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2023年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試
英語(一)試題
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach
numberedblankcmdmarkA,B,CorD。幾theANSWERSHEET.(10
points)
It'snotdifficulttosettargetsforstaff.Itismuchharder,],to
understandtheirnegativeconsequences.Mostwork-relatedbehaviorshave
multiplecomponents.2oneandtheothersbecomedistorted.
TravelonaLondonbusandyou5113seehowthisworkswith
drivers.Watchpeoplegetonandshowtheirtickets.Aretheycarefully
inspected?Never.Dopeoplegetonwithoutpaying?Ofcourse!Arethere
inspectorsto4thatpeoplehavepaid?Possibly,butveryfew.And
peoplewhorunforthebus?Theyare5.Howaboutjumpinglights?
Busesdosoalmostasfrequentlyascyclists.
Why?Becausethetargetis6.Peoplecomplainedthatbuses
werelateandinfrequent.7,thenumberofbusesandbuslaneswere
increased,anddriverswere8orpunishedaccordingtothetimethey
took.Anddrivershitthesetargets.Butthey9hitcyclists.Ifthe
targetwaschangedto10,youwouldhavemoreinspectorsandmore
sensitivepricing.Ifthecriterionchangedtosafety,youwouldgetmore
11driverswhoobeyedtrafficlaws.Butboththesecriteriawouldbeat
theexpenseoftime.
Thereisanother12:peoplebecameimmenselyinventivein
hittingtargets.Haveyou13thatyoucanleaveonaflightanhour
latebutstillarriveontime?Tailwinds?Ofcoursenot!Airlineshavesimply
changedthetimea14ismeanttotake.Aone-hourflightisnow
balladasatwo-hourflight.
The15ofthestoryissimple.Mostjobsaremultidimensional,
withmultiplecriteria.Chooseonecriterionandyoumaywell16
others.EverythingCanbedonefasterandmadecheaper,butthereisa
17Settingtargetscananddoeshaveunforeseennegativeconsequences.
Thisisnotanargumentagainsttarget-setting.Butitisanargument
forexploringconsequencesfirst.Allgoodtargetsshouldhavemultiple
criteria18criticalfactorssuchastime,money,qualityandcustomer
feedback.Thetrickisnotonlyto19justoneoreventwodimensions
oftheobjective,butalsotounderstandhowtohelppeoplebetter20
theobjective.
1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D|All
2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come
3.[A]Since[B]If[CJThough[D]Until
4.[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally
5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away
6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone
7.[A]unattractive|B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar
2
8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]placs
9.[A]So|B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides
10.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedlyfD]eventually
11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused
12.[Alproblem[BJoption[Clview[DIresult
13.[A]Aboveall[BJIncontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample
14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate
15.[A]form[Blthrough[C]beyond[D]under
16.[A]posts[B)links[C]shades|D]breaks
17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited
18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]incidentally[D|Generally
19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings
20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]expose
3
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweach
textbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER
SHEET.(40points)
Text2
CommunitiesthroughoutNewEnglandhavebeenattempting
toregulateshort-termrentalssincesiteslikeAirbnbtookoffinthe
2010s.Nowwithrecord-highhomepricesandhistoricallylow
inventory,there9sanincreasedurgencyinsuchregulation,particularly
amongthosewho
worrythatdeveloperswillcomeinandbuyupswathsofhousingtoflipfbr
afortuneontheshort-termrentalmarket.
InNewHampshire,wheretherentalvacancyratehasdroppedbelow
1percent,housingadvocatesfearuncheckedshort-termrentalswillput
furtherpressureonanalreadystrainedmarket.TheStateLegislature
recentlyvotedagainstabillthatwould'vemadeitillegalfortownsto
createlegislationrestrictingshort-termrentals.
“Weareatacrisislevelonthesupplyofrentalhousing,“saidNick
Taylor,executivedirectoroftheWorkforceHousingCoalitionofthe
GreaterSeacoast.WithoutenoughaffordablehousinginsouthernNew
Hampshiretowns/4employersarehavingahardtimeattractingemployees,
andworkersarehavingahardtimefindingaplacetolive,“Taylorsaid.
4
However,short-termrentalsalsoprovidehousingfbrtourists,pointed
outRyanCastle,CEOofalocalassociationofrealter."Alotofworkers
areservicingthetouristindustry,andthetourismindustryisservicedby
thosepeoplecominginshortterm,“Castlesaid,“andsoit'sacyclical
effect.
Short-termrentalsthemselvesarenotthecruxoftheissue,saidKeren
Horn,anexpertonaffordablehousingpolicy."Ithinkindividualsbeing
abletorentouttheirsecondhomeisagoodthing.Ifit'stheirvacation
homeanyway,andit'sjustempty,whycan,tyoumakemoneyoffit?”
Hornsaid.Issuesarise,however,whendevelopersattempttocreate
large-scaleshort-termrentalfacilities—defactohotels—tobypasstaxes
4
andregulations."Ithinkthequestionis,shouldn'tadeveloperwho'sreally
buildingahotel,butdisguisingitasnotahotel,betreatedandtaxedand
regulatedlikeahotel?”Hornsaid.
