論英語典故與習(xí)語的來源與翻譯分析研究 英語學(xué)專業(yè)

論英語典故與習(xí)語的來源與翻譯[Abstract]Idiomsarefixedphrasesthatgothroughthetestofhistoryandcannotbetreatedseparately.Inordertobeloyaltotheoriginaltext,thetranslationofEnglishidiomsshouldnotonlykeeptheoriginaltasteofthesource,butalsomeetthestandardsofwriting,especiallyformythologyandallusion.BecauseEnglishidiomshavemanifestedandabsorbedthedifferentnationalcultureofancientGreek,ancientRome,andNorthernEurope,itismoretypicalandrepresentativethanotherformsoflanguageonreflectingtheculturaldiversity.Domesticationandforeignizationaretwomainmethodsoftranslation.Andtherearesomeconcretetranslationskillsasfollows:1.Literaltranslation2.Freetranslation3.Borrowing4.Literaltranslationwithannotation.Inthetrendofculturalglobalization,cultureamongvariousnationalitiespermeateandsticktogethermutually.Andthereaders’abilitytoacceptthenewculturalimageryhasimproveddaybyday.Thereforesolongasnottoaffecttheunderstandingofsourcelanguage,theauthoradvocatestranslatingEnglishidiomsdirectlyasfaraspossibletocarryontheculture,whichpromotestheexchangeandfusionofcultureallovertheworld.

[KeyWords]idioms;allusion;translationmethods

【摘要】習(xí)語是指那些經(jīng)受了歷史的長期考驗,千錘百煉而形成的固定詞組。為了忠于原文,習(xí)語翻譯既要保持源語的原汁原味,也要符合譯入語語言文字的需求。尤其在翻譯習(xí)語中的神話典故時更應(yīng)注意以下三點1.譯入語結(jié)構(gòu)的平衡2.譯出源語的民族特色和地域色彩3.盡可能保留源語的形象。因為英語習(xí)語吸收了眾多來自古希臘，古羅馬，北歐古代神話等歐洲各民族的文化精髓，所以在體現(xiàn)語言的文化差異方面,習(xí)語比其他語言成分更具有典型性和代表性?；镜挠⒄Z翻譯方法有歸化和異化，具體體現(xiàn)如下：直譯法，意譯法，借用法，直譯加注。在當(dāng)前文化全球化的時代背景下，各民族間的文化相互滲透和融合的趨勢愈來愈強。人們對于外來文化、異國情調(diào)的包容、接納以至欣賞能力也日漸提高。因此,作者認(rèn)為只要在不影響譯語讀者理解的前提下,應(yīng)提倡盡量以文化直入模式進(jìn)行習(xí)語翻譯,以促進(jìn)世界文化的交流與融合。

【關(guān)鍵詞】習(xí)語；神話典故；翻譯方法1.Introduction

WhenopeningOxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionaryofCurrentEnglish,onecanseesuchanentry:“Idiom(n.)Phraseorsentencewhosemeaningisnotclearfromthemeaningofitsindividualwordsandwhichmustbelearntasawholeunit.”[1]AndEnglishtranslationtheoreticianPeterNewmarkalsosaid:“Anidiomisacurrentandfrequentlyusedgroupofwordswhosemeaningisnotclearfromthecommonmeaningsofitsconstituentwords”.[2]Inbrief,idiomsarefixedphrasesthatgothroughthetestofhistoryandcannotbeseparated.Sothewholemeaningusuallycannotbesurmisedintranslationandthecomponentsmustnotbeseparatedatone’sease.

2.Background

Englishasaninternationallanguage,itsusageiswide-ranging.ManycountrieschooseEnglishastheirofficiallanguage.Whatismore,sixtypercentofbroadcastingintheworlduseEnglishtopropagatetheirinformation.Ofcourse,therearemanyidiomsinEnglishandpartsofthemareloanwords.ThefeaturesofassimilatingloanwordsinEnglishareevident.Ontheonehand,itbelongstoGermaniclanguagefamilythatenablesittotakepossessionofthecommonwordsinGermaniclanguage.Ontheotherhand,EnglishkeepsintouchwithFrenchandRomanlanguagefamilycloselyforalongtime.TheancientGreekmythologies,RomanmythsandfairytalesofnorthernEuropearethepubliclyownedwealthofEuropeannations.TheyhavedeepinfluenceondevelopmentofwholeEuropeancultureinwhichmanystoriesprovidesourcematerialsforEnglishidioms.Therefore,EnglishidiomstakeinanywordthatcanrepresentthemainEuropeanculture.Anditismoretypicalandrepresentativethanothersinreflectingtheculturaldiversity.JustlikeBaconsaid:Talent,quick-wittedandspiritinanationcanallbefoundinitsidioms.[3]

2.1ThesourcesofEnglishidioms

Aseveryoneknows,idiomscomefromdifferentaspects:differentlivingenvironments;everydaylife;religion;historicalevents;literaryworksandmythologyandallusion.

