上海英語高考真題-2017-2020概要寫作匯編附答案

2017-2021概要寫作匯編ShynessIfyousufferfromshyness,youarenotalone,forshynessisuniversalphenomenon.Itisnotsurprisingthatsocialscientistsareexploringitsenvironmentalcauses.Thefirstenvironmentalcauseofshynessmaybeachild'shomeandfamilylife.Today’schildrenaregrowingupinsmallerandsmallerfamilies,withfewerandfewerrelativeslivingnearby.Growingupinhomesinwhichbothparentsworkfulltime,childrenmaynothavethesocializingexperienceoffrequentvisitsbyneighborsandfriends.Becauseoftheirlackofsocialskills,theymaybegintofeelshywhentheystartschool.AsecondenvironmentcauseofshynessinanindividualmaybeoneInalarge的叫tuonductedinJapan,57percentofparticipantsratedthemselvesasshy.ResearchersLynneHendersonandPhilipZimbardosay,“OneexplanationisthatinJapan,anindividual'sperformancesuccessiscreditedexternallytoparents,grandparents,t(coaches,andothers,whilefailureisentirelyblamedontheperson.Therefore,Japaneselearnnottotakerisksinpublicandrelyinsteadongroup-shareddecisions.Technologymayalsoplayarole.IntheUnitedStates,thenumberofyoungpeoplewhoreportbeingshyhasrisenfrom40percentto50percentinrecentyears.Duetoourhugeadvancesintechnology,watchingtelevision,playingvideogames,andsurfingtheWebhavereplacedrecreationalactivitiesthatinvolvesocialinteractionformanyyoungpeople.Adults,too,arebecomingmoreisolatedasaresultoftechnology.Face-to-faceinteractionswithbankclerks,gasstationattendants,andshopassistantsarenolongernecessarybecausepeoplecanusemachinestodotheirbanking,filltheirgastanks,andordergoods.Inshort,theybecomeshy.Itappearsthatmostpeoplehaveexperiencedshynessatsometimeintheirlives.Therefore,ifyouareshy,youhavelotsofcompany.Shynessiscommonandithasenvironmentalcauses,includinghomeandfamilylife,cultureandtechnology.Firstly,withsmallerfamiliesandworkingparents,childrenlacksocialinteractions.Secondly,blamingfailureonindividualscausespeopleinsomeculturetobeshyinpublic.Finally,withthedevelopmentoftechnology,peoplehavefeweropportunitiestosocializeinperson.(56words)LearningbyRoteintheDigitalAgeRotelearninghasbecomeseenasanoutdatedmethodofteaching.Thedictionarydefineslearningmemory,withoutthoughtofthemeaning;inamechanicalway'.Thedeclineofrotelearninghasbeenquickenedbytechnology.Nooneneedstomemorizefriendsphonenumbersoremailaddressesbecausesuchdataisconvenientlystoredandaccessibleelectronically.AndwhyrememberwhenandwhereWorldWarTwobrokeoutwhenyoucanfindtheanswerontheinternetinabout6seconds?Butnowtherearevoicesforaneedtoreturntorotelearning.Infact,memorizingkeydataisessentialtolearninganyskill.Doctoringrequiresknowledgeofmedicineandlawyeringrequiresknowledgeofcasesandlaws.Ofcourse,beingabletorecallthingswillnotfurtheryourunderstandingofthosethings,butwithoutmemorizingthesefoundationelements,youcannotprogresstoadeeperunderstandingofasubject.Whiletheinternetandcomputershaveweakenedtheneedforustorememberthings,itmaywellbethatmobilelearningcanhelpbringthisstyleoflearningbacktolifebymakingitmoreconvenientandmorefun.Drillingyourself---withflashcardsorbyrepetition---isusuallyhardandboringwork,whichiswhymostpeopleneedtheirmultiplicationtablestobedrilledintothembyteachersorparents.Rotelearningwithoutawillingthirdpartycanbeabattleofdisciplineandmotivation.Butmobilelearningcanmakethoseflashcardsanddrillsmoreappropriatetoindividualstudy;ourdigitaldevicescanchallengeandinformusatthesametimeandalsokeepusmotivated,whetherthroughgame-likestructuresorrecordingourprogress.Onceyou'veacquiredtheessentialsofasubjectbyrotelearning,yowillfinditeasiertogodeeperintheapplicationofknowledgewhichisimportant.Rotelearningmeansmechanicalmemorization.Althoughtechnologymakesitlessneeded,itsvalueisbeingrediscovered.Rotelearninghelpspeopleacquirebasicknowledge,layingafoundationforfurtherunderstanding.Infact,technologymakesmobilelearningpossible,whichmotivateslearninginrotelearningandmakesmemorizationmoreinterestingandindividualized.ToLaughIsHumanMostofusdon'tknowwhywelaughatsomejokesandnotatothers.Scientistsknowthatweareabletolaughatbirth.Babiesbegintolaughatthreetofourmonthsofage,wellbeforetheyproducetheirfirstwords.Whatscientistsareinterestediniswhywelaugh.Scientistsbelievehumanslaughwithothersprimarilybecauseitmakesusfeelconnectedwithoneanother,whichinturngivesusasenseoftrustandcomfort.Toscientists,laughterisanunconsciousreaction;consequently,whenwelaugh,otherscanbecertainthatitisanhonestreaction,andhonestyiskeywhenbuildingandmaintainingfriendships.Sincelaughterisseenasasocialsignalthatwesendtoothers,itcanalsohelpexplainwhyitissoinfectious.Studieshaveproventhatwhenpeopleseeorhearsomethingfunny,theyare20timesmorelikelytolaughwhentheyarewithothersthanwhentheyarealone.Wantingtobeacceptedbyothersispartofhumannature.Andmirroringotherpeoplelaughterisawaytosignaltoothersthatyoufeelthewaytheydo,whichmakesusfeelmoreconnectedwithoneanother.Humanshavenotalwayslaughedjustsotheycanfeelclosertoothers,however.Scientistspointoutthatthissocialfunctionoflaughterwasbornoutofanevenmorefundamentalhumanneed.Laughter,theybelieve,cameaboutbecauseitcontributedtoourverysurvivalasaspecies.Scientistsassumethatsharinglaughterensuredourancestorsahighersurvivalratebecauseitledtogreatercooperationbetweenindividuals.Humanslearnedquicklythatgreatercooperationledtosurvival,andthebraininturnrealizedthatlaughingwithothersincreasedoutchancesoffindingpeopletocooperate,hunt,eat,live,andeventually,survivewith.Scientiststhinkhumansarebornwiththeabilitytolaugh,butwhydowelaugh?Welaughtofeelclosertooneanother.Laughterhelpsustoberecognizedsowelaughmoreingroupsthanwhenalone.Laughteralsoevolvedfromamorebasicneedtosurviveasitpromotedcooperation,enablinghumanstosurvivebetter.(59w)Laughterisunconscious,infectiousandbasic.Itbringsusatrustworthy,comfortableandhonestfeeling,thusbettermaintainingfriendships.Chancesarethatwelaughmorewithothersaround,contributingtopromptingrecognitionandfeelingmoreconnectedwithoneanother.Scientistsassurethatlaughterresultedingreatercooperationbetweenindividualsinancienttimes,asbettercooperationleadstosurvival.(58w)BecominganAttractiveEmployeeThe2008financialcrisiscreatedanunstablejobmarket.Fast-forwardtothepresent,andtheeconomyhasnotfullyrecovered.Thus,it'sofvitalimportanceforjobseekerstocarefullystrategizetheirapproachtojobapplication.Andit'sespeciallyimportantforthosenewtotheworkforce.Theyshouldlookatmakingthemselvesasattractiveaspossibletoemployers.Foryoungpeople,informationtechnologyskillswillplayanincreasingroleinthefuture.AsthegenerationtohavegrownupintheInformationAge,theyarequiteconfidentwhenitcomestoshowingofftheirinterestsandskillsinthisfield.Thismakesthemanaturalfitforcompaniesseekingexpertise（專業(yè)技能）intechnology,marketingandnetworking.Theyshouldemphasizetheseskillswhenapplyingforjobsthatrequiretheabilitytomultitask.Anotherattractivequalityisexperience.It'simportantthatanapplicant'srfestianeactivitiesthatinvolvedteamworkandgoal-drivenresponsibilities.Membershipinasportsorsocialclubandparticipationasavolunteeraregoodexamplesofthis.Theseactivitiesinvolvegoalmanagementandplanningalongwiththeabilitytofocuswhilecompetingonateam.Whenhiringcommitteesseethis,theyseeacandidatewhoiscapableofworkinginavarietyofenvironments.Finallyanattractivequalitywhenjob-huntingisagreatattitudetowardapotentialjob.Youngjobseekersareknowntobeoverconfidentbecausetheyhavebeenpraisedforeverythingtheyhavedone.Buttheymustrealizethattheemploymentmarketisabouthowanemployeewillbeagoodfitforacompany,nottheotherwayaround.Infact,inaninterview,animportantquestiontoaskis:"Whatwouldbeexpectedofmeasanemployee?"Intoday'stoughjobmarket,youngjobseekersneedtoprovideapotentialemployerwithgoodreasonstohirethem.Howcanyoungpeopleattracttheirfutureemployers?First,theyneedtodemonstratetheirknowledgeandskillsininformationtechnology.Second,theyshouldincludeintheirresumestheexperiencesthatreflecttheyarecooperativeandgoal-oriented.Finally,theyneedtoadoptaproperattitude,thatis,takingfutureemployers’eWhereAretheBees?Beesareessentialtotheproductionoffoodweeat.Beesmakehoney,buttheyalsopollinate(給授粉)largeareasofcrops,suchasstrawberries,applesandonions.Aboutathirdofthefoodweeatisaresultofpollinationofthebees.Unfortunately,beeshavebeendisappearingatanalarmingrate.In2006,beekeepersstartedreportingaboutsomethingcalledColonyCollapseDisaster(CCD).ThemainsignofCCDisthelossofadulthoneybeesfromahive.InOctoberof2006,somebeekeepersreportedthattheyhadlostbetween30and90percentoftheirhives.Thereweremanytheoriesforthedisappearanceofthebees.Butthemostconvincingonehastodowithpesticidesandlifestylesofbeestoday.Nowadays,beekeepersgetmostoftheirincomenotfromproducinghoneybutfromrentingbeestopollinateplants.Thismeansthatthelifeofthetypicalbeenowconsistsoftravelingallaroundthecountrytopollinatecropsastheseasonschange.Thatmeansalotoftravelingontrucks,whichisverystressfultobees.Itisnotunusualforupto30%ofthehivetodieduringtransportduetostress.Inaddition,beesthatspendmostoftheirtimelockedupontrucksarenotexposedtowhattheyusuallyliveon.Instead,theyliveonasweetliquidfromcorn,usuallypollutedwithpesticides.Theexactreasonforthedisappearanceofbeesisnotsure,butlosingbeesisverycostlytotheeconomy.Thebeepollinationservicesareworthover$8billionayear.Withnobees,pollinationwillhavetobedonebyhand,whichwouldhaveeffectsonthequalityoffoodandincreasedfoodprices.Wehearalotaboutbigenvironmentaldisastersalmosteveryday.Butoneofthebiggestmayjustbethelossofthattinyflyinginsect.Beesarenecessaryforpeoplebecauseonethirdofthefoodweeatispollinatedbybees.Butbeesaredisappearingbecauseoftoomuchpressureobbeehivesintrucksorbeingkilledbypesticides,whichmayinfluencethequalityoffoodandincreasedfoodprices,andcausegreatlossestoeconomicdevelopment.It'sundeniable:Beingamongthefirsttotryoutanewpieceoftechnologyiscool.There'stheexcitementofdoingwhathasneverbeendonebefore—thefeelingthatyou'relivinginthefuture.Andwhenyou'rethesolememberofyoursocialcirclewiththelatesthotgadget,peoplestareinfascination.Theyaskyouquestions.Theyseeyouastheholderofpowerful,secretknowledge—foralittlewhile,untilthenextbigthingcomesalong.Peopletendtounderestimatethecostsofthistemporarycoolness,whichtheypayinmorewaysthanone.Don'tfallintotheearlyadoptertrap.Don'tjointhefirstwaveofconsumerswhoinvestinthelatestmedia-hypedhardware;instead,waitandsee.Toputitfrankly,earlyadoptionisabadinvestment.First,theearliestversionsofdevicesarenotonlyexpensive,theyarealsothemostexpensivethatthosedeviceswilleverbe.Companiesarepresumablyattemptingtorecoverthecostofproductionasfastastheycan,andtheyknowthatthereareserioustech-loverswhowillpayagreatdealtobefirst.Oncetherevenuesfromearlyadopters'purchasesaresafelyintheirhands,theycancutthepriceandshifttothenextmarketingphase:sellingtheproducttoeveryoneelse.ThisiswhythecostoftheoriginaliPhonedroppedaboutU.S.