從“防范”到“遏制”：被安全化的美國(guó)半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)政策研究報(bào)告-復(fù)旦智庫(kù)

202/r/n2/r/n/r/nNO.6/r/n(/r/n總第56期)/r/n復(fù)旦發(fā)展研究/r/n院/r/n復(fù)旦/r/n大/r/n學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間國(guó)際治理研究基地/r/n復(fù)旦/r/n大/r/n學(xué)國(guó)家發(fā)展與智能治理綜合實(shí)驗(yàn)室/r/n從/r/n“防范”到“遏制”：/r/n被/r/n安全化的美國(guó)半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)政策研究報(bào)告/r/n網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間國(guó)際治理研究基地/r/n旦大學(xué)國(guó)家發(fā)展與智能治理綜合實(shí)驗(yàn)室/r/n沈/r/n/r/n逸/r/n莫/r/n/r/n/r/n非/r/n/r/n旦大學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間國(guó)際治理研究基地主任/r/n復(fù)/r/n旦大學(xué)國(guó)際關(guān)系與公共事務(wù)學(xué)院博士研究生/r/n復(fù)/r/n旦大學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間國(guó)際治理研究基地科研助理/r/n/r/n研究》(/r/n17/r/nZDA/r/n106/r/n)的階段性成果/r/n復(fù)/r/n旦大學(xué)發(fā)展研究院副研究員、/r/n/r/n復(fù)旦大學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間國(guó)際治理研究/r/n基地主任助理/r/n姚/r/n/r/n旭/r/n學(xué)發(fā)展研究院青年副研究員/r/n復(fù)/r/n旦大學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間國(guó)際治理研究基地助理研究員/r/n復(fù)/r/n旦大學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間國(guó)際治理研究基地特邀研究員/r/n復(fù)旦大學(xué)發(fā)/r/n展研究院在職博士后、上海開(kāi)放大學(xué)助理研究員/r/n復(fù)/r/n旦大學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間國(guó)際治理研究基地辦公室主任/r/n復(fù)旦大/r/n學(xué)國(guó)際關(guān)系與公共事務(wù)學(xué)院本科生教學(xué)秘書(shū)/r/n學(xué)院博士研究生/r/n復(fù)/r/n旦大學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間國(guó)際治理研究基地技術(shù)主管/r/n復(fù)/r/n旦大學(xué)國(guó)際關(guān)系與公共事務(wù)學(xué)院博士研究生/r/n復(fù)/r/n旦大學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間國(guó)際治理研究基地科研助理/r/n宮/r/n云牧/r/n復(fù)/r/n旦大學(xué)國(guó)際關(guān)系與公共事務(wù)學(xué)院博士研究生/r/n2/r/n復(fù)/r/n旦大學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間國(guó)際治理研究基地科研助理/r/n復(fù)/r/n旦大學(xué)國(guó)際關(guān)系與公共事務(wù)學(xué)院博士研究生/r/n復(fù)/r/n旦大學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間國(guó)際治理研究基地科研助理/r/n復(fù)/r/n旦大學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間國(guó)際治理研究基地科研助理/r/n/r/n /r/n/r/n /r/n/r/n /r/n/r/n /r/n/r/n(/r/n一)警惕階段：重點(diǎn)打壓中國(guó)軍事技術(shù)的發(fā)展/r/n /r/n6/r/n/r/n(/r/n二)防范階段：著手打壓中國(guó)電信技術(shù)的推廣/r/n /r/n8/r/n/r/n(三)遏制階段：全面打壓中國(guó)先進(jìn)技術(shù)的超越/r/n /r/n10/r/n/r/n /r/n/r/n(一)/r/n/r/n中/r/n美/r/n戰(zhàn)略競(jìng)爭(zhēng)加速了美國(guó)對(duì)半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)的/r/n“/r/n安全化/r/n”/r/n/r/n /r/n16/r/n/r/n(二)/r/n/r/n中/r/n美戰(zhàn)略競(jìng)爭(zhēng)被/r/n“/r/n簡(jiǎn)單化/r/n”/r/n，美國(guó)將半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)塑造為對(duì)華戰(zhàn)略競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的/r/n/r/n抓手/r/n /r/n20/r/n/r/n(三)/r/n/r/n先進(jìn)/r/n半/r/n導(dǎo)體被/r/n“/r/n符號(hào)化/r/n”/r/n，成為美國(guó)釋放對(duì)華安全焦慮的出口/r/n /r/n26/r/n/r/n /r/n/r/n(/r/n一/r/n)拜登政府的半導(dǎo)體戰(zhàn)略違背全球半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展規(guī)律，且美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)/r/n/r/n缺乏充分的半導(dǎo)體/r/n制造業(yè)基礎(chǔ)的支撐/r/n /r/n29/r/n/r/n(二)/r/n/r/n美/r/n國(guó)/r/n在半導(dǎo)體聯(lián)盟中的影響力，不足以促使盟伴在/r/n“/r/n美國(guó)優(yōu)先/r/n”/r/n的前提/r/n/r/n下，以/r/n“/r/n自掏腰包/r/n”/r/n的方式追隨拜登政府的半導(dǎo)體戰(zhàn)略/r/n /r/n31/r/n/r/n(三)/r/n/r/n拜/r/n登政府對(duì)華半導(dǎo)體制造能力/r/n“/r/n過(guò)度封鎖/r/n”/r/n的傾向，不符合盟友及設(shè)備/r/n/r/n供應(yīng)商的利益/r/n /r/n3/r/n3/r/n/r/n /r/n1/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n代化之外，美國(guó)開(kāi)始/r/n逐步防范中國(guó)科技企業(yè)所謂的“網(wǎng)絡(luò)間諜”與“網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊”/r/n/r/n/r/n戰(zhàn)略競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的框架下，進(jìn)一步明確將“美國(guó)對(duì)華的科技優(yōu)勢(shì)”納入了“國(guó)家安/r/n全/r/n”/r/n/r/n/r/n先/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n動(dòng)政府更好的完成美國(guó)自身特/r/n定戰(zhàn)略資源的整合和完善。