2.1.1Idiomsfromdifferentlivingenvironments

Idiomsarecloselyrelatedtopeople’slaborandlife,becausepeopleinaparticularcultureneedwordstonameandexplainobjectsandappearancepresentinthatculture.TheHanPeople,liveonland,andbelongtoanagrariansocietythatplacesagriculturalproductionatthetopofthenationalagenda.Duringthelonghistoryoffarming,theChineselanguagehasaccumulatedlargenumbersoffarmers’idiomslike瑞雪兆豐年(atimesnowpromisesagoodharvest),五谷豐登(abundantharvestofallfoodcrops).WhileBritishliveinanislandcountry,probablyhaveidiomsaboutwaterandsailing.Forexample,wespeak揮金如土inChinese，butweshouldrenderitintoEnglishas“spendmoneylikewater”.Andtherearesimilarexamplesasfollows:“tokeepone’sheadaboutwater”(奮力圖存)，“infullsail”(全力以赴),“towerone’ssail”(甘拜下風(fēng)).

Whatismore,therecomedifferentspecialproductsdeterminedbythedifferentgeographicalsurroundings.Forexample,“l(fā)ikemushrooms”and“springuplikemushrooms”inEnglish,means像蘑菇一樣,and雨后春筍般地涌現(xiàn)inChinese.Bothofthemhavethesamemeaningofthegreatdevelopmentofathing,buttheyusetheirrespectivethingstoformthemetaphor,becauseChinaaboundswithbamboo,whereasitdoesnotgrowinEngland.SotheChinesepeoplearequitefamiliarwithbamboo;whiletheEnglishdon’t.Thiscaseisquitethesamewiththeidiom“plentiful

asblackberries”,forblackberriesareeasilyavailableinEnglandwhileinChinese,多如牛毛isused,forcattlecanbefoundeverywhereinChina.

2.1.2Idiomsfromeverydaylife

Entertainmentandactivities,whicharepartsofnationalculture,arequitedifferentinvariouscountries.Horseracing,boxingandcricketareancientandtraditionalsportsinEngland,soinEnglish,thereareidiomslike“neckandneck”(不分上下)，“downandout”(倒下出局)，“notcricket”(不講信用)，and“straightfromtheshoulder”(直截了當(dāng))，and“haveagoodinnings”(一帆風(fēng)順)；whereastheancientChinesepreferredhuntingandchess:棋逢對手(diamondcutdiamond),劍拔弩張(atdaggersdrawn),明槍易躲，暗箭難防(Falsefriendsareworsethanopenenemies).Therearesomeaspectsineverydaylifeinthefollowing.

(ⅰ)Idiomsfromfood

InEngland,breadisusuallyeatentogetherwithbutter,andsalt,milkandcreamaretheireverydaydiet.Allofthemaretheeverydaydietforwesternpeopleandthusappear“Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk”(不要做無謂的后悔)，“baker’sdozen”(面包師的第十三個面包),and“polishtheapple”(拍馬屁)；ChinahasalonghistoryofcookingandtheChineseareknownasthemostcritical,forwhoattachgreaterimportancetofoodthananyotherpeople,asisreflectedinthesayinglike:畫餅充饑(todrawcakestoallayhunger)

(ⅱ)Idiomsfromsea

BothintheChineseandtheEnglishlanguages,idiomsabouttheseaarenumerous,becausebothofthesetwocountriesaresurroundedandhalf-surroundedbysea,andtheyarerichinnaturalresourcesoffish.Fishingplaysavitalroleintheireconomy,soalargenumberofidiomsconcerningfisharehandeddown:“Fishbeginstostinkatthehead”(上梁不正下梁歪),“Neveroffertoteachfishtoswim”(不要班門弄斧)，and“tofishintroubledwater”(渾水摸魚).

