英美文學(xué)期末考試

名詞解說1、英國浪漫主義（EnglandRomanticism）Amovementthatflourishedinliterature,philosophy,music,andartinwesterncultureduringmostofthe19thcentury,beginningasrevoltagainstclassicism.Romanticismgaveprimaryconcerntopassionemotion,andnaturalbeauty.TheEnglishRomanticPeriodisanageofpoetry.2.英豪雙行體（HeroicCouplet）Heroiccoupletisarhymingcoupletofiambicpentameter,oftencontainingacompletethough.Thereisafairlyheavyattheendofthefirstlineandastillheavieroneattheendofthesecond.Commonlythereisaparalleloranantithesiswithinaline,orbetweenthetwolines.ItiscalledheroicbecauseinEngland,especiallyintheeighteenthcentury,itwasmuchusedforheroic(epic)poems.3.超驗主義（Transcendentalism）InNewEngland,anintellectualmovementknowntranscendentalismdevelopedasanAmericanversionofRomanticism.ThemovementbeganamonganinfluentialsetauthorsbasedinConcord,Massachusetts,andwasledRalphWaldoEmerson.LikeRomanticism,transcendentalismrejectedboth18th-centuryrationalismandestablishedreligion,whichforthetranscendentalistsmeantthePuritantraditioninparticular.Instead,thetranscendentalistscelebratedthepowerofthehumanimaginationtocommunewiththeuniverseandtranscendthelimitationsofthematerialworld.Thetranscendentalistsfoundtheirchiefsourceofaspirationinnature.迷惑的一代（LostGeneration）TheLostGenerationreferstothedisillusionedintellectualsandartistsoftheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar,whorebelledagainstformeridealsandvaluesbutcouldreplacethemonlybydespairorcynicalhedonism.5.啟示運(yùn)動（EnlightenmentMovement）TheEnlightenmentMovementwasaprogressivemovement,whichflourishedinFranceandsweptthewholeWesternEuropeat

thetime.Itwasath

thfurtheranceoftheRenaissancefromthe14tothe17century.Itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.TheeighteenthcenturymarkedthebeginningofanintellectualmovementinEuropeknownastheEnlightenmentMovement.7.無韻體blankverseThisterm,whichwasfirstbroughtintoEnglandbySurrey,isusedtonametheunrhymediambicpentameterlineinpoetry.8.三一律TheThreeUnitiesTheThreeUnities,formulatedbyRenaissancedramatists,aretheunitiesoftime,placeandaction.Aplayshouldhavenoscenesirrelevanttotheaction,shouldnotcovermorethantwenty-fourhours,andshouldnotcovermorethanonelocale.6.自由體freeverseItistherhymedorunrhymedpoetrycomposedwithoutattentiontoconventionalrulesofmeter.9.現(xiàn)代主義ModernismModernismwasacomplexanddiverseinternational,movementinallcreativetharts,originatingabouttheendofthe19century.Itprovidedthegreatestthrenaissanceofthe20century.Itwasmadeupofmanyfacts,suchassymbolismsurrealism,cubism,expressionism,futurism,etc.英國文藝中興RenaissanceThetermreferstoagreatbourgeoisculturalmovementinEuropewhichbeganththinthe14centuryandcontinuedtothemid-17century.ItfirststartedfromItalyandthenspreadalloverEurope.TheRenaissance,therefore,inessence,isahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarstriedtogetridofthoseoldfeudalisticideasinMedievalEurope.英國文學(xué)Beowulf:anationalepicTheRenaissance(原由)：rediscoveriesofancientGreekandRomanculture.discoveriesingeographyandastrology.(3)Religiousreformationandeconomicexpansion.WilliamShakespeare四大慘?。骸禜amlet》《Othello》《Macbeth》《KingLear》喜?。骸禩heMerchantofVenice》:ItisacomedydramaticironictoChristian.世紀(jì)：4.JohnMilton(約翰彌爾頓)《ParadiseLost》blankverse(無韻體詩)5.JohnBunyan(約翰班揚(yáng))《ThePilgrim’sProgress》（天路歷程）：讓人遵守宗教條例而且經(jīng)過不停與自己單薄意識和惡權(quán)益作斗爭來自我挽救?！癡anityFair”是此中最富盛名的。世紀(jì)：6.DanielDefoe(丹尼爾笛福)《RobinsonCrusoe》:描繪的是“真切的生活”，反應(yīng)社會現(xiàn)實。7.JonathanSwift(喬納森斯威夫特)《Gulliver’sTravels》反對，嘲諷英國的社會。8.WilliamBlake(威廉布萊克)：浪漫主義初步《London》from《SongsofExperience》：悲觀、低調(diào)《SongsofInnocence》：樂觀、熱忱浪漫主義時期WilliamWordsworth:HeusheredintheEnglishRomanticMovementwiththepopulationof“LyricalBallads”《抒懷歌謠集》成就：①advocatetousedeverydaylanguageuseofhumbleandrusticlifeadvocateexpressionofspontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings《SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWays》《IWanderedLonelyasaCloud》10.GeorgeGordon,LordByron(喬治戈登拜倫)《DonJuan》(唐璜)《ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage》（恰爾德哈羅爾德游記）11.PercyByssheShelley(鉑西比希雪萊《)OdetotheWestWind》《TheCloud》12.JohnKeats《OdetoaNightingale》(夜鶯頌)13.JaneAusten(簡奧斯汀)《PrideandPrejudice》(驕橫與成見)主題：Thetitleofthisnovelrevealsthenovelist’sconcern:ifmakinggoodrelationshipisourmaintaskinlife,wemustfirsthavegoodjudgment.AccordingtoJaneAusten,ourfirstimpressionsareusuallywrong,asisshownherbythatofElizabeth.維多利亞時期CharlesDickens(查爾斯狄更斯)TaleofTwoCities》(雙城記)&《OliverTwist》(霧都孤兒)史詩的散文15.WilliamMakepeaceThackeray(威廉梅克匹斯薩克雷)《VanityFair》16.CharlotteBronte&EmilyBronte(夏洛蒂勃朗特&艾蜜莉勃朗特)CharlotteBronte——《JaneEyre》：第一次寫家庭女教師17.RobertBrowning(羅伯特ElizabethBarrettBrowning

