Unit-4-Diogenes-and-Alexander市公開課一等獎省賽課微課金獎?wù)n件

Unit4DiogenesandAlexander1/80Author:GilbertHighetGilbertHighet(1906-1978)ScholarlyandcriticalwritersBorninScotlandandbecameAmericancitizenEducatedinScotlandandOxford2/80DiogenesDiogenes(412-324BC)Ancient-GreecePhilosopherCynicism(doggishness)Toliveasimpleandnaturallife3/80WhatisCynicism?Cynicismisanattitudeorstateofmindcharacterizedbyageneraldistrustofothers'motives.Acynicmayhaveagenerallackoffaithorhopeinthehumanspeciesorpeoplemotivatedbyambition,desire,greed,gratification,materialism,goals,andopinionsthatacynicperceivesasvain,unobtainable,orultimatelymeaninglessandthereforedeservingofridiculeoradmonishment.4/80犬儒主義犬儒哲學(xué)（Cynicism）是個外來詞，漢字里原來沒有現(xiàn)成對應(yīng)詞匯，通常將它了解為冷嘲熱諷，憤世嫉俗，玩世不恭。我們?nèi)粝雽θ逡辉~有更完整把握，有必要略略追溯一下它起源和演變。犬儒哲學(xué)主義是古希臘一個哲學(xué)流派，其代表人物是西諾普狄奧根尼（Diogenes）。5/80AlexandertheGreatAlexander(356-323BC)KingofMacedoniaPupilofAristotleMilitaryleader歐洲歷史上最偉大四大軍事統(tǒng)帥之首（亞歷山大大帝，漢尼拔，愷撒大帝，拿破侖）6/807/80

馬其頓帝國版圖

8/80ClassicalGreece(500-323BC)HistoricalfactsGreecePersianWars(490BC)Athen'sdefeatofPersiaatthebattleofMarathon.(originofOlympics)TheriseofMacedon(NorthGreece)PhilosophyFocusedontheroleofreasonandinquiryRepresentatives:AristotleandPlato9/80IntroductionBothDiogenesandAlexanderlivedinancientGreecemorethanyearsago,andtheirstories,especiallytheirdramaticencounterhevebeentoldtothisday.Greatliterateneverdies.Ithaseternalcharm.Itisthesamewithmanyhistoricalfiguresdiscussedinhistory.Manyofthem,thoughbornandbroughtuphundredsoreventhousandsofyearsago,stillhavedirectbearingontoday'srealities.Theyhaveeternalimportance.Infactastimegoesontheirrevelanceandimportancemayevenincrease.Theynevergetoutofdate.Theybecomepartofthehumaninheritagewealltreasure.10/80Forunderstandablereasons,Diogeneshasneverhadalargefollowing.However,Diogeneshasneverbeenforgotteneither,especiallyinmoderntimes.11/80Alexander,ontheotherhand,isnodoubttheperfectmodelofasuperman.HeiseverythingDiogenesisnot,exceptforthatbotharephilosophers.ButAlexanderisyoung,handsome,beautifullydresses,physicallystrong,braveasaworrior,themsotpowerfulmanintheworldatthetime,theperfectmodelofPlato's"PhilosopherKing".ThereforehisencounterwithDiogenescannotbutbeoneofthemostdramaticscenesinhistory.12/80Thisessayisanexcellentexampleofcontrast,theontrastoftwolegendaryfigures.13/80StructureoftheTextI.Diogenes(paras.1-10)A.Hislifestyle(paras1-3)1.Hismorningroutine(para.1)2.Hishomeandclothing(paras.2-3)B.Hisdoctrineandhiswaysofpreachingit(paras.4-10)1.Livingnaturallyandfreelywithoutconventions(paras.4-5)2.Domenstratinghowtolivesuchalife.(paras.6-7)3.Talkingtoandsatirizingpeoplelivingotherwise.(paras.8-9)4.Beinghappyandcontentedwithhislifeandmission(paras.10)II.Diogenes'meetingwithAlexander(paras.11-17)A.Alexander'spresenceinCorinth.(para.11)B.HismotivationforvisitingDiogenes.(paras.14-17)C.HisbriefexchangewithDiogenes(paras.14-17)14/80Lyingontheearth,shoeless,bearded,half-naked,helookedlikeabeggaroralunatic.(para.1)bearded