(ⅲ)Idiomsfrommilitaryaffairs

Thehistoryofmankindisalmostthehistoryofwar,whichisthesourceofnumerousidioms.TheChinesenationhasalonghistoryofwarformorethantwothousandyears,andthereforetheChineselanguageisrichinsuchidioms:項莊舞劍，意在沛公(XiangZhuangperformedthesworddanceasacoverforhisattemptonLiuBang’slife.---actwithahiddenmotive);四面楚歌(beindesperatestraits);暗度陳倉(tostealamarchon).AnditisalsomirroredinthefollowingEnglishidioms:“WhatmillionsdiedthatCaesarmightbegreat”(一將功成萬骨枯);“Meetone’sWaterloo”(遭遇慘敗);“Pyrrhicvictory”(得不償失的勝利);andgentleman’sagreement(君子協(xié)定).

2.1.3Idiomsfromreligion

Religionisanimportantsourceforidioms.Itisasocialphenomenonandmainlyacodeofethicsgoverningpersonalandsocialconduct.Comparativelyspeaking,BuddhismhasgreaterinfluenceinChineseculturealthoughChinaisamulti-religiouscountry.ItwasfirstintroducedintoChinainthefirstcenturyAD,andhasshapedtheChineselanguage,diet,arts,etc.,andgreatlystimulatedthedevelopmentofChineseliterature.ThelargenumberofwordsandidiomsderivedfromBuddhismisoneofthemanifestationsofitsinfluence,suchas放下屠刀，立地成佛(AbutcherbecomesaBuddhathemomenthedropshiscleaver---awrongdoerachievessalvationassoonashegivesupevil)and做一天和尚，撞一天鐘(takeapassiveattitudetowardone’swork).AndtherearequiteafewEnglishidiomsfromreligion.Suchas:Benjamin’smess(最大的份額);

raiseCain(大吵大鬧);appleofSodom(金玉其外，敗絮其中);soptoCerberus(賄賂);handwritingonthewall(不祥之兆)andsoon.

2.1.4Idiomsfromhistoricalevents

Inmostlanguage,peopleembellishtheirspeechorwritingwithreferencestocharactersoreventsfromtheirhistory,thatistosay,idiomaticexpressionsarecloselyrelatedtoacountry’shistory.TherearealotofidiomsintheChineselanguagecannotfindanequivalentintheEnglishlanguagebecausethehistoryofthetwocountriesarequitedifferent.Manyidiomsarefromtheirownhistory.TheEnglishlanguagehasmuchlessidiomsfromhistoricaleventsthantheChineselanguagebecauseEnglishjusthasahistoryofmorethanonethousandyearsduringwhichlessimportanthistoricaleventshappened.Forexample,“tomeetone’sWaterloo”(遭遇滑鐵盧)isfromthedefeatofNapoleonatWaterlooin1815,whichmeanstobecompletelydefeated.

2.1.5Idiomsfromliteraryworks

LiteraryworksarealsooneofthemainsourcesofEnglishidioms.InEnglishliterature,themostglitteringstarisShakespeare.Hisdramasarethemajorsourceofthiskindidioms:“toclaimone’spoundofflesh”(割某人的一磅肉)isfromTheMerchantofVenice;“makeassurancedoublysure”(加倍小心)comesfromMacbeth.Andthereareotherexamples:“Readingmakesafullman,conferenceareadyman,writinganexactman”---BaconOnStudy;“theuglyducking”(丑小鴨)isfromHanAnderson’stales;“JekyllandHyde”(雙重性格)originatesfromStevenson’sTheStrangecaseofDr.JekyllandMr.Hyde;“opensesame”and“oldmanofthesea”comefromArabiantales.

2.1.6Idiomsfrommythologyandallusion

Inthisthesis,theauthorfocusesonthetranslationofmythologiesandallusionsinEnglishidioms,whichcomefromstoriesofGodsandheroes.Asweallknow,GreekandRomancivilizationshaveagreatinfluenceonEnglish,sotheGreekandRomancivilizationshavegreatinfluenceonEnglishidioms.Let’spayattentiontothefollowingidioms:

(1)“Achilles’heel”(致命弱點)whichcomesfromtheGreekmythologyhasthemeaning“theoneweakspotinaman’scircumstancesorcharacter”.InGreekepic,hismothertookAchillesupsidedownintotheStyxwhenhewasachild.Sohewasarms-proofexcepthisheelbecauseitwasheldinhismother’shand.ThereforeinTroywar,hediedforParisshotapoisonedarrowintohisheel.

