 作用在活塞上的氣體壓力變?yōu)樾D(zhuǎn)的動(dòng)力。而隨著機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)逐漸成為當(dāng)今主流，傳統(tǒng)的制造工藝已經(jīng)不能滿足人們的需求。結(jié)合實(shí)際進(jìn)行理論分析，在保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，提高生產(chǎn)效率，降低生產(chǎn)成本的的前提下，對 R180 柴油機(jī)曲軸工藝進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)。 二、 R180 曲軸工藝現(xiàn)狀 從目前的整體水平來看， R180 柴油機(jī)曲軸基本都是兩種材質(zhì)：一是鋼鍛曲軸；二是球墨鑄鐵曲軸。根據(jù)材質(zhì)選擇的不同，其生產(chǎn)方式也不同。為了保證生產(chǎn)精度，鑄造方式生產(chǎn)的曲軸已經(jīng)廣泛運(yùn)用于 R180 柴油機(jī)的運(yùn)行。球墨鑄鐵具有良好的切削性能，并且可以進(jìn)行各種熱處理以及表 面強(qiáng)化處理，故球墨鑄鐵被廣泛運(yùn)用于曲軸的生產(chǎn)。但是，曲軸毛坯的鑄造工藝生產(chǎn)效率低下，工藝裝備參差不齊，性能不夠穩(wěn)定、精度低、報(bào)廢率高居不下，這一系列的問題都需要優(yōu)化。 從目前整體水平來看 , 毛坯的鑄造工藝存在生產(chǎn)效率低，工藝裝備落后，毛坯機(jī)械性能不穩(wěn)定、精度低、廢品率高等問題。從以下幾個(gè)工藝環(huán)節(jié)采取措施對提高曲軸質(zhì)量具有普遍意義。熔煉 國內(nèi)外一致認(rèn)為 ,高溫低硫純凈鐵水的獲得是生產(chǎn)高質(zhì)量球鐵的關(guān)鍵所在。為獲得高溫低硫磷的純凈鐵水，可用沖天爐熔化鐵水，經(jīng)爐外脫硫，然后在感應(yīng)電爐中升溫并調(diào)整成分。球化處理 孕育處理 沖天爐熔化球鐵原鐵水 ,對銅鉬合金球鐵采用二次孕育。這對于防止孕育衰退，改善石墨形態(tài)，細(xì)化石墨及保證高強(qiáng)度球鐵機(jī)械性能具有重要作用。合金化 配合好銅和鉬的比例對形成珠光體組織十分有利 ,可提高球鐵的強(qiáng)度 ,而且銅和鉬還可大大降低球鐵件對壁厚的敏感性。 造型工藝 氣流沖擊造型工藝優(yōu)于粘土砂造型工藝，可獲得高精度的曲軸鑄件，該工藝制作的砂型具有無反彈變形量的特點(diǎn) ,這對于多拐曲軸尤為重要。澆注冷卻工藝 采用立澆 立冷，斜澆 斜冷、斜澆 反斜冷三種澆注方式較為理想 ,其中后一種最好。斜澆 反斜冷的優(yōu)點(diǎn) 是：型腔排氣充分，鐵水充型平穩(wěn)，澆注系統(tǒng)撇渣效果好，冒口對鑄件的補(bǔ)縮效果好，適應(yīng)大批量流水線生產(chǎn)。 目前，國內(nèi)大部分專業(yè)廠家普遍采用普通機(jī)床和專用組合機(jī)床組成的流水線生產(chǎn)，生產(chǎn)效率、自動(dòng)化程度較低。曲軸的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)項(xiàng)目仍與國外相差 1 2 個(gè)數(shù)量級。國外的機(jī)加工工藝大致可歸納為如下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)。廣泛采用數(shù)控技術(shù)和自動(dòng)線，生產(chǎn)線一般由幾段獨(dú)立的自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)單元組成，具有很高的靈活性和適應(yīng)性。采用龍門式自動(dòng)上下料，集放式機(jī)動(dòng)滾道傳輸，切削液分粗加工與精加工兩段集中供應(yīng)和回收處理。曲軸的主要加工工序基準(zhǔn)中心孔，一般采用質(zhì) 量定心加工方式，這樣在靜平衡時(shí)，加工量很少。軸頸的粗加工一般采用數(shù)控銑削或車?yán)に嚒９ば蛸|(zhì)量可達(dá)到國內(nèi)粗磨后的水平，且切削變形小、效率高。銑削和車?yán)乔S粗加工的發(fā)展方向。國外的曲軸磨床均采用 CNC 控制技術(shù)，具有自動(dòng)進(jìn)給、自動(dòng)修正砂輪、自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償和自動(dòng)分度功能，使曲軸的磨削精度和效率顯著提高。油孔的加工采用鼓輪鉆床和自動(dòng)線，近幾年隨著槍鉆技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，油孔的加工大多已采用槍鉆自動(dòng)線鉆孔 修緣 拋光。曲軸的拋光采用 CNC控制的砂帶拋光機(jī)，所有軸頸一次拋光只需 20 多秒，粗糙度可達(dá) Ra0.4 以下，大大減小了發(fā) 動(dòng)機(jī)的磨合期。動(dòng)平衡一般采用 CNC 控制的綜合平衡機(jī)，測量、修正一次完成。檢驗(yàn)一般在生產(chǎn)線上配備 MARPOSS 或 HOMWORK 綜合檢測機(jī)，實(shí)現(xiàn)在線檢測，對曲軸的幾乎所有機(jī)加工項(xiàng)目均可一次完成檢測、顯示和打印。曲軸的清洗采用專用精洗機(jī)定點(diǎn)定位清洗，保證了曲軸清潔度要求。廣泛采用了軸頸過渡圓角滾壓技術(shù)。專用圓角滾壓機(jī)自動(dòng)控制，對所有軸頸圓角進(jìn)行一次滾壓，而且滾壓力和滾壓角度可自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)，使圓角處產(chǎn)生最佳的殘余壓應(yīng)力，提高了曲軸的疲勞強(qiáng)度。 曲軸熱處理的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)是表面強(qiáng)化處理。一般均正火處理，為表面處理作好組 織準(zhǔn)備。表面強(qiáng)化處理一般采用感應(yīng)淬火或氮化工藝，少數(shù)廠家還引進(jìn)了圓角淬火技術(shù)和設(shè)備。 球鐵曲軸具有諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，國內(nèi)外廣泛采用。但整體水平與國外還有相當(dāng)差距，除生產(chǎn)規(guī)模小、管理落后外，主要差距仍是制造工藝的落后。借鑒國外的先進(jìn)技術(shù)和工藝方法是提高我國曲軸制造水平的捷徑。 外文資料翻譯 譯文 1.the purpose and significance Crankshaft is one of the key components of diesel engines, mainly for reciprocating machinery, and the link will be acting on the piston with the gas pressure into motivation rotation. With mechanized production gradually become mainstream, conventional manufacturing processes can not meet peoples needs. Actual theoretical analysis, to ensure product quality, increase productivity, reduce production costs under the premise of R180 diesel engine crankshaft technology to optimize the design. 2.R180 Status crankshaft technology From the current point of view the overall level, R180 diesel engine crankshaft are basically two materials: one is forging steel crankshaft; two ductile iron crankshaft. Depending on the choice of materials, their production in different ways. In order to ensure the production of precision casting way to produce the crankshaft has been widely used to run R180 diesel engine. Ductile iron has good cutting, and can be a variety of heat treatment and surface hardening process, it is widely used in nodular cast iron crankshaft production. However, the crankshaft casting production inefficiencies, process equipment varies, an unstable, low accuracy, scrap rate remains high, this series of questions needs to be optimized. From the current overall