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1、名詞性從句,在句子中起名詞作用。 功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組,在復(fù)合句中擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語 名詞性從句可分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句。,Related Conception (相關(guān)概念),1.名詞:,表示人或事物的名稱的詞叫名詞。,2.名詞在句子當(dāng)中一般可以作什么成分?,名詞在句中主要作主語、賓語、表語和同位語。,The boy is li Ming.,主語,表語,Mr. Liang , a 24-year-old boy, teaches us English .,主語,同位語,賓語,在英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)中,本來該由名詞充當(dāng)?shù)闹髡Z、賓語、表語和同位語,由一個句子來充當(dāng)
2、,這個句子就叫名詞性從句。,什么是名詞性從句?,名詞性從句,主語從句 ( The Subject Clause),賓語從句 ( The Object Clause),表語從句 ( The Predicative Clause),同位語從句 ( The Appositive Clause),一、主語從句,定義:在句子中起主語作用的從句稱為主語從句。 連接主語從句的連接詞主要有三類: 連接詞:that、whether 連接代詞:what、who、whose、whatever、 whichever、whoever 連接副詞:when、where、why、how,1. 連接詞引導(dǎo):that 、whet
3、her 例:That the college will take in more new students this year is true. 今年這所大學(xué)將招收更多新生是真的。 That the whether becomes warmer is the result of pollution. 天氣變暖是污染的結(jié)果。 Whether he can finish his task on time is of great importance. 他是否能按時完成任務(wù)非常重要。 Whether you can succeed or not depends on how hard you wor
4、k at it. 你是否能成功取決于你努力地程度。,2. 連接代詞引導(dǎo) 例:What we cant get seems better than what we already have. 我們得不到的東西似乎比我們擁有的東西更好。 Who the letter was from is still unknown. 這封信是誰郵寄的還不清楚。 Whichever of you gets here first will get the prize. 你們當(dāng)中第一個達(dá)到這里的人將獲得獎項。,_ we are sure about is the need to prevent children fr
5、om being spoiled. What B. Which C. whether D. That What 一方面引導(dǎo)主語從句; 另一方面在句中做about的賓語。,3. 連接副詞引導(dǎo) 例:How medicine reduces and relieves pain is unclear. 藥物是如何減輕和解除疼痛的還不清楚。 Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery. 它們?yōu)槭裁赐蝗幌н€是個迷。,Exercise 1 _ she said puzzled him. _ she said such a thing puzz
6、led him. _ we should send to take part in the party is to be discussed. _ they dont want to drop the plan is clear. _ he finished the work in so short time remains a question. _ it is going to snow this evening is not certain.,What,Why,Whom/who,That,How,Whether,Exercise 2,_ (月球上沒有生命) is known to all
7、. 2. _ (我在會議上說的) must be kept secret. 3. _ (是否這件事是真的) remains a question. 4. _ (我們什么時候開會) is to be discussed.,That there is no life on the moon,What I said at the meeting,Whether it is true,When we will have the meeting,形式主語 it 替代主語從句: It是形式主語,that引導(dǎo)的從句是真正的主語。 it + 系動詞 + 形容詞 + that從句 It is necessary
8、 that 有必要 It is important that . 重要的是 It is obvious that 很明顯 It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚,整個計劃注定要失敗。 it + 系動詞 + 名詞 + that從句 It is common knowledge that 是常識 It is a surprise that . 令人驚奇的是 It is a fact that 事實是 It is our hope that the two sides will work towards p
9、eace. 我們的希望是雙方能朝著和平的方向發(fā)展。, it + be + 動詞的-ed形式 + that從句 It is believed that 人們相信 It is known to us/all that . 眾所周知 It has been decided that 已經(jīng)決定 It is announced that the plan had been successfully carried out. 據(jù)宣布,計劃正在順利實施。 It + 不及物動詞 that從句 It appears that 似乎 It happens that . 碰巧 It occurred to me t
10、hat 我突然想起,Exercise 1,It is a wonder _ you werent injured. It is still unknown _ and _ this took place. It makes no difference to me _ he is rich or poor. It is not yet decided _ is to take her place as secretary. It is said _ this plaza has 15 cinemas. It doesnt matter _ you are going to do it.,that