(2)Otherexamples,“Hercules’schoice”means“therewardoftoilinreferencetopleasure”,“theHerculianefforts”(九牛二虎之力)，and“thepillarsofHercules”(天涯海角).ItissaidthatHerculeswasoneofthemostfamousheroesinGreekmythologies.Hekilledtwosnakeswhenhewasababy,andwasknownasamanofmuscle.HerefusedthePleasureGoddess’sallure,wentthroughinnumerablehardshipsandintheend,hewontheeternallife.

Idiomshavebeencalledthecrystallizationoflanguage.Anappropriateuseoftheminourspeechandwritingwilladdtothestrengthandvividnessofidioms.Perhapssomepeoplearequitefamiliarwith“tocuttheGordianknot”and“APandora’sbox”suchallusionsnotonlymakethelanguagericher,butalsomakecommunicationmuchmorevividerandeasier.However,indailycommunication,peopleusuallydon’tknowwhy“Hobson’schoice”meansnochoiceatall(別無選擇);“pilePeliononOssa”meansextremelydifficult(難上加難),or“Mercuryfig”meansthefirstfruit(最初的果實).Ifthesourceofanidiomisknown,itiseasiertofigureoutitsmeaning.Itis

difficulttotranslateidiomsfaithfullybecauseidiomsreflectthewisdomofordinarypeoplethatis

all-inclusive.Theknowledgeofthesourcesoftheseidiomswillhelpuscomprehendwhattheyreallymean.

2.2ThedifficultiesinthetranslationofEnglishidioms

Inthe1950’stheAmericanwriterHockettputforwardtheconcept“randomholesinpatterns”文化空缺whichmeans“theaccidentalgap”inconservationwhencontrastingtwolanguages.[4]AndNidahadsaid:Theremustbeinformationdrainsinanycourseofconservationandtheabsoluteequityisneverpossible.Thegoaloftranslationisconservationinmaximumtoenabletheforeignreadersunderstandthesourceculture.Therearetworeasonsasfollows.Firstly,theformationandsolidificationofEnglishidiomsareinrelationshipwiththedifferenthistories,environmentsandculturalbackgrounds.Itcontainscertainnationalculturecharacteristicsandinformation.Furthermore,ChineseandEnglishliveindifferentregions,sotheirlivingenvironmentsandexperiencesaredifferent,especiallyintheirwaystoobservetheworld,understandtheworldandtransformtheworld.Theircultureatmospheresareunique.Secondly,ChinesebelongstotheSino-TibetanlanguagefamilywhileEnglishbelongstotheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily,sotheirlanguagestructuresaredifferent.Allmentionedaboveenrichtheidiomsandmakethemmorecomplex.

2.3Thedevelopmentoftranslationprinciple

TheprincipleoftranslationbetweenEnglishandChinesehasdevelopedforalongtime.Abouttranslationstandards,translatorsfromhomeandabroadputforwarddifferentopinions.FromYanFu’s“faithfulness,expressiveness,elegance”toMr.ZhangPeiji’s“faithfulnessandsmoothness”;fromFuLei’s“approximationinspirit”totheAmericanfamoustranslationtheoreticianEugeneNida’s“functionalequivalence”or“dynamicequivalence”,wemayseethatthesepositionsaffecteachother,supplementeachotheralthoughtheiremphasesaredifferent.Thefocusistotranslatethesourcetextfaithfully,meanwhile,tokeeptheoriginaltasteasmuchaspossible.

Thequalityofidiomstranslationhasthedirectinfluenceontheentirearticle.Inordertobeloyaltotheoriginaltext,thetranslationmustnotonlymaintainitsoriginaltasteandflavor,butalsoconformtothedemandofwritingintargetlanguage.However,theidiomstranslationisdifficulttomeetthesetwostandardsatthesametime.Itisextremelyimportanttotranslateidiomsfaithfully,andthetranslationbetweenEnglishandChinesemustpayattentiontofollowingthreepoints:

(ⅰ)Idiomsareheavilyculture-loaded;theyhavemanifesteddifferentnationalflavors.Therefore,thetranslationofidiomsmusttrytokeeptheoriginaltasteandnottousethosetargetwordsthathavestrongnationalcharacteristics.