由此，“半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)”/r/n/r/n戰(zhàn)略競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的抓手。/r/n眼下，拜登/r/n政府的半導(dǎo)體戰(zhàn)略呈現(xiàn)出“弱他”與“自強(qiáng)”并重的“兩面性”/r/n/r/n/r/n2/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n特/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n今天的/r/n美/r/n國(guó)已經(jīng)不具備三十年前的曾經(jīng)擁有過(guò)的壓倒性的國(guó)家實(shí)力與戰(zhàn)略/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n芯/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n帶來(lái)的客觀后果。/r/n3/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n終難以實(shí)質(zhì)性的達(dá)成美國(guó)預(yù)設(shè)的宏大戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)。/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n2/r/n./r/n/r/n中美戰(zhàn)略競(jìng)爭(zhēng)帶來(lái)的霸權(quán)地位失落誘發(fā)的國(guó)家安全焦慮加劇了美國(guó)在認(rèn)/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n重要的判定依據(jù)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。/r/n/r/n4/r/n/r/n/r/n加“簡(jiǎn)單化”的認(rèn)定/r/n只要通過(guò)一系列政策就能在較短時(shí)間內(nèi)以較低成本“成功”/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n5/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n也越發(fā)負(fù)面，從“防范”轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤懊撱^”。/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n境。/r/n制的焦點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域。/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n6/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n(一)/r/n/r/n警惕階段：/r/n/r/n重點(diǎn)打壓中國(guó)軍事技術(shù)的發(fā)展/r/n/r/nza/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n布什政府的國(guó)家/r/n情報(bào)總監(jiān)(/r/nDirector/r/n/r/nof/r/n/r/nNational/r/n/r/nIntelligence/r/n)/r/n/r/n約翰/r/n/r/n·/r/n/r/n內(nèi)格羅蓬特/r/n/r/n /r/n(/r/nJohn/r/n/r/nNegroponte/r/n)/r/n/r/n在向參議院情報(bào)特別委員會(huì)(/r/nSenate/r/n/r/nSelect/r/n/r/nCommittee/r/n/r/nOn/r/n/r/ne/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n1/r/n/r/n“/r/nRice/r/n/r/nwarns/r/n/r/nChina/r/n/r/nover/r/n/r/nbuildup/r/n/r/nof/r/n/r/nits/r/n/r/nmilitary/r/n,”/r/n/r/n/r/nthe/r/n/r/nSeattle/r/n/r/nTimes/r/n,/r/n/r/nMarch/r/n/r/n16,/r/n/r/n2005./r/n/r/nhttps/r/n:///r/nwww/r/n./r/nseattlet/r/n/r/nimes/r/ncom/r/nnation/r/nworld/r/nrice/r/nwarns/r/nchina/r/nover/r/nbuildup-of-its-military//r/n2/r/n/r/nJohn/r/n/r/nNegroponte/r/n,/r/n/r/nAnnual/r/n/r/nThreat/r/n/r/nAssessment/r/n/r/nof/r/n/r/nthe/r/n/r/nDirector/r/n/r/nof/r/n/r/nNational/r/n/r/nIntelligence/r/n/r/nfor/r/n/r/nthe/r/n/r/nSenate/r/n/r/n/r/nSele/r/n/r/nct/r/nCommittee/r/non/r/nIntelligence/r/nFebruary/r/nhttps/r/nwww/r/ndni/r/ngov/r/nfiles/r/ndocuments/r/nNewsroom/r/nTestimonies//r/n/r/n20/r/n060202_testimony.pdf/r/n3/r/n/r/nQuadrennial/r/n/r/nDefense/r/n/r/nReview/r/n/r/nReport/r/n,/r/n/r/nFebruary/r/n/r/n6,/r/n/r/n2006./r/n/r/nhttps/r/n:///r/nhistory/r/n./r/ndefense/r/n./r/ngov/r/n//r/nPortals/r/n/70//r/nDocuments/r/n//r/nq/r/n/r/n7/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n度專業(yè)化電信設(shè)備等。