11、,when,where,whether,who,that,whether,Exercise 2,你昨天錯過了這部新的電影,真是太遺憾了。 他們將要在這里建一個新的醫(yī)院是真的嗎? 據(jù)說我們清明節(jié)要放三天假。 4. 他是否掙很多很多錢對我來說并不重要。,It is a pity that you missed the new movie yesterday.,Is it true that they are going to set up a new hospital here?,It is said that well take three days off on Tomb Sweeping D
12、ay.,It isnt important to me whether he can make a lot of money.,二、賓語從句,定義:在句子中起賓語作用的從句稱為賓語從句。 引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連接詞主要有三類: 連接詞:that、whether、if 連接代詞:what、who、whose、whatever、 whichever、whoever 連接副詞:when、where、why、how,1. 連接詞引導(dǎo) 例:I think (that) you should turn to the teacher for help. 我認(rèn)為你應(yīng)該向老師尋求幫助。 I still dont kn
13、ow if/whether he still lives here after so many years. 我不知道這么多年后他是否還住在這兒。 Tina was hesitating about the job offer as she didnt know _ the company was an established one. 蒂娜對那份工作有點遲疑,因為她不知道那是否是一家被認(rèn)定的公司。,Whether/if 都意為“是否”,一般情況下可互換??谡Z中常用if。 但是以下情況只能用whether: 與or not連用時。 Let me know whether or not you
14、can come. 請讓我知道你是否能來。 引導(dǎo)介詞賓語從句時。 We are interested in whether you will attend the meeting or not.,2. 連接代詞引導(dǎo) 例:She asked me whose handwriting was the best in the class. 她問我班上誰的書法最好。 Ill just say whatever comes into my mind. 3. 連接副詞引導(dǎo) 例:Do you know when the ancient games began? 你知道古代的奧運會是什么時候開始的嗎? Ive
15、 been thinking about how we can make the newspaper more interesting. 我一直在考慮如何使我們的報紙更有趣。,注1:賓語從句的語序 在賓語從句中需用陳述句語序。 例:He asked me when we could leave the next day. (when could we leave the next day?) Did you find out where she lost her car? (where does she lost her car?) 注2:賓語從句的時態(tài) 主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時,其賓語從句
16、的時態(tài)可以是任何適當(dāng)?shù)臅r態(tài),所以賓語從句的時態(tài)應(yīng)更具實際情況而定。 例:She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday. (從-一般現(xiàn)在) She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk.(從-一般將來) She says (that) she has never been to Mount Emei.(從-現(xiàn)在完成時), 主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時,其賓語從句的時態(tài)一般要用適當(dāng)?shù)倪^去時態(tài)。 例:He said there were no classes yesterday afterno
17、on. (從-一般過去時) He said that he was going to take care of the baby. (從-過去將來時) He said that they were having a meeting all that night. (從-過去進(jìn)行時), 當(dāng)賓語從句是表達(dá)客觀真理和規(guī)律的句子時,其時態(tài)仍舊用一般現(xiàn)在時。 例:The teacher told us that nothing is difficult if we put our hearts into it. 老師告訴我們世上無難事,只怕有心人。 He said that light travels
18、much faster than sound.,賓語從句的時態(tài)和語序,Could you tell me if it _ tomorrow? A. rains B. is raining C. will rain D. rain 2. The teacher told his students the sun_ in the east. A. rise B. rises C. rose D. risen,3. Peter knew _. A. whether he has finished reading the book B. why the boy had so many question
19、s C. there were 12 months in a year D. when they will leave for Paris,4. Could you tell me _? A. where is the nearest railway station B. where the nearest railway station was C. where the nearest railway station is D. where was the nearest railway station,5. I really dont know if she _ it when she _
20、. A. finds/ arrives B. finds/ will arrive C. will find/ will arrive D. will find/ arrives,6. Where do you think _ he _ the TV set? Sorry, Ive no idea. A./, bought B. has, bought C. did, buy D. did bought,7. Can you tell me _? A. whats the matter with him B. what the matter with him is C. what happen
21、ed with him D. what with him happened,使用賓語從句時需注意以下幾點,1. 動詞find、feel、think、consider、make、believe、guess、suppose、assume等后有賓語補足語時,則需要用it做形式賓語,而將that賓語從句后置。 例:I think it necessary that we take plenty of boiled water every day. 我認(rèn)為每天多喝開水是有必要的。 I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天寫日記成了習(xí)慣。,2. 賓語從句