Attheendof2018,governorCharlieBakerofMassachusettssigneda
billtoreininthosepotentialinvestor-buyers.Thebillrequireseveryrental
hosttoregisterwiththestatemandatestheycarryinsurance,andopensthe
potentialforlocaltaxesontopofanewstatelevy.Bostontookthingseven
further,requiringrenterstoregisterwiththecity'sInspectionalServices
Department.
Hornsaidsimilarregistrationrequirementscouldbenefitstruggling
citiesandtowns,but"ifwewanttomakeachangeinthehousingmarket,
themainoneiswehavetobuildalotmore.^^
26.WhichofthefollowingistrueofNewEngland?
A.Itshousingsupplyisataverylowlevel.
B.Itscommunitiesareinneedoffunding.
C.Itsrentalvacancyrateisgoingupslowly
D.Itshomepricesareunderstrictcontrol.
27.ThebillmentionedinParagraph2wasintendedto
A.curbshort-termrentalspeculation.
B.ensurethesupplyofcheaphousing.
5
C.punishillegaldealingsinhousing.
D.allowafreeshort-termrentalmarket.
28.ComparedwithCastle,Taylorismorelikelytosupport
A.furtherinvestmentinlocaltourism.
B.anincreaseinaffordablehousing.
C.strictmanagementofrealestateagents.
D.afavorablepolicyforshort-termworkers.
29.WhatdoesHomemphasizeinParagraph5?
A.Theurgencytoupgradeshort-termrentalfacilities.
B.Theefficientoperationofthelocalhousingmarket.
C.Thenecessitytostopdevelopersfromevadingtaxes.
D.Theproperproceduresforrentingoutsparehouses.
30.Homholdsthatimposingregistrationrequirementsis
A.anirrationaldecision.
B.anunfeasibleproposal.
C.anunnecessarymeasure.
D.aninadequatesolution.
Text3
6
Ifyou9reheadingforyournearestbranchofWaterstones,thebiggest
bookretailerintheUK,insearchoftheDuchessofSussex9snew
children'sbookTheBench,youmighthavetobepreparedtohuntaround
abit,thesamemaybetrueofThePresident'sDaughter,thenewthrillerby
BillClintonandJamesPatterson.Bothofthesebooksarepublishednext
weekbyPenguinRandomHouse(PRH),acompanycurrentlyinvolvedina
stand-offwithWaterstones.
Theproblembeganlatelastyear,whenPRHconfirmedthatithad
introducedacreditlimitwithWaterstones“ataverysignificantlevel”.The
trademagazineTheBooksellerreportedthatWaterstonesbranchmanagers
werebeingtoldtoremovePRHbooksfromprominentareassuchastables,
displayspacesandwindows,andwere“quietlyretiringthemtotheir
relevantsections^^.
PRHdeclinedtocommentontheissue,butaspokespersonfor
Waterstonestoldme:"Waterstonesarecurrentlyoperatingwithreduced
credittermsfromPRH,theonlypublisherintheUKtoplaceany
limitationsonourabilitytotrade.WearenotboycottingPRHtitlesbutwe
aredoingourutmosttoensurethatavailabilityforcustomersremainsgood
despitetheloweroveralllevelsofstock.Wearehopefulwithourshops
nowopenagainthatnormalitywillreturnandthatwewillbeallowedto
buyappropriately.Certainly,ourshopsareexceptionallybusy.Thesales
forourMayBooksoftheMonthsurpassedanymonthsince2018.”
7
Inthemeantime,PRHauthorshavebeenthelosers.Big-namePRH
authorsmaysufferabit,butit'sthosemid-listauthors,whonormallyrely
onWaterstonesstaffspassionforpromotingbooksbylesser-known
writers,whowillbeprayingforanendtothedispute.
Itcomesatatimewhenauthorsarealreadyworriedaboutthe
consequencesoftheproposedmergerbetweenPRHandanotherbig
publisher,Simon&Schuster—thereductioninthenumberofunaligned
UKpublishersislikelytoleadtofewerbiddingwars,loweradvances,and
moreconformityintermsofwhatispublished.
“Thisisallpartofawiderchangetowardsconcentrationofpower,“
saysliteraryagentAndrewLownie."Thepublishingindustrytalksabout
diversityintermsofauthorsandstaffbutitalsoneedsapluralityofways
ofdeliveringintellectualcontact,choiceanddifferentvoices.Afterall,
manyofthemostinterestingbooksinrecentyearshavecomefromsmall
publishers.n
Weshallseewhetherthatpluralityisacasualtyofthecurrentneed
amongpublisherstobebigenoughtotakeonall-comers.
31.TheauthormentionstwobooksinParagraph1topresent
A.anongoingconflict.
B.anintellectualconcept.
C.aprevailingsentiment.
8
D.aliteraryphenomenon.
32.WhydidWaterstonesshopsretirePRHbookstotheirrelevant
sections?
A.Tomakethemeasilynoticeable.
B.TocomplywithPRH'srequirement.