adj.havinghairthatgrowsonaman’schinandcheeks.mustachen.hairthatgrowsonaman’supperlip.山羊胡beard髯lunaticn.aninsaneperson;someonewhoisextremelyfoolishorreckless;loonylunan.Latinwordformoon.月亮，月神(LunarCalendarvsGregoriancalendar)Insanitywasoncebelievedtobecontrolledbythemoonanditsphases.15/80Hewasone,butnottheother.(para.1)Hewasauniqueandspecialperson.Heishimself,notlikeanyoneelse.16/80Hehadopenedhiseyeswiththesunatdawn,scratched,donehisbusinesslikeadogattheroadside…...(para.1)scratch

v.torubyourskinwithfingernails,esp.becauseititches抓，撓Dohisbusinesslikeadog.theusageofeuphemism(委婉語)17/80…….andwashedthemdownwithafewhandfulsofwaterscoopedfromthespring.(para.1)Afewhandfulsof

-fulhereisusedasanounsuffix.

e.g.afewmouthfulsof/aspoonfulofhoney/aglassfulofbeer.scoopv.topicksomethingupwithascoop,spoonoryourcurvedhand用鏟子掘取n.alongdeepspoonforholdingfood勺子，鏟子18/80Havingnoworktogotoandnofamilytoprovidefor,hewasfree.(para.1)provideforafamily=feedafamily=raiseafamily…..hehadstrolledthroughitforanhourortwo(para.1)stroll