22、的否定轉(zhuǎn)移 將think、believe、suppose、expect、fancy、imagine等動詞后面賓語從句的否定,轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中。-即主句的謂語動詞用否定式,而從句的謂語動詞用肯定式。 例:I think I dont know you. (F) I dont think I know you. (T) 我想我并不認(rèn)識你。 我相信他不會來。 I dont believe he will come.,在句中充當(dāng)主語的從句叫做主語從句。,他星期三來這里是肯定的。,he will come here on Wednesday is certain.,他星期三是否來這里還不肯定的。,he wi
23、ll come here on Wednesday is not certain.,That,主語從句,Whether,What he said is not true. Who broke the window has not been found out. How he escaped is still a mystery. Whom she borrowed money from still puzzled him.,Exercise 1 _ she said puzzled him. _ she said such a thing puzzled him. _ we should se
24、nd to take part in the party is to be discussed. _ they dont want to drop the plan is clear. _ he finished the work in so short time remains a question. _ it is going to snow this evening is not certain.,What,Why,Whom/who,That,How,Whether,That he cant attend the party is a pity. It is a pity that he
25、 cant attend the party. How much money is needed is hard to say. It is hard to say how much money is needed. That the moon moves around the earth is known to all. It is known to all that the moon moves around the earth.,it 做形式主語,She said (that) she is going to learn English. I want to know whether/i
26、f she still lives there. I dont know who all these people are. She wants to know which film I like best. Please tell me where she lives. I am not interested in what he is doing. I am certain that he is at home now. I am afraid he wont come on time.,賓語從句,在句中充當(dāng)及物動詞, 介詞或某些形容詞賓語的句子叫做賓語從句。,三、表語從句,定義:在復(fù)合句
27、中做表語(即放在be動詞后面)的從句叫做表語從句。 從句的語序用陳述句語序。 連接主語從句的連接詞主要有三類: 連接詞:that、whether 連接代詞:who、whom、whose、which、 what、whoever、whomever、whichever、 whatever 連接副詞:when、where、why、how,1.連接詞引導(dǎo) 例:The reason for his absence is that he hasnt been informed. 他缺席的原因是他沒接到通知。 The question remains whether they will be able to
28、help us. 問題還是他們能否幫我們。 Another important difference is whether schools are state schools or private schools. 另一個重要的不同之處是學(xué)校是公立的還是私立的。,2. 連接代詞/副詞引導(dǎo) 例:The problem is who will take charge of this shop. 問題是誰將接管這家店鋪。 That is when I realized the importance of journalism. 那時我才意識到新聞工作的重要性。 This is why I think
29、 my happiest days will be in the future. 這就是我認(rèn)為自己最快樂的日子會在將來的原因。,as/ as if / as though 引導(dǎo)的表語從句, 此類表語從句常跟在特定動詞后面,如seem,appear,look,taste,sound,feel等。 例:It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door. 聽上去好像有人在敲門。 At that time, it seemed as though I couldnt think of the right word. 當(dāng)時我似乎怎么也想不出一個恰當(dāng)?shù)淖盅蹃怼?/p>
30、 當(dāng)主句的主語是reason時,表語從句一般由that引導(dǎo)。此用法常見于句型“the reason whyis that” 例:The reason why he came late was that he got up late. 他來的晚是因為起床晚了。,我們的目的是他能認(rèn)識到錯誤。 Our purpose is that he can realize his faults. 問題是它是否值得做。 The question is whether it is worth doing. 注意:表語從句表示“是否” 只用“whether” 而不用“if”,試區(qū)分以下句子,Is this muse
31、um what you visited? This museum is what you visited.,Is this the museum that you visited? This is the museum that you visited.,Is this museum the one that you visited? This museum is the one that you visited.,把句子變換成陳述句,接著判斷句子是屬于哪種從句再完成。,(表從),(定從),(定從),That house is _ the garden tools are stored. Th
32、e reason I dont want to go there is _ Ive just got a new job here. That was _ they had made the mistake. Everything in the room is _ it was ten years ago. The dream Jack has in mind is _ he will become a scientist in the future.,where,that,how,what,that,6. What we care about is _ it will be a fine d
