英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)題

千里之行，始于足下。第2頁(yè)/共2頁(yè)精品文檔推薦英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)題1.Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?Illustratethemwithexamples.

Traditionally,therearethreemajortypesofsentences.Theyaresimplesentence,coordinate(compound)sentence,andcomplexsentence.Asimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence,forexample:Johnreadsextensively.Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordthatiscalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".Forexample:Johnisreadingalinguisticbook,andMaryispreparingforherhistoryexam.Acomplexsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Thetwoclausesinacomplexsentencedonothaveequalstatus,oneissubordinatetotheother.Forexam­ple:BeforeJohngaveheralecture,Maryshowednointerestinlin­guistics.

2.Whatislanguage?

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

Designfeaturesoflanguage:

Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.

(1)Arbitrarinessisthecorefeatureoflanguage,whichmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Arbitrarinessisamatterofdegree.

(2)Duelityofstructurereferstothefactthatinalllanguagessofarinvestigated,onefindstwolevelsofstructureorpatterning.Atthefirstlevel,languageisanalyzedintermsofcombinationsofmeaningfulunits(suchasmorphemes,wordsetc.);atthesecond,lowerlevel,itisseenassequenceofsegmentswhichlackanymeaninginthemselves,butwhichcombinetoformunitsofmeaning.

(3)Productivityreferstotheabilitytoconstructandunderstandandifinitelylargenumberofsentencesinone'slanguage,includingthosethatonehasneverheardbefore.

(4)Displacementreferstothefactthatonecantalkaboutthingsthatarenotpresent,aseasilyashedoesthingspresent.

(5)Culturaltransmissionshowsthatlanguageisnotbiologicallytransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration,buthavetobelearnedandtaught.

(6)Interchangeabilitymeansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducerandareceiverofmessages.

3.Theorginoflanguage

(1)Thebow-bowtheory:inprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsofanimalcallsinthewildeniroXXXenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat.Onomatopoeticwordsseemtobeaconvenientevidenceforthistheory.

(2)Thepooh-poochtheory:inthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpain,anger,andjoy.

(3)The"yo-he-yo"theory:asprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.

4.Functionsoflanguage

(1)Theinformativefunctionisregardedasthemostimportantfunctionoflanguage

(2)Theinterpersonalfunctionisthemostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguagebywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.

(3)Theperformativefunctionisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies.thelanguageusedisquiteformalandevenritualized.

(4)Theemotivefunctionchangestheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.Itissimilartoexpressivefunctionbutthelattercanbetotallywithoutanyimplicationofcommunicationtoothers.

(5)thephaticcommunionenablespeopletomaintainacomfortablerelationshipwithoutinvolvinganyfactualcontent.

(6)therecreationalfunctionreferstotheuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy'sbabblingorachanter'schanting.

(7)Themetlingualfunctionmeansthatwecanuselanguagetotalkaboutlanguage.

5.Whatislinguistics?

Linguisticsisthestudyscientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.Thefourprinciplesthatmakelinguisticsascienceareexhausiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivity.

6.Somebasicdistinctionsinlinguistics

(1)SpeechandWriting

Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofspeechoverwriting.Writinggiveslanguagenewscopeandusesthatspeechdoesnothave

(2)Descriptive(描述性)orPrescriptive(講明性)

Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalyzesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavour.

(3)Synchronic(共時(shí))andDiachronic(歷時(shí))

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointofintimeisasychronicstudyandthedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.

(4)Langue(語(yǔ)言)andParole(言語(yǔ))

ThisisthedistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguististF.DeSaussureearlylastcentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheactualizedlanguage,ortherealizationoflangue.

(5)Competence(能力)andPerformance(行為)

Competenceistheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances(發(fā)聲).

(6)linguisticpotential/linguisticbehavior

7.Thescopeoflinguistics

(1)Generallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasawhole.

(2)Phoneticsisthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.

(3)Phonologyisthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsoflanguages.

(4)Morphologyisthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheformofwords.

(5)Syntaxisthebranchoflinhguisticswhichstudiestherulesofgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.

(6)Semanticsisthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningoflanguage.

(7)Appliedlinguisticsisthestudyoftheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.

(8)Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.

(9)Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind.

(10)Historicallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguagechanges.

(11)Anthropologicallinguisticsusesthethoeriesandmathodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofmman.

(12)Neurolinguisticsstudiestheneurologicalbasisoflanguagedevelopmentanduseinhumanbeings.

(13)Mathematicallinguisticsstudiesthemathematicaolfeaturesoflanguage,oftenemployingmodelsandconceptsofmathematics.

(14)Computationallinguisticsisanapproachtolinguisticsinwhichmathematicaltechniquesandconceptsare

applied,oftenwiththeaidofacomputer.

8.Howaresemanticsandpragmaticsdifferentfromeachother?

Traditionalsemanticsstudiedmeaning,buttemeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomethingintrinsic,andinherent,i.e.apropertyattachedtolanguageitself.Therefore,meaningsofwords,meaningsofsentenceswereallstudiedinanisolatedmanner,detachedfromthecontextinwhichtheywereused.Pragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.Theessentialdistinctionbetweensemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherthecontextofuseisconsideredinthestudyofmean­ing.Ifitisnotconsidered,thestudyisrestrictedtotheareaoftraditionalsemantics;ifitisconsidered,thestudyisbeingcarriedoutintheareaofpragmatics

9.Howdoesasentencedifferfromanutterance?

Asentenceisagrammaticalconcept.Itusuallyconsistsofasubjectandpredicate.Anutteranceistheunitofcommunication.Itisthesmallestlinguisticunitthathasacommunicativevalue.Ifweregardasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesanutterance.Whether“Maryisbeautiful.”isasentenceoranutterancede­pendsonhowwelookatit.Ifweregarditasagrammaticalunitoraself-containedunitinisolation,thenitisasentence.Ifwelookatitassomethingutteredinacertainsituationwithacertainpurpose,thenitisanutterance.Mostutter­ancestaketheformofcompletesentences,butsomeutterancesarenot,andsomecannotevenberestoredtocompletesentences.

10.speechorgans

Speechorgansarethehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech,includingthelungs,thetrachea,thethroat,thenose,andthemouth.

Whenthevocalfoldsareapart,theaircanpassthrougheasilyandthesoundproducedissaidtobeVOICELESS.Whentheyareclosetogether,theairstreamcausesthemtovibrateagainsteachotherandtheresultantsoundissaidtobeVOICED.

Whentheyaretotallyclosed,noaircanpassbetweenthem.THeresultofthisgestureistheglottalstop[?].

11.MorphemeandMorphology

(1)Morphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguage,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofuthersmallerunitswithoutdetroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.

(2)Morphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed,includinginflectionandwordformation.

12.Majorbranchesofphonetics

Phoneticsit’sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it’sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.Phoneticsisthestudyofallspeechsoundsusedinhumanlanguageswhereasphonologyisthestudyofasubsetofthosesoundsthatconstitutealanguageandexpressmeanings.Therearethreebranchesofphonetics,articulatoryphonetics,auditoryphoneticsandacousticphonetics.

13.Allophone:thedifferentmembersofaphoneme,soundsthatarephoneticallydifferentbutdonotmakeoneworddifferentfromanotherinmeaning,areallophone.Forexample,thephoneme/l/inEnglishcanberealizedasdark〖l〗,clear〖l〗,whichareallophonesofthephoneme/l/.

Phone:aphoneticunitorsegmentwhichoccursinthelanguageiscalledaphone.

Compare:Morpheme-morph-allomorphandphoneme-phone-allophone

Therelationshipbetweenamorphemeanditsmorphsandallomorphsisparalleltotherelationshipbetween

aphonemeanditsphonesandallophones.

Amorphemeismanifestedasoneormoremorphs(surfaceforms)indifferentenviroXXXents.Thesemorphs

arecalledallomorphs.

Aphonemeismanifestedasoneormorephones(phoneticsounds)indifferentenviroXXXents.Thesephones

arecalledallophones.

14.whatismiminalpairandwhatisminimalset?Whyisitimportanttoidentifytheminalanguage?Minimalpairsaretwowordswhichareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentsthatoccursinthesamepositioninthestring.Soinenglish,PillandBillareaminimalpair,andsoarepillandtill,tillandkill,killanddill.Accordingly,wecanconcludethat/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/arephonemesinenglish.Thenallthesesoundcombinationstogetherconstituteaminimalset;theyareidenticalinformexceptfortheinitialconsonant.Byidentifyingtheminimalpairortheminimalsetofalanguage,alinguistscanidentifyitsphonemes.

15.Howdophoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudy?

Phoneticsandphonologybothstudythesameaspectoflanguagespeechsounds,thereisafairdegreeofoverlapinwhatconcernsthetwosubjects.Withouttheknowledgeofspeechsoundsprovidedbyphoneticstudies,anystudyofthesoundsystemofaparticularlanguagewouldhavebeenalmostimpossible.

However,thetwosubjectsapproachspeechsoundsfromdifferentpointsofview.

A)Phoneticsprovidesmethodsforthedescription,transcriptionofsoundsforalllanguages;phonologystudiesthesoundsystemofaparticularlanguage.Therefore,phoneticsisgeneral,descriptive,andclassificatory;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,etc.phonologicalstudyisparticularandfunctional.Itisparticulartoonelanguageandtheconclusionwereachaboutthephonologyofonelanguageshouldnotbegeneralizedintothestudyofanotherlanguage.Phonologydealswithhowhumanbeingusespeechsoundstoexpressmeaning.

B)Thebasisunitofphoneticstudyisphone,whilethatofphonologicalstudyisphoneme.

C)Aphoneticstudyisastaticone,sinceittellsushowasoundofalanguageismade,transmittedandreceived,whereasaphonologicalstudyisadynamicone,tellinghowsoundsareusedtoconveymeaning.

16.Whatisaphone?Howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?Howareallophonesrelatedtothephoneme?Phonereferstothespeechsoundweusewhenspeaki