v.towalksomewhereinaslowandrelaxedway漫步19/80Theywouldthrowsharpquestionsathimandgetsharperanswers.Sometimestheythrowbitsoffood,andgotscantthanks;sometimesamischievouspebble,andgotashowerofstonesandabuse.(para.1)Parallelstructureofthesentencescant:notenoughmischievouspebble:apebblefromamischievouspersonabuse:rude,angryandoffensivewords辱罵人話20/80ConclusionsforPara.1Mainides:Themorningroutine.Yourfirstimpressionoftheperson?LivinglikeadogorabeggarSeeminglymad21/80Itwasnotahouse,notevenasquatter’shut.(para.2)squattern.apersonwholivesinanemptybuildingoronapieceoflandwithoutpermissionandwithoutpayinganyrent.Asquatter’shousenaturallyisinpoorcondition.Hethoughteverybodylivesfartooelaborately,expensively,andanxiously.(para.2)elaboratelyadv.Inawaythatisintricate,complicatedorpainstaking.Hethoughtourlifeistoocomplicated,toocostly,andgivesustoomuchpressure.Weshouldsimplifyourlife.22/80Nooneneedsprivacy;naturalactsarenotshameful;wealldothesamethings,andneednothidethem.Nooneneedsbedsandchairsandsuchfurniture:theanimalslivehealthylivesandsleepontheground(para.2)1.WhatisDiogenes’smainideasandargumentinthesesentences?2.Canyoupossiblylivealifelikeanimalswithoutbedsandchairs?23/80Allwerequire….isapieceofgarmenttokeepuswarm.(para.2)garmentn.thetechnicaltermforanyarticleofclothing.Similarmeaningwithclothes.Termsforspecialtypesofgarments:shirtskirtdressjacketvestsuitAlltheseproveDiogenes'pointwhenhesayslifeistoocomplicated.24/80Sohehadoneblanket–todresshiminthedaytimeandcoverhimatnight–andhesleptinacask.(para.2)inthedaytimeinthemorningintheafternoonatnightatnoonatmidnight25/80HewasthefounderofthecreedcalledCynicism(doggishness).(para.2)cynicismn.thebeliefsofanancientschoolofGreekphilosophersknownastheCynics.Theirphilosophywasthatthepurposeoflifewastoliveasimplelifefreefromallpossessions,rejectingallconventionaldesiresforwealth,power,health,fame,etc.cynicaladj.notwillingtobelievethatpeoplehavegood,honest,orsincerereasonsfordoingsomething.26/80Hespentmuchofhislifeintherich,lazy,corruptGreekcityofCorinth,mockingandsatirizingitspeople,andoccasionallyconvertingoneofthem(para.2)convert使皈依v.tochangesomeone’sreligiousorpoliticalbeliefstosthelse.e.g.HewasfinallyconvertedintoaCommunist.e.g.ThemissionaryistryingtoconvertmeintoaChristian.WhycouldDiogenesonlyconvertoneofthemoccasionally?27/80Itwasastoragejarofearthenware,nodoubtdiscardedbecauseabreakhadmadeituseless.(para.3)Wordformation:ironware,cookware,silverware,glassware,software,hardwarediscardv.tothrowawaysomethingthatyoudonotneedordonotlike.e.g.Hediscardedhiswinterclothing.e.g.You’vegottodiscardbeforeyoupickupanothercard.Synonym:discharge,dismiss28/80Hewasnotthefirstonetoinhabitsuchaplace.Buthewasthefirstwhoeverdidsobychoice,outofprinciple.(para.3)inhabitv.toliveine.g.Manytypesofseabirdsinhabitthecoralisland./Woodpeckersinhabithollowtrees.adj.inhabitablen.inhabitabilitybychoice:voluntarily,notbeingforcedtoe.g.IdidnotlearnEnglishbychoice.Ididsobecausemyparentsbelieveitwillleadtoapromisingcareer.outofprinciple:baseonorbecauseofsomething.e.g.Iopenedtheboxoutofcuriosity.e.g.Idecidedtovisithimoutofrespect.e.g.Shebegantolearnhowtocookoutofinterest,notoutofnecessity.29/80Conclusionforpara2&3Mainidea:Diogenes’shomeandclothing.Questionsfordiscussion:WhatisDiogenes’sideaforliving?CanyoupossiblyliveinthesamewayasDiogenesdid?30/80Hewasnotalunatic.Hewasaphilosopherwhowroteplaysandpoemsandessaysexpoundinghisdoctrine….(para.4)expoundv.togiveadetailedexplanationorstatementofsth.e.g.Hehasonlyonehourtoexpoundhisview.e.g.Theprofessorwasexpoundingonafavoritetopic.expoundone’sdoctrine/views/opinions/ideasexpoundonsth31/80Hetalkedtothosewhocaredtolisten;hehadpupilswhoadmiredhim.(para.4)Wouldyoucaretoopenthewindowforme?Itmakesmefeelgoodthatyoucareaboutme.ShewillcareforthechildrenwhileIamaway.Idon’tcarewhethershewillattendthemeetingornot.32/80Buthetaughtchieflybyexample(para.4)Diogenesalsotaughtbytalkingtopeople,buthemainlytaughtbysettinganexampleforotherstolearnfrom.33/80Livewithoutconventions,whichareartificialandfalse;escapecomplexitiesandextravagances:onlysocanyouliveafreelife.(para.4)conventionn.behaviorsandattitudesthatmostpeopleinasocietyconsidertobenormalandright.e.g.WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.Remembertorespectlocalconventionswhenyouarevisitingforeigncountries.34/80habit/custom/tradition/conventionhabit:bitingnose;smoking;gettingupearlycustom:usingchopsticks;wearingredinweddingandblackinmourningtradition:respectingtheold;cherishingthefamily;eatingturkeyonThanksgivingconvention:marriedwomentakingtheirhusbands'names;shakinghandswhenmeetingwithfriends;wearingsuitandtieonformaloccasionsescapecomplexitiesandextravagances:toavoidcomplexlivesandthingsthatarenotnecessary.35/80Therichmanbelieveshepossesseshisbighousewithitsmanyroomsanditselaboratefurniture.(para.4)elaborateadj.markedbycomplexityordetails/intricateandrichindetailelaboratelyadv.Elaboratefurniture/meal/plan/hairstyle36/80Theypossessedhim.Heistheirslave(para.4)possessv.(here)tocontrole.g.whatpossessedhimtosayastupidthinglikethat?e.g.sheseemedpossessed.Nobodycouldtalkheroutofit.Whatis“they”referredto?37/80Inordertoprocureaquantityoffalse,perishablegoodshehassoldtheonlytrue,lastinggood,hisownindependence.(para.4)procurev.toobtainperishableadj.subjecttodecayordestruction.falsevstrueperishablevslasting38/80Hewasamissionary(para.5)missionaryn.originallyapersonsentbyachurchtoaforeigncountrytoconvertlocalpeopletoChristianity.Hereitmeansapersonwhofeelsthathehasamissionorsacreddutytodosomething.39/80Hislife’saimwascleartohim:itwas“torestampthecurrency”:totakethecleanmetalofhumanlife,toerasetheoldfalseconventionalmarkings,andtoimprintitwithitstruevalues.