/r/n4/r/n使其對(duì)/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/nNational/r/nSecurity/r/nAgency/r/n號(hào)為“/r/nShotgiant/r/n”的行/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/nSenate/r/nArmed/r/nServices/r/nCommittee/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n式處理器和控制器等)以獲取情/r/n報(bào)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。/r/n/r/n7/r/n4/r/n/r/n“/r/nRevisions/r/n/r/nand/r/n/r/n/r/nClarification/r/n/r/nof/r/n/r/nExport/r/n/r/nand/r/n/r/nReexport/r/n/r/nControls/r/n/r/nfor/r/n/r/nthe/r/n/r/nPeople/r/n'/r/ns/r/n/r/nRepublic/r/n/r/nof/r/n/r/nChina/r/n/r/n(/r/nPRC/r/n);/r/n/r/nNew/r/n/r/nAuthorization/r/n/r/nValidated/r/n/r/n/r/nEnd/r/n-/r/nUser/r/n;/r/n/r/nRevision/r/n/r/nof/r/n/r/nImport/r/n/r/nCertificate/r/n/r/nand/r/n/r/nPRC/r/n/r/nEnd/r/n-/r/nUser/r/n/r/nStatement/r/n/r/nReq/r/nister/r/nJune/r/nhttps/r/nwww/r/nfederalregister/r/ngov/r/ndocuments/r/nE/r/nr/r/n/r/nevisions/r/nand/r/nclarification/r/nof/r/nexport/r/nand/r/nreexport/r/ncontrols-for-the-peoples-republic-of-china-prc/r/n5/r/n/r/nEvan/r/n/r/nMedeiros/r/n/r/net/r/n/r/nal/r/n.,/r/n/r/nA/r/n/r/nNew/r/n/r/nDirection/r/n/r/nfor/r/n/r/n/r/nChina’s/r/n/r/nDefense/r/n/r/nIndustry/r/n/r/n(Arlington,/r/n/r/nVA:/r/n/r/nRAND/r/n/r/nCorporatio/r/n/r/nn,/r/n/r/n2005),/r/n/r/npp./r/n/r/n217-218./r/nN/r/nS/r/nA/r/n/r/nBreached/r/n/r/nChinese/r/n/r/nServers/r/n/r/nSeen/r/n/r/nas/r/n/r/nSecurity/r/n/r/nThreat,”/r/n/r/nMarch/r/n/r/n22,/r/n/r/n2014./r/n/r/n/2/r/n/r/n/23/world/asia/nsa-breached-chinese-servers-seen-as-spy-peril.html/r/n7/r/n/r/nMichael/r/n/r/nMcConnell/r/n,/r/n/r/nAnnual/r/n/r/nThreat/r/n/r/nAssessment/r/n/r/nof/r/n/r/nthe/r/n/r/nIntelligence/r/n/r/nCommunity/r/n/r/nfor/r/n/r/nthe/r/n/r/nSenate/r/n/r/nArmed/r/n/r/nSe/r/n/r/nrvices/r/nCommittee/r/nFebruary/r/nhttps/r/nwww/r/ndni/r/ngov/r/nfiles/r/ndocuments/r/nNewsroom/r/nTestimonies/r/n20080227_te/r/n/r/nstimony/r/n./r/npdf/r/n8/r/n(二)/r/n/r/n防范階段：/r/n/r/n著手打壓中國(guó)電信技術(shù)的推廣/r/n/r/n進(jìn)/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n斷/r/n增/r/n加。/r/n/r/n8/r/n/r/n2011/r/n/r/n年/r/n/r/n10/r/n/r/n月，/r/n/r/n美國(guó)國(guó)家反間諜執(zhí)行局(/r/n/r/nOffice/r/n/r/nof/r/n/r/nthe/r/n/r/nNational/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n美/r/n國(guó)/r/n知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)與經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，對(duì)國(guó)家安全最具“侵略性”的經(jīng)濟(jì)間諜(/r/neconomic/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n8/r/n/r/nDennis/r/n/r/nBlair/r/n,/r/n/r/n/r/nAnnual/r/n/r/nThreat/r/n/r/nAssessment/r/n/r/nof/r/n/r/nthe/r/n/r/nIntelligence/r/n/r/nCommunity/r/n/r/nfor/r/n/r/nthe/r/n/r/nSenate/r/n/r/nArmed/r/n/r/nServices/r/n/r/nttee/r/nMarch/r/nhttps/r/nwww/r/ndni/r/ngov/r/nfiles/r/ndocuments/r/nNewsroom/r/nTestimonies/r/ntestimony/r/n/r/npdf/r/n9/r/n/r/nhttps/r/n:///r/nchina/r/n./r/nusc/r/n./r/nedu/r/n//r/nsites/r/n//r/ndefault/r/n//r/nfiles/r/n//r/narticle/r/n//r/nattachments/r/n//r/nus-counterintelligence-2011-foreign-spies-stealing-us-/r/n/r/neconomic/r/n-/r/nsecrets/r/n-/r/ncyberspace/r/n./r/npdf/r/n1/r/n0/r/n/r/nhttps/r/n:///r/nwww/r/n./r/ndni/r/n./r/ngov/r/n//r/nfiles/r/n//r/ndocuments/r/n//r/nNewsroom/r/n//r/nTestimonies/r/n/20120216_/r/nSASC/r/n%20/r/nFinal/r/n%20/r/nUnclassified/r/n%20/r/n/r/n-%202012%20ATA%20SFR.pdf;/r/n/r/n/files/NCTC/documents/news_documents/2013_03_/r/n/r/n12_SS/r/n/r/nCI/r/n_/r/nWorldwide/r/n_/r/nThreat/r/n_/r/nAssessment/r/n./r/npdf/r/n;/r/n/r/n/r/nhttps/r/n:///r/nwww/r/n./r/ndni/r/n./r/ngov/r/n//r/nfiles/r/n//r/ndocuments/r/n//r/nIntelligence/r/n%20/r/nReports