(ⅱ)Chineseidiomsstresstotherhythmandstructure.SoitisnecessarytoaugmentorreadjusttheoriginallanguagestructurewhentranslatingEnglishidioms.

(ⅲ)Doone’sbesttotranslatetheoriginalimages,metaphoricmeaningandrhetoricofthesourcelanguage.

3.OntheTranslationMethodsofEnglishIdioms

3.1TwomaintranslationapproachesofEnglishidioms

Domesticationandforeignizationaretwomainapproachesoftranslation.TheUStranslationtheoreticianVenutidefinesthetwomethodsasfollow:[5]

Domesticationadoptsthenationalcenterprinciple,enablesthesourcelanguagetexttosatisfythevalueoftargetlanguageandculture,andleadsthesourcelanguagereadersintothetargetculture,whileforeignizationmeanstoacceptthedifferencesbetweenforeignlanguagecultureandtargetlanguageculturetotaketargetlanguagereaderstoseetheforeignscene.Fromthedefinitions,wecanseebothofthemholddifferentapproachestowardtheculturaldifferences.Buttheauthorbelievesthatthedomesticationisthebestwaytoenrichtheexpressionoftargetlanguage.Adoptingdomesticationinmaximumcanenablethetargetlanguagereadersemergethesameorthesimilarassociationasthesourcelanguagereaders.

3.2FourconcretetranslationskillsofEnglishidioms

TherearesomeconcreteskillsoftranslationbetweenEnglishandChinese,whicharecitedasfollows:

1.Literaltranslation

2.Freetranslation

3.Borrowing

4.Literaltranslationwithannotation

Theauthorrevealsthemethodsindetailinthefollowing.

3.2.1Literaltranslation

LiteraltranslationcanfairlyretaintheEnglishidioms’analogy;image;nationalandlocalflavors,inthepositionofnotviolatingthestandardoftranslationorcausingthereadersmisunderstand.Thiswayoftranslationcannotonlyretaintheoriginalintention,butalsoenrichChineselanguage.Itcanbeseenclearlyinthefollowingexamples:

(3)Anappleofdiscord(不和女神的金蘋果)comesfromGreekmythology.Thestoryisabout:agoddessnameddiscordisangryandneverforgivesKingParisandhiswifebecausetheydon’tinvitehertoparticipateintheirweddingbanquet.Inordertogiveventtothehate,sheabandonsagoldenappleonthetableofweddingbanquet;declaringthatthisappleisgiventothemostbeautifulladyinthisweddingbanquet.Therearethreegoddesseswanttoobtainthisgoldenapple.Andthenitcauseswrangleinamess.Fromthenon,themeaningofanappleofdiscordspreads.Itbecomesthesynonymof“thecauseofdisaster”and“thesourceofthedisagreement”.[6]

(4)ThesearetheGreekgiftsforyou.Theliteraltranslationofthisidiomis希臘人的禮物,whichcomesfromthewell-knownepicpoem“Odyssey”.WhentheGreekhadleftTroy,theyleftbehindabigwoodenhorseoutsidetheTroycity.PriestLaocoontriedhisbesttopersuadehiskingnottoacceptthethingthattheGreekstayedbehind.Hesaidthat,“IfeartheGreek,evenwhenbringinggifts.”Butwhatapity,thekingandthepeopledidnotlistentohisadvice.Theypulledthebigwoodenhorseintotheircity.Actually,inthewoodenhorsetherehidthemostexcellentGreeksoldiers.Atthatnight,theykilledtheTrojanandfiredthecity.ThiswoodenhorsebroughtdisastertotheTroy.[7]InEnglishGreekgiftsisequaltotheproverb:Whenthefoxpreaches,takecareofyourgeese.ThesimilarChineseidiomis“theyellowweaselgoestohisrespectstothehen-----withthebestofintention”.黃鼠狼給雞拜年―不安好心.[8]Otherexamplesare：

(5)Achilles'heelwhichmeanstheonlyweakness,orstrategicpoint致命弱點;

(6)CuttheGordianknotmeanstakingthedrasticmeasures,inChinesemeans快刀斬亂麻;

(7)TheswordofDamocles,theswordhangingaboveDamocles’headcomparestotheworryingmentality憂患意識