C.TorespondtoPRH'sbusinessmove.
D.Toarrangetheminasystematicway,
33.WhatmessagedoesthespokespersonforWaterstonesseemtoconvey?
A.Theircustomersremainloyal.
B.Thecreditlimitwillberemoved.
C.Theirstockisunderestimated.
D.Thebookmarketisratherslack.
34.Whatcanbeoneconsequenceofthecurrentdispute?
A.Salesofbooksbymid-listPRHwritersfalloffconsiderably.
B.Lesser-knownPRHwritersbecomethetargetofcriticism.
C.Waterstonesstaffhesitatetopromotebig-nameauthors'books.
D.Waterstonesbranchessufferaseverereductioninrevenue.
35.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestrepresentsLownie'sview?
9
A.Smallpublishersoughttosticktogether.
B.Bigpublisherswilllosetheirdominance.
C.Thepublishingindustryishavingahardtime.
D.Themergerofpublishersisaworryingtrend.
Text4
Scientificpapersaretherecordkeepersofprogressinresearch.Each
yearresearcherspublishmillionsofpapersinmorethan30,000journals.
Thescientificcommunitymeasuresthequalityofthosepapersinanumber
ofways,includingtheperceivedqualityofthejournal(asreflectedbythe
title'simpactfactor)and
thenumberofcitationsaspecificpaperaccumulates.Thecareersof
scientistsandthereputationoftheirinstitutionsdependonthenumberand
prestigeofthepaperstheyproduce,butevenmoresoonthecitations
attractedbythesepapers.
Citationcartels,wherejournals,authors,andinstitutionsconspireto
inflatecitationnumbers,haveexistedforalongtime.In2016,researchers
developedanalgorithmtorecognizesuspiciouscitationpatterns,including
groupsofauthorsthatdisproportionatelyciteoneanotherandgroupsof
journalsthatciteeachotherfrequentlytoincreasetheimpactfactorsof
theirpublications.Recently,anotherexpressionofthispredatorybehavior
hasemerged:so-calledsupportserviceconsultanciesthatprovidelanguage
10
andothereditorialsupporttoindividualauthorsandtojournalssometimes
advisecontributorstoaddanumberofcitationstotheirarticles.
Theadventofelectronicpublishingandauthors9needtofindoutlets
fortheirpapersresultedinthousandsofnewjournals.Thebirthof
predatoryjournalswasn'tfarbehind.Thesejournalscanactasmilkcows
whereeverysinglearticleinanissuemayciteaspecificpaperoraseries
ofpapers.Insomeinstances,thereisabsolutelynorelationshipbetween
thecontentofthearticleandthecitations.Thepeculiarpartisthatthe
journalthattheeditorissupposedlyworkingforisnotprofitingatall一it
isjustprovidingcitationstootherjournals.Suchpracticescanleadan
articletoaccruemorethan150citationsinthesameyearthatitwas
published.
Howinsidiousisthistypeofcitationmanipulation?Inoneexample,
anindividual-actingasauthor,editor,andconsultant-wasabletouseat
least15journalsascitationproviderstoarticlespublishedbyfivescientists
atthreeuniversities.TheproblemisrampantinScopus,acitationdatabase,
whichincludesahighnumberofthenew“international“journals.Infact,a
listinginScopusseemstobeacriteriontobetargetedinthistypeof
citationmanipulation.
Scopusitselfhasallthedatanecessarytodetectthismalpractice.Red
flagsincludealargenumberofcitationstoanarticlewithinthefirstyear.
Andforauthorswhowishtosteerclearofcitationcartelactivities:when
ii
aneditor,areviewer,orasupportserviceasksyoutoaddinappropriate
references,donotobligeanddoreporttherequesttothejournal.
36.AccordingtoParagraph1,thecareersofscientistscanbedetermined
by.
[A]howmanycitationstheirworkscontain.
[B]howmanytimestheirpapersarecited.
[C]theprestigeofthepeopletheyworkwith.
[D]thestatustheyhaveinscientificcircles.
37.Thesupportserviceconsultanciestendto.
[AJrecommendjournalstotheirclients.
[B]listcitationpatternstheirclients.
[C|askauthorstoincludeextracitations.
[D]advisecontributorstociteeachother.
38.TheFunctionofthe“milkcow,7journalsisto.
[A]boostcitationcountsforcertainauthors.
fB]helpscholarspublisharticlesatlowcost.
[C]instructFirst-timecontributorsincitation.
fD]increasethereadershipofnewjournals.
12
39.WhatcanbelearnedaboutScopusfromthelasttwoparagraphs?
[A]ItFosterscompetitionamongcitationproviders.
[B]Ithasthecapabilitytoidentifysuspiciouscitations.
[C]IthindersthegrowthofuinternationaF,journals.
[D]Itisestablishedtopreventcitationmanipulation.
40.Whatshouldanauthordotodealwithcitationmanipulators?
[A]Takelegalaction.
[B]Demandanapology.
[C]Seekprofessionaladvice
[D]Revealtheirmisconduct.
PartC
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcaref
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