33、ay tomorrow. 7. That was _ they didnt pay much attention to the teacher in class. 8. My opinion is _ everyone of us takes out $5 for Janes birthday present. 9. The problem is _ we can be allowed to stay out at such a late hour. 10. Her explanation is _ she used to live in the country and she knows i
34、t better than us.,whether,why,that,whether,that,問題是誰能幫我學(xué)英語. 這就是她不愿意出國留學(xué)的原因. 那就是我要告訴你的. 問題是他是否會同意這個建議.,The question is who can help me with my English.,That is why she is unwilling to study abroad.,That is what I will tell you.,The question is whether he will agree with the suggestion.,定語從句:修飾一個名詞,關(guān)系
35、詞在從句中做一個成分。 This is the boy who gave me help yesterday. 主語從句:做句子的主語,在謂語(動詞)前面。 What he said is not true. 賓語從句:做句子的賓語,在謂語(動詞)后面。 He told me that he is from China. 表語從句:做句子的表語,在be動詞后面。 The question is whether he is from China or not. 看到一個句子,首先分析主語,謂語,賓語/表語, 關(guān)系詞在謂語前,則該從句為主語從句; 關(guān)系詞在謂語后,則該從句為賓語從句; 關(guān)系詞在be
36、動詞后,則該從句為表語從句; 關(guān)系詞在名詞后,修飾名詞,則該從句為定語從句; 關(guān)系詞在名詞后, 說明解釋名詞,則為 然后看從句表達(dá)的是什么意思,根據(jù)意思選擇相應(yīng)的關(guān)系詞。同位語從句. (是否,誰,為什么,怎么樣,什么,誰的 。 that 適應(yīng)于從句結(jié)構(gòu)完整,不缺少成分.),四、同位語從句,在句子中作某一名詞的同位語,一般位于該名詞之后,解釋和說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。這些名詞常見的有:idea/ fact/ news/ hope/ belief/ thought/ doubt/ promise/ suggestion/ order等。 用that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。that無詞義,也不做句子成分,不能
37、省略,從句用陳述句語序。,They expressed the hope that we would go and visit Shanghai again. 他們表示希望我們再去訪問上海。 I have no idea that she has quit her present job. 我不知道他已經(jīng)辭職了。 Give me your promise that you will come to our party this evening. 答應(yīng)我,你今天晚上回來參加我們的晚會。 There is no obvious evidence that there is life on any
38、other planet in the solar system. 沒有明顯的證據(jù)表明太陽系的其他行星上有生命。,同位語從句還可以用whether,when,where,why, how等引導(dǎo)。 The student asked me the question whether the book was worth reading. I have no idea why he was excided that time.,定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別,定語從句是從句對其先行詞的修飾或限制。 同位語從句是從句對前面抽象名詞的進(jìn)一步的解釋和說明。 The news that our team has
39、 won the game was true. (同位語從句,補充說明news到底是一個說明消息) The news that he told me yesterday was true. (定語從句,news在從句中做told的賓語),I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich. The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.,Exercise,At first he hated the new job but decided t
40、o give himself a few months to see_ it got any better. A. when B. how C. why D. if D: 賓語從句,從句中不缺少時間、地點、原因,D項意為“是否”。,It is not immediately clear_ the financial crisis will soon be over. Since B. what C. when D. whether D: 名詞性從句中的主語從句,it做形式主語。 whether the financial crisis will soon be over is not imme
41、diately clear.,As a new diplomat, he often thinks of_ he can react more appropriately on such occasions. What B. which C. that D. how D: 賓語從句,作為新上任的外交官, 他經(jīng)常考慮如何在這樣的場合做出更恰當(dāng)?shù)姆磻?yīng)。,We should consider the students request_ the school library provide more books on popular science. That B. when C. which D. where A: 同位語從句,名詞request,從句結(jié)構(gòu)完整,不缺成分。,She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do_ it takes to save her life. Whichever B. however C. whatever D. Who ever C: 賓語從句,whatever同時做takes的賓語。,The fact has worried many scientists _ the earth is bec
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