(para.5)40/80Diogenesanswered“I’mtryingtofindaman”.(para.7)WhatisDiogenes’sstandardofaman?41/80Diogenestookhisoldcaskandbegantorollitupanddown.“whenyouareallbusy”,hesaid,“IfeltIoughttodosomething”(para.9)WhatisDiogenes’sattitudetowardswar?42/80Conclusionsforpara.4-10HisdoctrineandhiswaysofpreachingitLivingnaturallyandfreelywithoutconventions.(para.4-5)Demonstratinghowtolivesuchalife(para.6-7)Talkingtoandsatirizingpeoplelivingotherwise(para.8-9)Beinghappyandcontentedwithhislifeandmission(para.10)43/80Helookedthemover,asasobermanlooksatacrowdoftotteringdrunksandshookhishead.(para.11)soberadj.notdrunktotter/walk/pace/stroll/shuffle/staggerdrunkn.apersonwhoisoftendrunk44/80Onlytwenty,Alexanderwasfarolderandwiserthanhisage.(para.12)Paraphrase:Alexanderlookedfarolderthanamanofhisagenormallyodes,andwasmuchwiserthanamanofhisagenormallyis.45/80LikeallMacedoniansheloveddrinking,buthecouldusuallyhandleit;andtowardswomen,hewasnoblyrestrainedandchivalrous.(para.12)handlev.todealwiththeproblemrestrainedadj.calmandhavingself-controlrestrainv.e.g.Hecouldnotrestrainhiscuriosity.chivalrousadj.polite,kind,generous,andhonorable,esp.towardswomen.chivalryn.Bravery,loyalty,faith,andglory.46/80TheyoungprincesleptwiththeIliadunderhispillowandlongedtoemulateAchilles,whobroughtthemightypowerofAsiatoruin.(para.12)longv.tohaveastrongdesire,esp.forsomethingthatisoutorreach.emulatev.totrytoequalorexcel.mightyadj.e.g.TheUnitedKingdomwasamightyempirebeforeWorldWarI.47/80Alexandertookwithhimalargecorpsofscientists,andshippedhundredsofzoologicalspecimensbacktoGreeceforstudy.(para.12)Alargecorpsof:alargegroupof(peopleworkingtogethertodoaparticularjob).ThankstoAristotle’sinstructions,Alexanderwasimmenselyinterestedinscience.48/80Indeed,itwasfromAristotleandAlexanderlearnedtoseekouteverythingstrangewhichmightbeinstructive.(para.12)Learnedtodiscovereverythingstrangethatmightprovidesomeusefulinformation.49/80Hewasthemanofthehour,ofthecentury.(para.13)Themanofthehour:themostsuccessful,important,powerful,ortalkedaboutpersonofthepresenttime.50/80OnlyDiogenes,althoughhelivedinCorinth,didnotvisitthenewmonarch.(para.13)monarchn.thekingorqueenthatrulesakingdommonarchyn.agovernment,state,oracountryruledbyamonarch.51/80WiththegenerositythatAristotlehadtaughthim,hedeterminedtocalluponDiogenes.(para.13)Generosityn.willingnesstogivemoney,time,etc.tohelporpleaseotherpeopleCallupon:tovisitorinvite52/80Withhishandsomeface,hisfieryglance,hisstrongbody,hispurpleandgoldcloak,andhisairofdestiny,hemovedthroughthepartingcrowdtowardtheDog’sKennel.(para.14)fieryglance:passionateorfiercelookairofdestiny:theairofsomeonewhohasthepowertodeterminethecourseofeventsinfuture.Dog’sKennel:thehumorousreferencetoDiogenes’scask.53/80Whenakingapproaches,allriseinrespect.Diogenesmerelysatupwithanelbow.Whenamonarchentersaplace,allgreethimwithaboworanacclamation.Diogenessaidnothing.(para.14)54/80“Yes”,saidthedog.“Standingtooneside.You’reblockingthesunlight”.(para.16)Symbolicmeaning55/80Therewasanamazedsilence.SlowlyAlexanderturnedaway.AtitterbrokeoutfromtheelegantGreeks.(para.17)amazedsilence:peoplewereamazedandtherewasasilence.tittern/vtolaughinarestrainedandnervousway.56/80TheMacedonianofficers,afterdecidingthatDiogeneswasnotworththekicking,werestartingtoguffawandnudgeoneanother.(para.17)worthe.g.Ifitisgenuine,apearlofthissizeisworth$1000.e.g.whatIhavedoneisnotworthmentioning.e.g.thebikeisnotworththetroubleoffixing.guffawv.tolaughloudlySmile/grin/guffaw/titter/laugh/chuckle/gigglenudgev.topushsomebodygently,usuallywithyourelbow,inordertogetattention.57/80Tothosenearesthimhesaidquietly,“ifIwerenotAlexander,IshouldbeDiogenes.”(para.17)WhatdoesAlexandermeanbysayingthis?58/80Theytookitasaparadox.(para.17)paradoxn.aself-contradictoryandfalseproposition.e.g.peopleoftensaythatmanyhandsmakelesswork.Buttheparadoxis,insomecases,toomanyhandsspoilthebroth.59/80HewaswhatDiogenescalledhimself,a“citizenoftheworld.”LikeDiogenes,headmiredtheheroicfigureofHercules,wholaboredtohelpmankindwhileallotherstoiledandsweatedonlyforthemselves.(para.17)citizenoftheworld:amanwhosemissionistohelpthemankind.toilandsweat:toworkhardforalongtime.60/80HeknewthatofallmanthenaliveintheworldonlyAlexandertheconquerorandDiogenesthebeggarwerefree.(para.17)61/80VocabularyTranslateIntoEnglishscratcheachother'sbacksPublishorperish.makeRMBconvertibleseekthetruthdiscardconventionssatirizepeople'svanityandextravagance62/807.Theislandisuninhabited,andbeingwithoutdrinkingwater,isalsouninhabitable.8.asmiretheircourage/guts/bravery9.neglectone'sduty10.escape/avoidtheconsequence11.erase/deletesthfromone'smemory12.takecommand13.blocktheway/standintheway/beinone'sway14.ruinone'sreputation/name63/80IntoChinese年久失修防御工事暫時占用或建造簡陋小棚儲物缸輕易變質(zhì)商品社會舊習(xí)搖搖擺晃酒鬼隱士住山洞8.此刻風(fēng)云人物9.英雄人物10.決定未來氣勢11.咄咄逼人目光12.對戰(zhàn)爭恐慌13.落實(shí)如雨14.一小撮搗亂分子64/802.Putintheblanksappropriatepropositionsoradverbs.with,offwith,uproundwith,outofto,out,of,for,in6.by,for7.upon,over,to8.For,into9.in,to,to10.to,out,of,into65/803.Choosetherightwordsorexpressions.ashamed,garmentresultedfrom,matteraffairs,requires,restrainrestrict,emptyrespected,emulating6.empty,bare,bare7.changed,hollow8.vacant,respectfully9.activities,convert10.laughing,behavior66/804.Replacetheitalicizedpartswithwordsorexpressionsfromthetext.1.thinkers:minds