布朗寧)——丈夫dramaticmonologues戲劇獨(dú)白——老婆《FromSonnetsfromthePortuguese

》:寫給她丈夫世紀(jì)ThomasHardy(托馬斯哈代)Nostalgia懷鄉(xiāng)情調(diào)，他以自己家鄉(xiāng)Wessex為背景《TessoftheD’Urbervilles》19.OscarWilde(奧斯卡伍爾德)：被以為同性戀而入獄《ThePictureofDorianGray》:獨(dú)一的一部小說20.GeorgeBernardShaw(蕭伯納)GreatestdramatistsinceShakespeare,主要關(guān)注社會問題，discussionplays21.D.H.Lawrence(勞倫斯)第一部《白孔雀》《TheWhitePeapock》SonsandLovers》:第一部自由體，利專心理分析美國文學(xué)1.EdgarAllanPoe埃德加﹒愛倫﹒坡《toHelen》《TheRaven》烏鴉2.RalphWaldoEmerson拉爾夫﹒沃爾多﹒愛默生超驗主義（transcendentalist）3.NathanielHawthorne納撒尼爾﹒霍?！都t字》TheScarletLetter4.WaltWhitman沃爾特﹒惠特曼《SongofMyself》5.EmilyDickinson艾米麗﹒迪金森《IheardaFlybuzz-whenIdied-》19c女詩人Herthemesincludelove,nature,friendship《ABirdcamedowntheWalk-》6.MarkTwain馬克吐溫《TheAdventuresofTomSawyer》湯姆索亞歷險記《TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn》哈克貝利﹒芬歷險記7.JackLondon杰克﹒倫敦《MartinEden》自傳體小說《TheSeaWolf》8.TheodoreDreiser西奧多﹒德萊賽《SisterCarrie》嘉莉妹妹9.EzraPound埃茲拉﹒龐德ThefatherofImagistPoetry意象派詩歌之父10.RobertFrost羅伯特﹒弗羅斯特《TheRoadNotTaken》《StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening》11.ThomasStearnsEliotT.S.艾略特《TheWasteLand》荒野12.F.ScottFitzgerald