/r/n/2014%20/r/n/r/nWWTA/r/nSFR/r/nSSCI/r/nJan/r/npdf/r/nhttps/r/nwww/r/ndni/r/ngov/r/nfiles/r/ndocuments/r/nUnclassified/r/nATA/r/nSFR_-_S/r/n/r/nhttps/r/nwww/r/ndni/r/ngov/r/nfiles/r/ndocuments/r/nSASC/r/nUnclassified/r/nATA/r/nSFR/r/nFINAL/r/npdf/r/n11/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/nMike/r/n/r/nRogers/r/n,/r/n/r/nDutch/r/n/r/nRuppersberger/r/n,/r/n/r/n“/r/nInvestigative/r/n/r/nReport/r/n/r/non/r/n/r/nthe/r/n/r/nU/r/n./r/nS/r/n./r/n/r/nNational/r/n/r/nSecurity/r/n/r/nIssues/r/n/r/nPosed/r/n/r/nb/r/n/r/ny/r/nChinese/r/n/r/nTelecommunications/r/n/r/nCompanies/r/n/r/nHuawei/r/n/r/nand/r/n/r/nZTE,”/r/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/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n特/r/n希澤(/r/nRobert/r/n/r/nLighthizer/r/n)/r/n/r/n發(fā)送行政備忘錄(/r/n82/r/n/r/nFR/r/n/r/n39007/r/n)，指示其調(diào)查中國(guó)可/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n并/r/n稱/r/n中國(guó)通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)間諜及其他惡意行為竊取美國(guó)的專有技術(shù)和早期階段的創(chuàng)新/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n國(guó)全方位的科技打壓。/r/nrt/r/n/r/n/r/nfoundational/r/n/r/ntechnologies/r/n)的出口管制，/r/n/r/n旨在補(bǔ)充被美國(guó)政府認(rèn)為對(duì)國(guó)家安全至/r/n22/r/n/r/nDaniel/r/n/r/nCoats/r/n,/r/n/r/nStatement/r/n/r/nfor/r/n/r/nthe/r/n/r/nRecord/r/n/r/nWorldwide/r/n/r/nThreat/r/n/r/nAssessment/r/n/r/nof/r/n/r/nthe/r/n/r/nUS/r/n/r/n/r/nIntelligence/r/n/r/nCommuni/r/n/r/nty/r/nSenate/r/nArmed/r/nServices/r/nCommittee/r/nMay/r/nhttps/r/n///files/documents/Newsroom/Testim/r/n/r/nR/r/nFINAL/r/nPDF/r/n23/r/n/r/nFederal/r/n/r/nRegister/r/n/r/n//r/n/r/nVol/r/n./r/n/r/n82,/r/n/r/nNo/r/n./r/n/r/n163/r/n/r/n//r/n/r/nThursday,/r/n/r/nAugust/r/n/r/n24,/r/n/r/n2017/r/n/r/n./r/n/r/n/sites/default/files/enfor/r/n/r/ncement/r/n/301/r/nInvestigations/r/n//r/nFRN/r/n%20/r/nChina/r/n301/r/n.pdf/r/n24/r/n/r/n/r/nThe/r/n/r/nWhite/r/n/r/nHouse/r/n,/r/n/r/nNational/r/n/r/nSecurity/r/n/r/nStrategy/r/n/r/nof/r/n/r/nthe/r/n/r/nUnited/r/n/r/nStates/r/n/r/nof/r/n/r/nAmerica/r/n,/r/n/r/nDecember/r/n/r/n2017,/r/n/r/np/r/n./r/n/r/n25,/r/n/r/n/r/nhttp/r/n:///r/nnssarchive/r/n./r/nus/r/n//r/nwp/r/n-/r/ncontent/r/n//r/nuploads/r/n/2020/04/2/r/n017.pdf/r/n./r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n管制/r/n清/r/n單”(/r/nCommerce/r/n/r/nControl/r/n/r/nList/r/n)中增加離散微波晶體管/r/n/r/n(/r/ndiscretemicrowave/r/n/r/ntransistors/r/n商務(wù)部工業(yè)與安全局宣/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n2/r/n5/r/n/r/n50/r/n/r/nU.S.C./r/n/r/n§4817(a)(b);/r/n/r/nECRA/r/n/r/n§1758(a)(b)./r/n2/r/n6/r/n/r/n“/r/nBIS/r/n/r/nAnnounces/r/n/r/nReview/r/n/r/nof/r/n/r/nEmerging/r/n/r/nTechnology/r/n/r/nControls/r/n/r/nand/r/n/r/nSeeks/r/n/r/nPublic/r/n/r/nComment/r/n,”/r/n/r/nNovermber/r/n/r/n2/r/n/r/n0/r/n,/r/n/r/n2018./r/n/r/nhttps/r/n:///r/nsanctionsnews/r/n./r/nbakermckenzie/r/n./r/ncom/r/n//r/nbis/r/n-/r/nannounces/r/n-/r/nreview/r/n-/r/nof/r/n-/r/nemerging/r/n-/r/ntechnology/r/n-/r/ncontrols/r/n-/r/nand/r/n-/r/ns/r/n/r/nblic/r/ncomment/r/nhttps/r/nwww/r/nfederalregister/r/ngov/r/ndocuments/r/nreview/r/nof/r/ncontrols-for-certain-emerging-tec/r/n/r/nhnologies/r/nhttps/r/nwww/r/nfederalregister/r/ngov/r/ndocuments/r/nimplementation/r/nof/r/ncertain/r/nnew/r/ncontrols-on/r/n/r/nmerging/r/ntechnologies/r/nagreed/r/nat/r/nwassenaar/r/narrangement/r/nhttps/r/nwww/r/nfederalregister/r/ngov/r/ndocuments/r/n1625/implementation-of-the-february-2020-austr/r/n/r