madman:lunatic2.terriblyworried:sickwithanxiety

buy:purchase

wouldnotkeep:werehighlyperishable3.payavisitto:callupon

territory:realm

alargegroupof:alargecorpsof

lookfor:seekout

anyusefulscientificinformation:anythinginstructive67/804.complicatedprinciples:elaboratedoctrines/creeds

explained:developed/described/expounded5.cametoward:approached

stooduprespectfully:roseinrespect6.lookedover:examined/inspected

livedon:inhabited

fromtimetotime:accasionally

thrownaway:discarded68/807.deliberately:outofchoice/bydesign

anextravaganctlife:conplexitiesandextravagances8.hardlygaveany:gavescant

knewthathewould:expectedhimto9.had:possessed

allagreedtomake:unanimouslyelected10.changed:switched

lookinglikeamanborntoleadacountry:withhisairofdestiny69/805.Translatethesentences.Onlyinthiswaycanwegiveareasonableaccountofhisstrangebehavior.Sheclaimdtopossessamagicpower--thepowertocurediseasesimplybythetouchofherhand.Heappointedfivepeopletohandlethecase.Theyformedastrongteam.Withindaystheyfoundinhispossessionrollsofeuros,USdollarsandlargequantitiesofvaluablesthesourceofwhichthesuspectcouldnotaccountfor.Inthestory,thisevilspiritoftenappearsintheformofaprettyyounglady.70/805.Herolledupthepaintingandsaidthathewouldn'tpartwithitforlessthanamilliondollars.6.Ofallthequalifiedjudges,Idon'tknowwhyshewasappointedtotheSupremeCourt.7.Idon'tknowenoughtoformanelaboratetheory,butI'msurethatpovertyalonecannotaccountfortheincreaseofthecrimerate.8.Abigstonesuddenlyrolleddownthehill,sobigthatitsmashedthetrucktopieces.71/809.Isaidthatwemustrollupoursleevesandstartworking,buthejustrolledhiseyesphilosophicallyandsmiled.10.Inancienttimes,ourphilosophersbelievedthatagoodkingshoul