弗朗西﹒斯哥特﹒菲茨杰拉爾德《

TheGreatGatsby

》了不起的蓋茨比13.JohnSteinbeck14.WilliamFaulkner

約翰﹒斯提貝克《威廉﹒福克納

TheGrapesofWrathstreamofconsciousness

》生氣的葡萄意識流《ARoseforEmily》獻(xiàn)給艾米麗小姐的玫瑰一．《IheardaFlybuzzwhenIdied作者：EmilyDickinson

》主題：thethemeofthepoemistheexplorationofdeath.Thepoetthoughtthatdeathwasinevitable,painlessandnaturalandassertedthatdeathmeanteternitybecausepeoplewoundgetanotherlivingaftertheyhavepassedit.二．《作者：

TheroadnotTakenRobertFrost

》主題：Thepoetisexpressesacomplicatedfeelingaboutminglingwiththebeauty.(1)Itisameditativepoem,inthepoemthespeakertellushowthecourseofhislifewasdeterminedwhenhecameupontworoadsthatdivergedinawood.Forcedtochoose,he“tooktheonelesstraveledby,andthathasmadeallthedifference”(2)Herethepoemmeansthathischoiceofthecourseoflifeisdifferentfromthatofothers.(3)InthissimplebutprofoundpoemFrosttriestoshowtheimportanceofchoosingacorrectwayoflife.三．《StoppingbywoodsonaSnowyEvening作者：RobertFrost

》主題：Thepoetexpressesacomplicatedfeelingaboutminglingwiththebeautyandquietnaturalandtheresponsibilitywhichtheopeakerbearsintherealworld.四：《SongofMyself作者：WaltWhitman

》主題：Insongofmyself,Whitman’sownearlyexperiencemaywellbeidentifiedwiththechildhoodofayounggrowingAmerica,andhesetsforththeprincipalbeliefsofboththetheoryofuniversalityandsingularityandequalityofanbeinginvalue.五．《Sonnet18》作者：WilliamShakespeare主題：notonlyappreciatethebelovedwoman;butalsoeulogizethepowerofartisticcreation幾行：十四行詩fourteenlines押韻形式：ababcdcdefefgg幾個音部：fivefoots賞析：Sonnet18Thepoemisasonnetwhichusetheformof”ababcdcdefefgg”asrhyme.Oneandthreelinesendwith/ei/;twoandfourlinesendwith/eit/;fiveandsevenlinesandwith/aiz/;sixandeightlinesendwith/imd/;nineandelevenlinesendwith/eid/;tenandtwelvelinesendwith/?ust/;thirteenandfourteenlinesendwith/i/.Eachlinehavefivefoot.Forexample:thefirstline:Shall’Icompare’theeto’asum’mer’sday”.”ShallI”、”compare”、”theeto”、”asum”、”mer’sday”arethefivefoot.Ineachfoottheformersyllableneedlightenandthelatterneedstress.Thepoemcontainstwothemes:firsttoappreciatehasfriendbeauty;secondtoeulogizethepowerofartisticcreation.《西風(fēng)頌》（OdetotheWestWind）Inthepoem,theautumnwind,becomesanimageofShelleyhimselfashewantstobe,initsfreedom,itsdestructiveconstructivepotential,itsuniversality.Thewholepoemhasalogicoffeeling,thatleadstothetriumphant,hopefulandconvincingconclusion”.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?”Whichbroughtusahopeful,optimisticattitudetothecomingfuture.《驕橫與成見》

(prideandprejudice)ThetitleofthenovelPrideandPrejudicerevealsthenovelist’sconcern:ifmakinggoodrelationshipisourmaintaskinlife,wemustfirsthavegoodjudgment.Ourfirstimpressions,accordingtoJaneAusten,areusuallywrong,asisshownherebythatofElizabeth.Intheprocessofjudgingothers,Elizabethfindsoutabsurdaboutherself:herblindness,partiality,prejudiceandabsurdity.Atthesametime,Darcytoolearnsaboutotherpeopleandhimself.Intheend,false,prejudiceishumbledandprejudicedissolved.《兒子與情人》(sonsandlovers)’sSemi-autographicalnovel—works.ttellsthestoryofacoalminer’sfamilycentralcharacter.hethreadofstoryevolvedaroundPaul

thewith

mostpopularoneofthethirdsonPaulas’sloveforthetwogirls

histheMiriamandClaraaswellashisloveforhismother.Lawrencefocusedonthepsychologicaldevelopmentofitscharacter.Mainlydescribedsexandlust.闡述題1.Roughlyspeaking,periods.Whatare