/na/r/ngroup/r/nintersessional/r/ndecisions/r/naddition/r/nof/r/ncertain/r/ntps/r/nwww/r/nfederalregister/r/ngov/r/ndocuments/r/nimplementation/r/nof/r/ncertain/r/nnew/r/ncontrols/r/non/r/n/r/nmerging/r/ntechnologies/r/nagreed/r/nat/r/nwassenaar/r/narrangement/r/n資產(chǎn)/r/n管/r/n理辦公室(/r/nOFAC/r/n)許可的情況下向伊朗發(fā)送了美國(guó)禁運(yùn)的技術(shù)設(shè)備，違/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n單”外，又再一次針對(duì)華/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n節(jié)點(diǎn)/r/n/r/n(包括極紫外光技術(shù)/r/n)/r/n/r/n的產(chǎn)品或技術(shù)。/r/n35/r/n/r/n/r/nFY/r/n/r/nNDAA/r/n)，該法案的第/r/n/r/n1656/r/n/r/n條(/r/nSec./r/n/r/n1656/r/n)/r/n/r/n禁止華為的設(shè)備和服務(wù)/r/n/r/n進(jìn)入/r/n美/r/n國(guó)的國(guó)防電信網(wǎng)絡(luò)/r/n;/r/n36/r/n而/r/n/r/n2018/r/n/r/n年/r/n/r/n8/r/n/r/n月，其簽署的“/r/n2019/r/n/r/n財(cái)年國(guó)防授權(quán)法”/r/n/r/n /r/n(/r/nFY/r/n2019/r/n/r/nNDAA/r/n)的第/r/n/r/n889/r/n/r/n條，則進(jìn)一步禁止所有的美國(guó)聯(lián)邦行政機(jī)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)采/r/nnts/r/naddition/r/nof/r/nentities/r/nto/r/nthe/r/nentity/r/nlist/r/nhttps/r/nwww/r/nfederalregister/r/ngov/r/ndocuments/r/n21/2019-/r/n/r/n17921/addition-of-certain-entities-to-the-entity-lis/r/n/r/nt/r/nand/r/nrevision-of-entries-on-the-entity-list/r/n33/r/n/r/nU/r/n./r/nS/r/n./r/n/r/nDepartment/r/n/r/nof/r/n/r/nCommerc/r/n,/r/n/r/n“/r/nCommerce/r/n/r/nAddresses/r/n/r/nHuawei/r/n’/r/ns/r/n/r/nEfforts/r/n/r/nto/r/n/r/nUndermine/r/n/r/nEntity/r/n/r/nList/r/n,/r/n/r/nRestri/r/n/r/ncts/r/n/r/nProducts/r/n/r/nDesigned/r/n/r/nand/r/n/r/nProduced/r/n/r/n/r/nwith/r/n/r/nU/r/n./r/nS/r/n./r/n/r/nTechnologies/r/n,”/r/n/r/nhttps/r/n://2017-2021./r/ncommerce/r/n./r/ngov/r/n//r/nnews/r/n//r/npress/r/n-/r/nr/r/n/r/neleases/r/n/commerce-addresses-huaweis-efforts-undermine-entity-list-restricts.html/r/n34/r/n/r/nU/r/n./r/nS/r/n./r/n/r/nDepartment/r/n/r/nof/r/n/r/nCommerc/r/n,/r/n/r/n“/r/nCommerce/r/n/r/nDepartment/r/n/r/nFurther/r/n/r/nRestricts/r/n/r/nHuawei/r/n/r/nAccess/r/n/r/nto/r/n/r/nU/r/n./r/nS./r/n/r/nTechno/r/n/r/nlogy/r/nand/r/n/r/nAdds/r/n/r/nAnother/r/n/r/n38/r/n/r/nAffiliates/r/n/r/nto/r/n/r/nthe/r/n/r/nEntity/r/n/r/nList,”/r/n/r/nhttps://2017-2021./news/press-release/r/n/r/ns/r/n08/commerce-department-further-restricts-huawei-access-us-technology-and.html/r/n35/r/n/r/nhttps/r/n:///r/nwww/r/n./r/nfederalregister/r/n./r/ngov/r/n//r/ndocuments/r/n/2020/12/22//r/n2020-28031//r/naddition/r/n-/r/nof/r/n-/r/nentities/r/n-/r/nto/r/n-/r/nthe/r/n-/r/nentity/r/n-/r/nlist/r/n-/r/nrevisi/r/n/r/non/r/nof/r/nentry/r/non/r/nthe/r/nentity/r/nlist/r/nand-removal-of-entities/r/n36/r/n/r/nhttps/r/n:///r/nwww/r/n./r/ncongress/r/n./r/ngov/r/n//r/nbill/r/n/115/r/nth/r/n-/r/ncongress/housebill/2810?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22FY2018+N/r/n/r/nDAA/r/nC/r/n22FY2018%22%2C%22NDAA%22%5D%7D&s=1&r=1/r/n/r/n/r/n委員/r/n會(huì)/r/n(/r/nCFIUS/r/n)的管轄權(quán)限，要求對(duì)中美之間涉及關(guān)鍵技術(shù)、關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、/r/n/r/n/r/n委員會(huì)以數(shù)據(jù)安全/r/n/r/n為由，阻止螞蟻金服/r/n/r/n收購(gòu)/r/n/r/n美/r/n/r/n國(guó)/r/n/r/n金/r/n/r/n融科技/r/n/r/n公/r/n/r/n司速匯/r/n/r/n金/r/n/r/n /r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n普專門/r/n發(fā)布了兩道行政命令，/r/n/r/n也是以國(guó)家安全為由，/r/n/r/n禁止美國(guó)公司或個(gè)人與/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n中/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n37/r/n/r/nhttps/r/n:///r/nwww/r/n./r/ncongress/r/n./r/ngov/r/n//r/nbill/r/n/115/r/nth/r/n-/r/ncongress/r/n//r/nhouse/r/n-/r/nbill/r/n/5515?