level, the presence of low productivity, backward technology and equipment, rough mechanical properties of instability, low accuracy, scrap rate and other issues blank casting process. Take measures from the following step of the process to improve the quality of the crankshaft has universal significance. smelting and abroad agreed that the high temperature molten sulfur to obtain pure is the key to producing high-quality ductile iron. In order to obtain high-temperature low-parathion pure molten iron, can be used to melt iron cupola, the furnace desulfurization, then warmed in an induction furnace and adjust ingredients. ball handling inoculation of ductile iron melting cupola base iron, ductile iron alloy of copper and molybdenum using second inoculation. This is to prevent breeding of recession, to improve the graphite morphology, refined graphite and ensure the mechanical properties of high strength ductile iron plays an important role. alloyed with a good proportion of copper and molybdenum is very favorable for the formation of pearlite structure can improve the strength of ductile iron, and copper and molybdenum also greatly reduce the sensitivity of ductile iron pieces of wall thickness. molding process air impact molding process is better than clay sand molding process, the obtained precision casting crankshaft, the fabrication of sand with no rebound deformation characteristics, which is particularly important for multi-throw crankshaft. pouring cooling process using Li pouring - stand the cold, pouring oblique - oblique cold, oblique pouring - pouring in three ways backslash cold ideal, after one of the best of them. Oblique pouring - backslash cold advantages are: exhaust cavity full of molten filling smooth, good gating system skimming effect, casting riser effect of feeding a good, adapt to large-volume production lines. Currently, the most widely used professional factory assembly line production of general machine tools and special combination of machine components, production efficiency, low degree of automation. Key technology projects with foreign crankshaft still a difference of 1 to 2 orders of magnitude. Foreign machining process can be broadly grouped into the following characteristics. extensive use of CNC technology and automatic line, production line generally consists of paragraphs independent automated production unit, has a high degree of flexibility and adaptability.Gantry automatic loading and unloading, Drop motorized roller transmission, coolant roughing and finishing two points focus on the supply and recycling. The principal processes reference center hole crank, the general quality of the centering processing methods, so that when the static equilibrium, processing small amounts. journal roughing general use of CNC milling or broaching process. Step up to the level of quality kibble after domestic and cutting deformation, high efficiency. Milling and broaching crankshaft rough direction of development. abroad crankshaft grinding machine adopts CNC control technology, with automatic feed, automatic correction wheel, automatic compensation and automatic indexing features that make the crankshaft grinding accuracy and efficiency improved significantly. hole machining using drum drilling and automatic line, in recent years, with the application of gun drilling technology has been used mostly processed hole gun drilling automatic line drilling - repair edge - polishing. crankshaft polishing using CNC-controlled belt polishing machine, a polishing all journal just over 20 seconds, roughness up Ra0.4 less, greatly reducing the run-in period of the engine. balancing the general overall balance CNC machine control, measurement, correction once completed. general inspection on the production line with MARPOSS or HOMWORK comprehensive testing machine, line measurement of crankshaft machining almost all projects can be a complete inspection, display and printing. crank cleaning using special fine cleaning machine fixed positioning cleaning to ensure cleanliness requirements crankshaft. extensive use of journal fillet rolling technology. Special fillet rolling machine automatic control of all journal fillet once rolling, and rolling force and rolling angle can be adj