$200onlyeightmonthsafteritsrelease.Plus,electronicshardlyeverbecomemoreexpensivebecauseintensecompetitionintheindustryputsdownwardpressureonpricesovertime.Pricesofgadgetswillfallshortlyafterrelease,andtheywilllikelykeepfalling.ManynewTVmodelsdropsignificantlyinpriceaslittleastendaysafterhittingthemarket.Further,electronicsrapidlydepreciatebecausetheybecomeobsolete（廢棄的）soquickly.Thismeansthatearlyadopterspaythemaximumpriceforanitemthatdoesnotholdontoitsvalue.Theresalepriceofacellphoneorlaptopcandropbyfiftypercentwithinjustafewmonths.Speakingofbecomingobsolete,thosewhoarefirsttoleapintoanewtechnologyriskwastingmoneyandtimeonsomethingthatwillnevercatchon.Anothergoodreasontoresisttheearly-adoptiontemptationisthatthefirstversionofaproducttypicallyhasdefectsthatcostalotintimeandfrustration.Suchproblemsaresocommonwithnewtechnologythatearlyadoptersarebasicallyunpaidbetatestersandtroubleshooters.Unlessthissoundstoyoulikeafunwaytospendyourtime,don'tbeamongthefirstusers.Ifyouwaittolearnwhattheproblemsarewithanewelectronicgadget,youcanlookforwardtoasmootherexperience-orchoosealesstroublesomeproduct.Don'tbethefirstusersofthenewelectronicequipment.Thereasonsareasfollowing:firstly,theearliestversionsofdevicesarenotonlyexpensive.Secondly,electronicswillbeoutofdaterapidly.Thirdly,thefirstversionofaproductarewithsomedefectsgenerally.Therefore,don’tbethefirsttotryoutthenewproducts.GlobalCooperationInthe21stcentury,we'veseenanewtrendthatispbhingaries（邊界）ofhumaninventionandinnovation—globalcooperation.Scientificandtechnicalresearchanddevelopmentisnowsocomplicatedthatnoonescientistcanknowitall.So,increasingly,innovationiscomingfromthecombiningofcutting-edgeexpertise（專業(yè)矢口識）fromdifferentscientificfields.Therearenowover8,000scientificjournalsworldwideanditisimpossibletobeanexpertinallareas.Therefore,inthishighlyspecializedworld,scientists,medicsandengineershavetocooperateinordertoinnovate.ProfessorBobLangeratMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology（MIT）hasmadesignificantbreakthroughsinthefieldofbiomedicalengineering.Buthehasn'tdoneitonhisown.Hehasinvitedexpertsfromaroundtheworldindifferentfieldstoformaglobalteamtodesignnewsubstanceswhichcangoinsidethebody,delivermedicinesandthendissolve.AlsoatMIT,whenCesarHaradaheardabouttheoilspillintheGulfofMexicoin2010,hequithisdreamjobthereandtriedtodevelopamoreefficientwaytoremovetheoil.Butratherthanfocusingonprofit,hedecidedtothedesign.Hesharedhisownideasonthewebforfreeandthengotexpertsfromallaroundtheworldtocontributeideasandevendonations.Thankstothisfree,not-for-profitwayofsharingideasandintellectualpropertyontheinternet,aboatcapableofcleaningoilquicklycameintobeing.Obviously,internationalcooperationbasedonsharinginformationfreelyhasproducedinnovativeapproachestosolvingproblems.Itappearsthatthedaysofbrilliantindividualsworkingintheirgaragesontheirownareover.Globalteamswithaunitedpurposebuildingoneveryone’sexpertisecancollectivelydofarmorethanonebrilliantindividual.Todaycallsforglobalcooperators,sharers,andnotprotectorsofideas.Inthiscentury,globalcooperationinscienceandtechnologyisdesirablebecausenosinglescientistcanbeaknow-allduetothecomplexityofresearchanddevelopment.Scientistsareworkingtogethertomakebreakthroughs.Theyalsomanagetosolveproblemsbysharingideasinformationfreely.Gonearethedayswhenoneexpertcanmakeitalone.Arepeopleunique?Itishumanbeings'pridethatwearetheonlyspeciesonthePlanetthatcanspeakandthink.However,recentresearchcastsdoubtonthatcommonbelief.Zuberbuhler,apsychologistatSt.AndrewsUniversity,andhiscolleaguesrecordedthousandsofcallsm