/r/nq/r/n=%7/r/nB/r/n%22/r/nsearch/r/n%22%3/r/nA/r/n%5/r/nB/r/n%22/r/nFY/r/n2018/r/n+/r/n/r/nNDAA/r/n2%2C%22FY2018%22%2C%22NDAA%22%5D%7D&s=1&r=2/r/n38/r/n/r/n“/r/nCFIUS/r/n/r/nBlocks/r/n/r/nAlibaba/r/n’/r/ns/r/n/r/nAttempted/r/n/r/nAcquisition/r/n/r/nof/r/n/r/nMoneyGram/r/n,/r/n/r/nCiting/r/n/r/nData/r/n/r/nSafety/r/n/r/nConcerns/r/n,”/r/n/r/nJanuar/r/n/r/ny/r/n/r/n2,/r/n/r/n2018./r/n/r/nhttps/r/n:///r/nwww/r/n./r/nrwradvisory/r/n./r/ncom/r/n//r/ncfius/r/n-/r/nblocks/r/n-/r/nalibabas/r/n-/r/nattempted/r/n-/r/nacquisition/r/n-/r/nmoneygram/r/n-/r/nciting/r/n-/r/ndata/r/n-/r/nsaf/r/n/r/nety/r/nconcerns/r/n39/r/n/r/n“/r/nHow/r/n/r/nGrindr/r/n/r/nbecame/r/n/r/na/r/n/r/nnational/r/n/r/nsecurity/r/n/r/nissue/r/n,”/r/n/r/nMarch/r/n/r/n28,/r/n/r/n2019./r/n/r/nhttps/r/n:/r/n///article/us-grind/r/n/r/nr/r/nm/r/na/r/nbeijingkunlun/r/nidUSKCN/r/nSJ28N/r/n0/r/n/r/nhttps://2017-2021./the-clean-network/index.html/r/nister/r/ngov/r/ndocuments/r/naddressing/r/nthe/r/nthreat/r/nposed/r/nby/r/ntiktok/r/nand/r/nt/r/n/r/naking/r/n-/r/nadditional/r/n-/r/nsteps/r/n-/r/nto/r/n-/r/naddress-the-national-emergency;/r/n/r/n/documents/2020/08/11/r/n/r/ndressing/r/nthe/r/nthreat/r/nposed/r/nby/r/nwechat/r/nand/r/ntaking/r/nadditional/r/nsteps/r/nto/r/naddress/r/nthe/r/nnational/r/nemergenc/r/n/r/ny/r/n而今/r/n，/r/n拜登政府繼承了特朗普?qǐng)?zhí)政時(shí)期美國(guó)在關(guān)鍵與新興技術(shù)領(lǐng)域?qū)θA的/r/n/r/n/r/n打/r/n壓與強(qiáng)化美國(guó)本土產(chǎn)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)、供應(yīng)鏈韌性等政策目標(biāo)相互捆綁、并行推進(jìn)。/r/n/r/n /r/n(/r/nwhole/r/n-/r/nof/r/n-/r/ngovernment/r/n/r/napproach/r/n)評(píng)估關(guān)鍵供應(yīng)鏈的脆弱性以及加強(qiáng)關(guān)鍵供應(yīng)/r/n鏈/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n著/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n43/r/n/r/nThe/r/n/r/nWhite/r/n/r/nHouse/r/n,/r/n/r/n“/r/nBiden/r/n-/r/nHarris/r/n/r/nAdministration/r/n/r/nAnnounces/r/n/r/nSupply/r/n/r/nChain/r/n/r/nDisruptions/r/n/r/nTask/r/n/r/nForce/r/n/r/nto/r/n/r/nA/r/n/r/nress/r/nShort/r/nTerm/r/nSupply/r/nChain/r/nDiscontinuities/r/nhttps/r/nwww/r/nwhitehouse/r/ngov/r/nbriefing/r/nroom/r/nstatements/r/nreleas/r/n/r/nes/r/n/2021/06/r/n/08//r/nfact/r/n-/r/nsheet/r/n-/r/nbiden/r/n-/r/nharris/r/n-/r/nadministration/r/n-/r/nannounces/r/n-/r/nsupply/r/n-/r/nchain/r/n-/r/ndisruptions/r/n-/r/ntask/r/n-/r/nforce/r/n-/r/nto/r/n-/r/naddress/r/n-/r/nsh/r/n/r/nt/r/nterm/r/nsupply/r/nchain/r/ndiscontinuities/r/n44/r/n/r/nThe/r/n/r/nWhite/r/n/r/nHouse/r/n,/r/n/r/n“/r/nBiden/r/n-/r/nHarris/r/n/r/nAdministration/r/n/r/nAnnounces/r/n/r/nSupply/r/n/r/nChain/r/n/r/nDisruptions/r/n/r/nTask/r/n/r/nForce/r/n/r/nto/r/n/r/nA/r/n/r/nress/r/nShort/r/nTerm/r/nSupply/r/nChain/r/nDiscontinuities/r/nhttps/r/nwww/r/nwhitehouse/r/ngov/r/nbriefing/r/nroom/r/nstatements/r/nreleas/r/n/r/nes/r/n/2021/06/r/n/08//r/nfact/r/n-/r/nsheet/r/n-/r/nbiden/r/n-/r/nharris/r/n-/r/nadministration/r/n-/r/nannounces/r/n-/r/nsupply/r/n-/r/nchain/r/n-/r/ndisruptions/r/n-/r/ntask/r/n-/r/nforce/r/n-/r/nto/r/n-/r/naddress/r/n-/r/nsh/r/n/r/nt/r/nterm/r/nsupply/r/nchain/r/ndiscontinuities/r/n45/r/n/r/nThe/r/n/r/nWhite/r/n/r/nHouse/r/n,/r/n/r/n“/r/nThe/r/n/r/nBiden/r/n-/r/nHarris/r/n/r/nPlan/r/n/r/nto/r/n/r/nRevitalize/r/n/r/nAmerican/r/n/r/nManufacturing/r/n/r/nand/r/n/r/nSecure/r/n/r/nCritical/r/n/r/nS/r/n/r/nupply/r/n/r/nChains/r/n/r/nin/r/n/r/n2022,”/r/n/r/nhttps/r/n:///r/nwww/r/n./r/nwhitehouse/r/n./r/ngov/r/n//r/nbriefing/r/n-/r/nroom/r/n//r/nstatements/r/n-/r/nreleases/r/n/202/r/n2/02/24//r/nthe/r/n-/r/nbiden/r/n-/r/nha/r/n/r/nrris/r/n-/r/nplan/r/n-/r/nto-revitalize-american-manufacturing-and-secure-critical-supply-chains-in-2022//r/n/r/n/r/n業(yè)變革的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，/r/n/r/n/r/n涉/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n華/r/n/r/n脅迫的有力支撐/r/n。