Furthermore,weshouldneverneglectthefollowingfacts.Makeageneralsurveyofthehistoryoftranslation,wearenotdifficulttoseemanyliteraltranslationsaretemporarymeanstomeetemergency.Themostremarkablerepresentistransliterations.Goingthroughalongtime,transliterationstandsfirmlyandslowlyandisgraduallyacceptedbyChinese.Intheendtheybecomeoureverydayterms.Like“humor,sofa,hamburger”andsoon.Andweshouldrealizeanothertwowaysoftranslation:oneisimitatingtheoriginaltextthatismoreorlessalittlenondescript,andtheotherisexplainingtheoriginaltextclearly,butitwouldbelengthy.TranslatingtheallusioninEnglishidiomsisthesame.

(8)Hereisatypicalexampleontransliteration.RightnowtheChineseareprobablyfamiliarwiththesetwowords:scienceanddemocracy.Butinfact,theyarenotlocallyborn.Ontheearly20thcentury,thetranslationsofthesetwowordswereratherstrangetous.Theformeristransliteratedinto賽因斯orshortenedasMr.Sai(賽先生),whilethelatteris德謨克拉西orshortenedasMr.De（德先生）.Afterwardstheyarechangedinto科學(xué)and民主[9].

EvenMr.LuXunalsohasmadetheveryinterestingattemptinthisaspect.HetranslatedEnglishword

“fairplay”into費爾潑賴whichwasacceptedbytheChineseatthattime.Actually,either“science”or“fairplay”isjustatemporaryidealapproachoftranslationinthesituationthathadnoequivalentsinChinese.

(9)Thereisanotherexample.Inthe1960’stherewasalargequantityofyoungmencalled“thedecadents”inAmerica.Theywerediscontentedwiththesocialsituation,hatedanything,heldtheresistancetothetraditionalvalue,didanythingnewanddifferentinordertooutofordinary,keptthelonghair,woretheoutlandishclothes,andadvocatedintercoursefreely.Theywerecalled“hippies”inEnglish.HowtotranslateitintoChinese?SinceinChineseglossary,noready-madewordcanexpresstheabovesectionofspeeches.Summarizingthewordas“thementocountertradition”or“peopledissatisfyingthereality”unavoidablylosetheculturalmeaning.Sotransliterating“hippies”into嬉皮士canwellsolvethisproblem.

3.2.2Freetranslation

Freetranslationissimilartodomestication.Itreferstosuchatranslationmethod:whenthetranslatorsareconfinedbythetargetlanguageculturaldifferences;theyhavetodiscardculturalmessagetokeeptheoriginalcontentanditscommunicativefunction.Freetranslationisanincorporatingexplanationtodealwithculturaldifferences.Obviouslyfreetranslationintheprocessofdealingwithculturaldifferenceisveryimportant.RegardingthereaderswhonevergetintouchwithMongoliaandPeaceywhichistranslatedinto達(dá)蒙和皮西阿斯,theydonothaveanyideasofthisidiomevenifthetranslationlookssofaithful.Evenmore,thesourceinformationlostcompletely.

Bothliteraltranslationandfreetranslationareloyaltotheoriginaltext.Infact,hereisadialecticalunification.Becausethetraditionaltranslationistoosubjective,Nidaproposedfunctionalequivalenceviewpointthatismoreobjective.Itmeanstorequestthetargetlanguagereaderstohavethesameorsimilarresponsewiththesourcelanguagereader.Themajorityoftargetlanguagereadersdonotunderstandthesourcelanguageandcultureexactly.Theygrowinattotaldifferentenvironments;theirthinkingmodesofquestionaredifferent.Sothetranslatorshavetoseeksomekindoflanguagethatcontainsthesameculturalinformationofthesourcelanguage.

However,functionalequivalencetheoryhasitslimitation.Statingfromprecedingtranslationmethods,Nada’stheoryindeedgainsgreatachievementintranslatingidioms.Ithasabandonedtheformtofocusonthecontent,putasidethelanguagedifferencetofocusonthereaders’response,comparedwiththetranslationtheorybefore;itcanberatedasonekindofinnovation.Therefore,thefunctionalequivalencedoublesthetranslationfavor,andwasoncefashionablealloverChinain1980s.Untilnow,theinfluenceoffunctionalequivalenceisstillextensive.ButsomeonepointsoutthatNidaraisedhisviewpointwhenhestudiedthetranslationstrategyof“HolyBible”.Soitismoresuitableforthemissionaryidiomsthatareinreligiousancientbooks,mythsandfablesinthewesternculture.

