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MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itselvesdirectlytobringaboutarapidsaleofgoodsatreasonableprices,sosettingupafirmhomemarketandsomakingandisthereforeanicewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceofyourtelevisionprogramwouldneedtobedoubled,andtravelbybusorsubwaywouldcostmore.Andperhapsmostimportantofall,advertisingprovidesapromiseofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy.Besidesthefactthattwenty-sevenActsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlong,forthepublichasthegoodsensenottobuythepoorarticlemorethanonce.Ifyouseeanarticlefrequentlyadvertised,itistheproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatispromisedforit,andthatithasgoodvalue.AdvertisingdoesmoreforthegoodofthepublicthananyotherforceIcanthinkustherealdifference.Ofcourseadvertisingtriestopersuade.Ifitsmessagewerenothingbutinformation,thatwouldbedifficulttogetmorepeopletobuy,personwants.【小題1】Bythefirstsentenceofthepassagethewritermeansthat.A．heisfairlyfamiliarwiththecostofadvertisingB．everybodyknowswellthatadvertisingisawasteofmoneyC．a(chǎn)dvertisingcostsmoremoneythaneverythingelseD．moneyspentonadvertisingisworthwhileA．Gettinggreaterfame. B．Providingmorejobs.C．Raisingliving D．Reducingnewspaper【小題3】Theauthorthinksthatthewell-knownTVpersonis A．quiterightinpassinghisjudgmentonadvertisingB．interestedinnothingbutthebuyer’sC．correctintellingthedifferencebetweenpersuasionandinformationD．obviouslyunfairinhisviewsonadvertising【小題4】Intheauthor’ A．a(chǎn)dvertisingcanseldombringmaterialbenefittomanbyprovidinginformationB．a(chǎn)dvertisinginformspeopleofnewideasratherthanwinsthemoverC．thereisnothingwrongwithadvertisinginpersuadingtheD．thebuyerisnotinterestedingettinginformationfromanTheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductsisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.Thus,priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem.Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresources(privateproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.Inline7,paragraph1,"thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes".AmericanswanttohavetheirincomesThefirsttwosentencesinthesecondparagraphtellus producersdecidethepricesof Thepassageismainly [A]howAmericangoodsare [B]howAmericanconsumersbuytheir WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapersTheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepintoalongself-analysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject。Sadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow-levelfindingsaboutfactualerrorsandspellingandgrammarmistakes,combinedwithlotsofhead-scratchingpuzzlementaboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreallywantButthesourcesofdistrustgowaydeeper.Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplatespatternsintowhichtheyplugeachday'seventsInotherwordsthereisaconventionalstorylineinthenewsroomculturethatprovidesabackboneandaready-madenarrativestructureforotherwiseconfusingnews。Thereexistsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheirreaderswhichhelpsexplainwhythe"standardtemplatesofthenewsroomseemalientomanyreadersInarecentsurvey,questionnairesweresenttoreportersinfivemiddle-sizecitiesaroundthecountry,plusonelargemetropolitanareaThenresidentsinthesecommunitieswerephonedatrandomandaskedthesameRepliesshowthatcomparedwithotherAmericansjournalistsaremorelikelytoliveinupscaleneighborhoodshavemaidsownMercedesesandtradestocks,andthey'relesslikelytogotochurch,dovolunteerwork,orputdownrootsinaReporterstendtobepartofabroadlydefinedsocialandculturalelitesotheirworktendstoreflecttheconventionalvaluesofthiseliteTheastonishingdistrustofthenewsmediaisn'trootedininaccuracyorpoorreportorialskillsbutinthedailyclashofworldviewsbetweenreportersandtheirreaders。Thisisanexplosivesituationforanyindustry,particularlyadecliningone.HereisatroubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudesannoythecustomersThenitsponsorslotsofsymposiumsandacredibilityprojectdedicatedtowonderingwhycustomersareannoyedandfleeinginlargenumbers.ButitneverseemstogetaroundtonoticingtheculturalandclassbiasesthatsomanyformerbuyersarecomplainingaboutIfitdiditwouldopenupitsdiversityprogram,nowfocusednarrowlyonraceandgender,andlookforreporterswhodifferbroadlybyoutlook,values,education,andclass。Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?[A]Needsofthereadersallovertheworld[B]Causesofthepublicdisappointmentaboutnewspapers[C]Originsofthedecliningnewspaperindustry[D]AimsofajournalismcredibilityTheresultsofthejournalismcredibilityprojectturnedoutto quitetrustworthy[C]veryilluminating[D]rathersuperficialThebasicproblemofjournalistsaspointedoutbythewriterliesin。workingattitude[B]conventionallifestyle[C]worldoutlookDespiteitseffortsthenewspaperindustrystillcannotsatisfythereadersowingtoits failuretorealizeitsrealproblem[B]tendencytohireannoyingreporters[C]likelinesstodoinaccurate[D]prejudiceinmattersofraceandWhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica--breakthroughssuchasthetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine?Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry’sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,“spatial”thinkingaboutthingstechnological.Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,“Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandotherincentives.IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatfairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,“Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist.”Thisnonverbal“spatial”thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononcewrote,“Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea.”Whenalltheseshapingforces--schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,imitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence.Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmericawasinalargepartdueto elementaryenthusiastictheattractivepremiumaspecialwayofItisimpliedthatadaptivenessandinventivenessoftheearlyAmerican benefitedalotfromtheirmathematicalshedlightondisciplinedschoolwasbroughtaboutbyprivilegedhomeowedalottothetechnologicalAtechnologistcanbecomparedtoanartist theyarebothwinnersoftheyarebothexpertsinspatialtheybothabandonverbaltheybothusevariousThebesttitleforthispassagemight InventiveEffective[B]Waysof[D]Outpouringofifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers'misfortunes.Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Today,stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyouthetoy"doesnotenableusertofly."interactions,forexample—andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyinJulieNimmons,presidentofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet."We'rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzed,buthelmetsaren'tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries,"saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete'sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute—agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight—issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones."Importantinformationcangetburiedinway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalWhatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentsCustomersmightberelievedoftheirdisastersthroughInjuredcustomerscouldexpectprotectionfromthelegalCompanieswouldavoidbeingsuedbyprovidingnewManufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetend satisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningsonbecomehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheirmakethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegalfeelobligedtoviewcustomers'safetyastheirfirstThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstrated someinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedbyhelmetswerenotdesignedtopreventproductlabelswouldeventuallybesomesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithTheauthor'sattitudetowardstheissueseemsto Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopeworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics--thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy--fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves--goalsthatposearealchallenge.“Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,”saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“wecan’tyetgivearobotenough‘commonsense’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.”Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented--andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated--thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehuman[A][A]theuseofmachinestoproducesciencethewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingTheword“gizmos”(Line1,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman’sabilitynowistodesignarobotthat havealittlecommon dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanTheauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalfarlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantbestusedinacontrolledCouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-80,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthanintheRicheconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted--havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis globalreductioninfastgrowthinItcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramatically priceofcrudeTheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonWecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilthepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyFromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006'sWorldCuptournamentyouwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirkelitesoccerlatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks，youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon？Hereareafewguesses：acertainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills.bwinter-bornbathestendtohavehigheroxygencapacitywhichincreasessoccerstamina.csoccermadparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtimeattheannualpeakofsoccermania.dnoneoftheabove.AndersEricsson，a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity，sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.”EricssongrewupinSweden，andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperimentnearlyyearsago，involvedmemory：trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.“Withthefirstsubject.afterabout20hoursoftraininghisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20”Ericssonrecalls.“Hekeptimproving，andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers.”Thissuccesscoupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfasnotgeneticallydetermined，ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitivethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords，whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorizethosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully，Ericssondetermined，wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethanandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome.Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuits，includingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycan，notjustpredominancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlavatoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion：thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Or，putanotherway，expertperformerswhetherinmemoryorsurgery，balletorcomputerprogrammingarenearlyalwaysmade，notborn.explainwhysomesoccerteamsplaybetterthanTheword“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)mostprobablydependsonmeaningfulprocessingofinformation.[B]resultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveexercises.25.WhichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethetexttriestoToparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurke,"allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing."Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocates,whoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfunding,andfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettings,manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal.Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals-nomeat,nofur,nomedicines.Askedifsheopposedimmunizations,shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.Whenassuredthattheydo,shereplied,"ThenIwouldhavetosayyes."Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturn,shesaid,"Don'tworry,scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers."Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon'tunderstand.Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionate,understandableway-inhumanterms,notinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother'shipreplacement,afather'sbypassoperationababy'svaccinations,andevenapet'sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.Muchcanbedone.Scientistscould"adopt"middleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotours,toshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.IfgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalTheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurke'swords callonscientiststotakesomecriticizethemisguidedcauseofanimalwarnofthedoomofbiomedicalshowthetriumphoftheanimalrightsMisledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearch cruelbut [B]inhumanand[C]inevitablebut [D]pointlessandTheexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthe discontentwithanimal [B]ignoranceaboutmedical[C]indifferenceto [D]anxietyaboutanimalTheauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates,scientistsshould [B]employhi-techmeansin[C]feelnoshamefortheir [D]strivetodevelopnewFromthetextwelearnthatStephenCooper awell-known [B]amedical[C]anenthusiastinanimal [D]asupporterofanimalWhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheep,PresidentClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment-althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrinoetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup--theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommission(NBAC)-hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaper,andatNBACwillaskthatClinton's90-daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedin-definitely,andpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecommendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells-routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestion,however,whethertorecommendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning.Inadraftprefacetotherecommendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,conclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffed-eralfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofNBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislation,butinaphoneinterview,hesaidthisis-suewasstill"upintheair."WecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphfederalfundshavebeenusedinaprojecttoclonetheWhiteHouserespondedstronglytothenewsofcloning[C]NBACwasauthorizedtocontrolthemisuseofcloningtechnique[D]theWhiteHousehasgotthepanel'srecommendationsonThepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexceptthebanonfederalfundsforhumancloningshouldbemadealaw[B]thecloningofhumanDNAisnottobeputundermorecontrol[C]itiscriminaltouseprivatefundingforhumancloning[D]itwouldbeagainstethicalvaluestocloneahuman15.NBACwillleavetheissueofembryoresearchundiscussedembryoresearchisjustacurrentdevelopmentofthehealthofthechildisnotthemainconcernofembryoresearch[C]anembryo'slifewillnotbeendangeredinembryoresearch[D]theissueisexplicitlystatedandsettledinthelawItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphsomeNBACmembershesitatetobanhumancloningcompletely[B]alawbanninghumancloningistobepassedinnotimeprivatelyfundedresearcherswillrespondpositivelytoNBAC'sappeal[D]theissueofhumancloningwillsoonbesettledScience,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidn"ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandtheplanets.Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon"thaveunpredictablethings,youdon"thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpressionthatthey