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/17thathavebeendiscoveredthere,alongsideanimpressiveassemblyofstonetools.Thesand-stonesthemselveshavepreviouslyyieldedsomeoftheworld’esarliestcomplexhandaxes—largetear-drop-shapedstonetoolsthatareassociatedwithHomoerectus(直立人).Creatinganaxebyrepeatedlyknockingthinpiecesoffarawstoneinordertocreatetwosharpcuttingedgesrequiresasignificantamountofplanning.Theirappearanceisthereforethoughttomarkanimportantmomentinintellectualevolution.TrappedinsidetheOlduvaisand-stones,theresearchersfounddistinctivebutunusualbiologicalmolecules(分子)thatareofteninterpretedasbiomarkersforheat-tolerantbacteria.Someoftheseliveinwaterbetween85°Cand95°C.ThemoleculespresencesuggeststhatanancientriverwithintheGorgewasoncefedbyoneormorehotsprings.Dr.Summonsandhiscolleaguessaythehotspringswouldhaveprovidedaconvenient“pr-efire”meansofcookingfood.InNewZealand,theMaorihavetraditionallycookedfoodinhotsprings,eitherbyloweringitintotheboilingwaterorbydiggingaholeinthehotearth.SimilarmethodsexistinJapanandIceland,soitisplausible,ifdifficulttoprove,thatearlyhumansmighthaveusedhotspringstocookmeatandroots.RichardWrangham,whodevisedthecookingtheory,isfascinatedbytheidea.Nonetheless,firewouldhaveofferedadistinctadvantagetohumans,oncetheyhadmasteredtheartofcontrollingitsince,unlikeahotspring,itisatransportableresource.AllofthefollowingstatementscansupportthecookingtheoryEXCEPT .cookingenabledearlyhumanstoinvestlessindigestivesystemcookingenabledearlyhumanstodevotemoreenergytobuildingbigbrainsa0b0o0uytearsagoourbrainbecamelargeraroundthesametimeourdigestivesystemweakenedD.thecontrolledfirewasn ’tmasteredu7n9ti0la0b0o0uytearsagoThepresenceofbiologicalmoleculeswasimportantbecause.theysuggestedapossiblemeansofcookingwithoutfiretheycastlightonhowearlyHomoerectuslivedtheyprovidedaconvenientwayofstudyingstonetoolstheymadestudiesofpre-historicculturespossibleTheunderlinedword“plausible"probablymeans.A.noticeableB.applicableC.reasonableD.affordableWhatmaybetheconclusionofthestudybyDr.Summonsandhiscolleague?Earlyhumanswerecapableofmakingcomplexstonetools.Hotspringshelpexplainhowhumanbrainsgotsobig.Homoerectuswereadaptabletotoughandcomplexterritories.Humanbrainsarehighlyadvancedasshownbytheirsize.SectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.Thosewithaslowerpacealsoscoredlesswellinphysicalexercisessuchashand-gripstrengthandbiologicalmarkersofgoodhealth.Therearealreadysignsinearlylifeofwhowouldbecometheslowestwalkers.Infact,basedonanewseriesofexperiments,theynowbelievetheslowerapersontendencytowalk,thelessabletheirbrain.Brainscanningduringtheirfinalassessmentat45showedtheslowerwalkerstendedtohavelowertotalbrainvolumeandlessbrainsurfacearea.Untilnow,however,nooneknewitcouldsignifyunderlyingbrainhealthsomuchearlierinlife.Researchersperformedwalkingspeedanalysisonhundredsofmiddle-agedpeople,comparingtheirpsychologicalresults.SlowerWalkersHaveSlowerMinds,ScientistsRevealOfallhumanactivities,fewaresoreadilycreditedwithenhancingthepowerofthemindasgoingforagoodwalk.However,thosewhoassumethatstrollingalongatagentlepaceisthesymbolofsuperiorintellectshouldthinkagain,scientistshavesaid.67Doctorshavelongusedwalkingspeedtogainaquickandreliableunderstandingofolderpeopledmentalcapability,asitisincreasinglyrecognizedthatpaceisassociatedwithnotonlymuscularstrengthbutalsothecentralnervoussystem.68Therelationshipwassoobvious,however,thattheUSscientistsnowsaywalkingtestscouldbeusedtoprovideanearlyindicationofdementia(癡呆)PublishedintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,thestudyrevealedanaveragedifferenceof16IQpointsbetweentheslowestandthefastestwalkersattheageof45,Thisreflectedboththeparticipants 'naturalwalkingspieedhendacieievedwhenaskedlowalkasfastastheycould.69Actually,slowerwalkerswereshowntohave“seededaging''ona19-measurescaledevisedbyresearchers,andtheirlungs,teethandimmunesystemstendedtobeinworseshapethanthepeoplewhowalkedfaster.The904NewZealandmenandwomenwhoweretestedat45weretrackedfromtheageofthree,eachundergoingmultipletestsovertheyears.Thelong-termdatacollectionenabledresearcherstoestablishthatkidswithlowerIQscores,lowerlinguisticabilityandweakeremotionalcontroltendedtohaveslowerwalkingspeedsbymiddleage. 70 Theresearchteamsaidgeneticfactorsmayexplainthelinkbetweenwalkingspeed,braincapacityandphysicalhealthorthatbetterbrainhealthmightpromotephysicalactivity,leadingtobetterwalkingspeed.Someofthedifferencesinhealthandintellectmaybetheresultoflifestylechoicesindividualshavemade.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.ThePsychologyofSpendingDr.ThomasGilovich,psychologyprofessoratCornellUniversity,hasstudiedthepsychologyofspendingforover20years.AccordingtoDr.Gilovich,“Webuythingstomakeushappy,andwesucceed,butonlyforawhile.Newthingsareexcitingtousatfirst,butthenweadapttothem.”Inotherw,ordosncethefreshnessofournewestpurchasewearsoff,webeginlookingforsomethingelsetobuytomakeushappy.Dr.Gilovichfoundthatoursatisfactionwithpossessionsfadesovertime.Yetourhappinessoverthingswe'veexperiencedincreases.Forthatreason,hehasconcludedthatwearespendingourmoneyonthewrongthings.AstudyoutofSanFranciscoStateUniversityagrees.Theresearchshowedthatthosepeoplewhospentmoneyonexperiencesinsteadofpossessionswerehappier.Theyalsothoughttheirmoneywasbetterinvested.Tobeginwith,activitieslikeatrip,adventure,hobby,etc.tendtobringtheparticipantstogetherandunitethemoverasharedinterest.AccordingtoGilovich, Weconsumeexperienc“esdirectlywithotherpeople. ”Asaresult,theseexperiencestypicallycreateapositivelinkandgoodfeelingstowardtheotherpersonorpeople.Besides,yourexperienceshowsotherswhoyouareandwhatyouare.Forexample,youmightbesomeonewholovestakingcookingclasses.Morethanlikely,you'llbecomeknownbyfriendsandfamilyasagreatcook.Theywon'tknowyouassomeonewhoownsthe

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