Forexample:

(10)AJuda’skisscomesfrom“HolyBible”;

(11)AswiseasSolomonarefromGreekandRomanmyth.

Althoughthiskindofstructureofidiomsissimple,itssignificanceisprofound,anditsculturalcharacteristicsarestrong,sotheyoftencannotbeunderstoodortranslatedfromthesemanticlevel.Itmustbetransplanteddirectlyfromthesourcelanguageculturetothetargetlanguageculture.Thismethodiscalled“culturalfacsimile”.Venuttproposedhis“Resistancetranslation”[10]asakindofsolutionfortranslationbetweenChineseandEnglish.Hethoughttranslationitselfundertooktheculturalexchangeandthereadershavetheabilitytounderstandtheexternalculturecompletely.Whatismore,foreignnesswillplayanimportantroleinenrichingthetargetlanguageinfuture.

(12)Justlikeonehundredyearsago,“AllroadsleadtoRome”wastranslatedintoreachingthesamegoalorconclusionfromdifferentapproaches(殊途同歸).ButtodayitistranslatedintoeachstrippathpassestotheRome(條條大路通羅馬)becausetheChinesehaveacceptedthewordRome.Perhapscertainyearslater,theChinesecanalsoaccepttheidiom“MongoliaandPeacey”.Besidesthischangethereisanothersituationintheinteriorchangeofthesourcelanguage.Forexample,intheperiodofpre-liberationandatthebeginningofliberationthepeasantsstoodforthosemenwhowereshortofeducation;theyareignorant,backwardandpoorbecauseofthelowproductiveforce.Butnowalongwiththechangeofpeasants’socialposition,theculturalinformationofpeasantshasbeenchanged.Atpresent,theword“farmers”ismoreappropriatetorefertotheChinese“農(nóng)民”thantheword“peasants”.Sowesaydifferenttimeshavedifferenttranslatededitions.JustasNidasaid“Atranslatedwork,nomatterhowmuchitapproachestheoriginalwork,itslifeisnomorethan50years”.[11]Itisalsothereasonwhytherearemassiveretranslationsofasamesourcetextoverandoveragain.

Inaddition,bothidiomsinChineseandEnglishtakerootinmyth,fable,andallusionandsoon.Thiskindofidiomsmaybecalledtheliteraryidioms.Soitisworthdrawingouttheoriginalliteraryplotswhennecessary.Itcanbeclearlyseeninthebelowexamples:

(13)HelenofTroy絕色美女;

(14)TheTrojanhorse特洛伊木馬;

(15)BetweenScyllaandCharybdiswhichmeansbeingattackedfrontandrear,inadilemma進(jìn)退維谷andsoon.

3.2.3Borrowing

DoasingleobservationandresearchinChineseandEnglishidiomscarefully,wecandiscoverthatafewChineseandEnglishidiomshavethesameformandconnotation.Someevenhavethesamesignificanceandconstruction.Thisisbecausethesetwolanguagesandcultureshavesimilarity,sowemaytranslateeachothermutually.

(16)Take“burnone’sboat”forexample.Thestoryis:in55BCoftheancientRome,whengreatCaesarcommandedhistroopstocrosstheRubicon,heissuedanordertofiretheboatstoexpresstheirdetermination“notwins,ratherdie”.ThisissimilartoaChineseidiom：破釜沉舟whichmeans“breakthecauldronsandsinktheboats(aftercrossing)”.[11]TheoverlordXiangYuintheSpringandAutumnPerioddidittolethissubordinatebedeterminedtowin.Thesetwoidiomscarrythesameculturalconnotation,andareusedtoexpresstheidenticalmeaning--settingfirmresolutiontowin.Sowhentranslatingidiomslikethis,toadoptthesynonymyidiomsinChineseisbetter.Suchculturalphenomenoniscalledculturaloverlaps.Borrowingthesimilarimagesinthetargetlanguageculturetoreplacetheoriginalimagesismucheasiertounderstandforthetargetlanguagereaders.Therearesomeinterestingexamplesasfollow:

(17)PremierZhouaccompaniedwiththeforeigngueststoenjoythefamousplayLiangShanboandZhuYingtai.Theinterpretertriedhisbesttoexplainthelovestoryfortheforei