/r/n(一)/r/n/r/n中美戰(zhàn)略競(jìng)爭(zhēng)加速了美國(guó)對(duì)半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)的/r/n/r/n“安全化”/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n。/r/n/r/nspecialization/r/n)、/r/n企/r/n業(yè)間高度相互依存的結(jié)構(gòu)。美國(guó)半導(dǎo)體行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)(/r/nSIA/r/n)與波/r/n/r/n數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)涉及數(shù)字產(chǎn)業(yè)化、產(chǎn)業(yè)數(shù)字化兩大部分。前者涉及電子信息制造業(yè)、信息通信業(yè)、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)行業(yè)/r/n/r/n/r/n士頓咨詢集團(tuán)(/r/nBCG/r/n)/r/n/r/n估算，在整個(gè)“半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)”的供應(yīng)鏈/r/n中，至少有/r/n/r/n50/r/n/r/n個(gè)/r/n/r/n節(jié)/r/n點(diǎn)主要依賴單一區(qū)域來(lái)源的供應(yīng)。例如，硅片(/r/n/r/nSilicon/r/n/r/nwafers/r/n)、光刻膠/r/n/r/n /r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n體產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的增/r/n加值占比中位列首位，達(dá)/r/n/r/n38%/r/n；而美國(guó)的無(wú)晶圓廠企業(yè)(/r/nFabless/r/n)/r/n/r/n與/r/n集成器件制造商(/r/nIDM/r/n)/r/n/r/n更是合計(jì)占全球半導(dǎo)體銷售份額的近一半。/r/n47/r/n但是，/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/nnm/r/nnm/r/n的半導(dǎo)體制造代工能力，美國(guó)的生產(chǎn)份額又將至個(gè)位/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n47/r/n/r/n芯/r/n片類型的供應(yīng)商有三類：集設(shè)計(jì)、制造、封裝和市場(chǎng)銷售為一體的公司，為集成器件制造商(/r/nIDM/r/n)；/r/n/r/n為其他芯片供應(yīng)商制造電路芯片，稱為代工廠(/r/nFoundry/r/n)；做設(shè)計(jì)和晶圓市場(chǎng)的公司，其從晶圓工/r/n廠/r/n購(gòu)買/r/n/r/nant/r/n/r/n48/r/n/r/nIC/r/n/r/nInsights/r/n,/r/n/r/nGlobal/r/n/r/nWafer/r/n/r/nCapacity/r/n/r/n/r/n2020-2024,/r/n/r/nFebruary/r/n/r/n13,/r/n/r/n2020,/r/n/r/np./r/n/r/n1./r/n/r/n/servi/r/n/r/nces/r/n//r/n/r/nglobal/r/n-/r/nwafer/r/n-/r/ncapacity/r/n//r/nreport/r/n-/r/ncontents/./r/nE/r/nU/r/nS/r/nSEMICONDUCTOR/r/nINDUSTRY/r/nSIA/r/nhttps/r/nwww/r/nsemiconductors/r/norg/r/nsta/r/n/r/nte/r/nof/r/nthe/r/nu/r/ns-semiconductor-industry//r/n/r/n/r/n家安全造成風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/ntz/r/n/r/n可信集成電路戰(zhàn)略”(/r/nDefense/r/n/r/nTrusted/r/n/r/nIntegrated/r/n/r/nCircuit/r/n/r/nStrategy/r/n)，稱美國(guó)需/r/n要可/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n為保障國(guó)防工業(yè)的技術(shù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，美/r/n國(guó)軍方選擇將“單一來(lái)源的可信代工模式”/r/n/r/nSTRENGTHENING/r/nTHE/r/nGLOBAL/r/nSEMICONDUCTOR/r/nSUPPLY/r/nCHAIN/r/nIN/r/nAN/r/nUNCERTAIN/r/n/r/nERA,”/r/nw/r/nsemiconductors/r/norg/r/nstrengthening/r/nthe/r/nglobal/r/nsemiconductor/r/nsupply/r/nchain/r/nin/r/nan/r/nuncertain/r/nera/r/n/r/n//r/n51/r/n/r/nCRS/r/n,/r/n/r/nU/r/n./r/nS/r/n./r/n/r/n/r/nSemiconductor/r/n/r/nManufacturing:/r/n/r/nIndustry/r/n/r/nTrends,/r/n/r/nGlobal/r/n/r/nCompetition,/r/n/r/nFederal/r/n/r/nPolicy,/r/n/r/nhttps://cr/r/n/r/nsreports/r/ncongress/r/ngov/r/nproduct/r/npdf/r/nR/r/nR/r/n81/r/n52/r/n/r/nDepartment/r/n/r/nof/r/n/r/nDefense/r/n,/r/n/r/nDefense/r/n/r/nScience/r/n/r/nBoard/r/n/r/nTask/r/n/r/nForce/r/n/r/non/r/n/r/nHigh/r/n/r/nPerformance/r/n/r/nMicrochip/r/n/r/nSupply/r/n,/r/n/r/nD/r/n/r/necember