Shakespeare’sliterarycareercanbedividedintothreethethreeperiods?Andwhatarehismajorworksineachperiod?莎士比亞創(chuàng)作分為哪幾個時期，各時期代表作Shakespeare’sliteraryworkscanbedividedintothreeperiods:thefirstonefrom1590to1600,thesecondfrom1601to1608,andthethirdfrom1609to1612.Inthefirstperiod,optimismprevailsinmostoftheworks,whichincludehistories,comedies,andpoems.Inthem,heportrayedyoungpeoplejustfreedfromfeudalfetters.Hesangoftheiryouth,loveandidealsofhappiness.HishistoriesincludeRichardIII,HenryIV,HenryV,ect.ComediesincludeTheMerchantofVenice,MuchAdoaboutNothing,TwelfthNight,ect.Andallhispoems,154sonnetsandtwolongpoems,TheRapeofLureceandVenusandAdonis,arewritteninthisperiod,too.Inthesecondperiod,Shakespeare’soptimismwanesandastrongtouchofpessimismmarksmostoftheworks,whichrevealthesocietytobeanevilone.Thefamousfourtragediesofhisageareallcompleteinthisperiod,whichincludeHamlet,Othello,Macbeth,andKingLear.Theworksinthethirdperiodaremainlytragicomediesandromances:Cymbeline,TheWinter’stale,TheTempest,ect.2.WhatistheShakespeare’sliteraryachievement莎士比亞的文學(xué)成就主要表此刻哪幾個方面(1)Shakespeareisoneofthefoundersofrealisminworldliterature.Hemaintainsthatthepurposeofdramaticperformanceis“tohold,asitwere,themirroruptonature”.Inhiswork,hepaintsthedeclineoftheoldfeudalnobilityandtheviceofthenewTudormonarch.Besides,hisplayshavegoodplotsandlife-likecharacterstoo.Hisdramaisanexpression,amonumentoftheEnglishRenaissancesincehewroteabouthisownpeopleforhisowntime.(2)Shakespeareisaprolificwriter.Within22years,heproduced37plays,154sonnetsand2longpoems.Heisamaster-handforeveryformofdrama-comedy,tragedy,andhistoricalplays.(3)Shakespearewasskilledinmanypoeticforms:thesong,thesonnet,thecouplet,andthedramaticblankverse.AndheisagreatmasteroftheEnglishlanguage.HeusedavocabularylargerthananyotherEnglishwriters.ManyofhisnewcoinageandturnsofexpressionshavebecomeeverydayusageinEnglishlife.ShakespeareandtheAuthorizedVersionoftheEnglishBiblearethetwogreattreasuresoftheEnglishlanguage.(4)ShakespearehasbeenuniversallyacknowledgedtobethesummitoftheEnglishRenaissance,andoneofthegreatestwriterstheworldover.3.WhatarethemaincharacteristicsofBernardShaw’splays蕭伯納的戲劇特色(1)Structurallyandthematically,Shawfollowedthegreattraditionsofrealism.Hetookthemodernsocialissuesashissubjectswiththeaimofdirectingsocialreforms.(2)OnefeatureofShaw'scharacterizationisthathemakesthetrickofshowinguponecharactervividlyattheexpenseofanother.AnotherfeatureisthatShaw'scharactersaretherepresentativesofideas，pointsofview，thatshiftandalterduringtheplay，forMr.Shawisprimarilyinterestedindoctrines.(3)MuchofShaviandramaisconstructedaroundtheinversionofaconventionaltheatricalsituation.Theinversion,adevicefoundinShawfrombeginningtoend,isanintegralpartofaninterpretationoflife.(4)Shaw'splayshaveplots，buttheydonotworkbyplots.Theplotisusuallythedisregardedbackbonetoonelong,unbrokenconversation.Itisthevitalityofthetalkthattakesprimacyovermerestory.Actionisreducedtoaminimum,whilethedialogueandtheinterplayofthecharactersmaintaintheinterestoftheaudience.Theforwardmotionconsistsnotintheunrollingofplotbutintheoperationofthespiritofdiscourse.4.WhatarethestylisticfeaturesofH