/r/n/r/n2005,/r/n/r/npp/r/n./r/n/r/n96./r/n/r/nhttps/r/n:///r/napps/r/n./r/ndtic/r/n./r/nmil/r/n//r/nsti/r/n//r/npdfs/r/n//r/nADA/r/n4355/r/n63.pdf/r/n53/r/n/r/nKirsten/r/n/r/nBaldwin/r/n,/r/n/r/n/r/nPolicy/r/n/r/nPerspective/r/n:/r/n/r/nThe/r/n/r/nCurrent/r/n/r/nand/r/n/r/nProposed/r/n/r/nSecurity/r/n/r/nFramework/r/n,/r/n/r/nDepartment/r/n/r/nof/r/n/r/nDe/r/n/r/nfense/r/n,/r/n/r/nAugust/r/n/r/n16,/r/n/r/n2016,/r/n/r/np/r/n./r/n/r/n12./r/n54/r/n/r/nKristen/r/n/r/nBaldwin/r/n,/r/n/r/nLong/r/n-/r/nTerm/r/n/r/nStrategy/r/n/r/nfor/r/n/r/nDOD/r/n/r/nAssured/r/n/r/nMicroelectronics/r/n/r/nNeeds/r/n/r/nand/r/n/r/nInnovation/r/n/r/nfor/r/n/r/nNat/r/n/r/nional/r/n/r/nEconomic/r/n/r/nCompetitiveness/r/n,/r/n/r/nDOD/r/n,/r/n/r/nOctober/r/n/r/n24/r/n,/r/n/r/n2018,/r/n/r/np/r/n./r/n/r/n19/r/n/r/n./r/n/r/nhttps/r/n:///r/nndiastorage/r/n./r/nblob/r/n./r/ncore/r/n./r/nusgovcloudap/r/n/r/ni/r/nnet/r/nndia/r/n2018/systems/Wed_21335_Baldwin.pdf/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n科技實(shí)力優(yōu)勢(shì)。/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n協(xié)同合奏”提供重要支持。/r/n56/r/n2020/r/n/r/n年/r/n/r/n10/r/n/r/n月特/r/n/r/n朗普政府發(fā)布了“關(guān)鍵和新興技術(shù)國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略”(/r/nNational/r/n/r/nStrategy/r/n/r/nfor/r/n/r/nCritical/r/n/r/nand/r/n/r/nhttps/r/nwww/r/nsemiconductors/r/norg/r/nstrengthening/r/nthe/r/nglobal/r/nsemiconductor/r/nsupply/r/nchain/r/nin/r/nan/r/nuncertain/r/nera/r/n56/r/n/r/n技術(shù)革命浪潮的增長(zhǎng)效能由其在連接/r/n+/r/n能源/r/n+/r/n材料三重/r/n維度的技術(shù)變遷及其所形成的凈創(chuàng)造效應(yīng)所決定。/r/n/r/n革命浪潮中，最先實(shí)現(xiàn)信息/r/n+/r/n能源/r/n+/r/n材料三重維度協(xié)同“合奏”的國(guó)家，則會(huì)成為新一輪技術(shù)/r/n/r/n技術(shù)領(lǐng)/r/n域/r/n。/r/n/r/n57/r/n2022/r/n/r/n年/r/n/r/n2/r/n/r/n月拜登政府的國(guó)家科學(xué)技術(shù)委員會(huì)(/r/nNSTC/r/n)發(fā)布了新版/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n(二)中美戰(zhàn)略競(jìng)爭(zhēng)被“簡(jiǎn)單化”，美國(guó)將半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)塑造為對(duì)華戰(zhàn)略競(jìng)/r/n爭(zhēng)/r/n/r/n/r/n57/r/n/r/nThe/r/n/r/nWhite/r/n/r/nHouse/r/n,/r/n/r/n“/r/nNational/r/n/r/nStrategy/r/n/r/nfor/r/n/r/nCritical/r/n/r/n/r/nand/r/n/r/nEmerging/r/n/r/nTechnologies/r/n,”/r/n/r/nhttps/r/n:///r/ntrumpwhitehouse/r/n./r/n/r/narchives/r/ngov/r/nwp/r/ncontent/r/nuploads/r/n2020/10/National-Strategy-for-CET.pdf/r/n5/r/n8/r/n/r/nNSTC/r/n,/r/n/r/n“/r/nCRITICAL/r/n/r/nAND/r/n/r/nEMERGING/r/n/r/nTECHNOLOGIES/r/n/r/nLIST/r/n/r/nUPDATE/r/n,”/r/n/r/nFebruary/r/n/r/n2022./r/n/r/nhttps/r/n:///r/nww/r/n/r/nw/r/nwhitehouse/r/ngov/r/nwp/r/ncontent/r/nuploads/2022/02/02-2022-Critical-and-Emerging-Technologies-List-Update.pdf/r/nPCAST/r/nEnsuring/r/nLong/r/nTerm/r/nU/r/nS/r/nLeadership/r/nin/r/nSemiconductors/r/nJanuary/r/n./r/n/r/nhttps://obamawhitehous/r/n/r//sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/PCAST/pcast_ensuring_long-term_us_leadership_in_semiconduc/r/n/r/ntors/r/n./r/npdf/r/n60/r/n/r/nCRS,/r/n/r/nSemiconductors:/r/n/r/nU.S./r/n/r/nIndustry,/r/n/r/nGlobal/r/n/r/nCompetition,/r/n/r/nand/r/n/r/nFederal/r/n/r/nPolicy,/r/n/r/nOctober/r/n/r/n26,/r/n/r/n2020./r/n/r/nhttps:///r/n/r/ncrsreports/r/ncongress/r/ngov/r/nproduct/r/npdf/r/nR/r/nR/r/n581/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n中美戰(zhàn)略競(jìng)爭(zhēng)走向的，是各自的經(jīng)濟(jì)動(dòng)能與治理能力。/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n及半導(dǎo)體對(duì)新一輪技術(shù)創(chuàng)新與產(chǎn)業(yè)變革/r/n的非凡價(jià)值，/r/n/r/n在這四大因素的共同促