英語語氣助動(dòng)詞語法學(xué)習(xí)

1、語氣助動(dòng)詞語氣助動(dòng)詞有哪些主要的語氣助動(dòng)詞有must, will, would, should, can, could, may, might這幾個(gè)。另外還有ought to, have to, used to, need, dare, had better, would rather, might as well等等也都屬于語氣助動(dòng)詞，使用的頻率稍低。這些字配合原形動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞詞組，用來表現(xiàn)各式各樣的語氣或態(tài)度。語氣助動(dòng)詞的兩種用法同樣一個(gè)語氣助動(dòng)詞，可以有兩種不同的用法。以下面這兩個(gè)句子為例：1. We must be very careful. 我們一定要很小心。2. John must

2、 be very careless. 約翰一定是很粗心。語氣助動(dòng)詞用在第1句的這種情況，可以表達(dá)義務(wù)、意愿、責(zé)任、能力、許可等等。這可以稱為語氣助動(dòng)詞的一般用法。如果用在第2句的情況，則是用來做猜測，可以稱為語氣助動(dòng)詞的猜測用法。主要語氣助動(dòng)詞的一般用法1.must這個(gè)語氣助動(dòng)詞在一般用法中表示義務(wù)，非如此不可。它缺乏時(shí)態(tài)變化，現(xiàn)在時(shí)間和過去時(shí)間的寫法是一樣的，例如：We must all keep together. 我們一定不能走散。（現(xiàn)在時(shí)間）He said we must all keep together. 他說我們一定不能走散。（過去時(shí)間）2.will/would表示愿意，決心，承

3、諾時(shí)，will/would屬于語氣助動(dòng)詞，和單純表示未來式的時(shí)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞不一樣。這一對(duì)語氣助動(dòng)詞在一般用法中具有時(shí)態(tài)的差別，例如：I will have my own way. 我決定照自己的意思做。（現(xiàn)在時(shí)間的未來）He said he would have his own way. 他說他決定照自己的意思做。（過去時(shí)間的未來）如果是過去時(shí)間，應(yīng)該采過去拼法的would來表示。不過，would這種拼法卻也可以用在現(xiàn)在時(shí)間，例如：Would you like a cup of coffee? 要來杯咖啡嗎？這時(shí)候采用would的拼法并不是表示過去時(shí)間，而是用這種拼法很客氣地詢問對(duì)方的意愿，時(shí)間就

4、是現(xiàn)在。3.shall/shouldShall這個(gè)語氣助動(dòng)詞在美式英文中并不常用，通常只見于shall I, shall we這種以第一人稱詢問對(duì)方意愿的講法，例如：Shall we go now? 我們是不是該動(dòng)身了？另外，shall也可以用相當(dāng)正式的語氣表達(dá)說話者強(qiáng)烈的決心，例如：The enemy shall not pass! 絕對(duì)不容敵人通過?。ㄎ医^不會(huì)讓敵人通過）除了上述兩種情況，一般都只會(huì)用到should、不論現(xiàn)在時(shí)間還是過去時(shí)間。Should這個(gè)語氣助動(dòng)詞，一般用法是表示責(zé)任，義務(wù)，不這樣做不對(duì)，例如：We should always be on time. 我們應(yīng)該一直保持準(zhǔn)

5、時(shí)的習(xí)慣。（現(xiàn)在時(shí)間）He said we should leave early, and we did. 他說我們應(yīng)該早點(diǎn)動(dòng)身，我們也照辦了。（過去時(shí)間）4.can/could這一對(duì)語氣助動(dòng)詞，在一般用法中表示有能力，有權(quán)利。它具有現(xiàn)在時(shí)間與過去時(shí)間的差別，例如：I can drink a dozen beers in an hour. 我一小時(shí)可以喝得下一打啤酒。（現(xiàn)在時(shí)間）Last night there was something wrong with my stomach, and I couldnt even finish one beer.昨天晚上我肚子有毛病，連一瓶啤酒都喝不完

6、。（過去時(shí)間）但是，could也可以用在現(xiàn)在時(shí)間，例如：Could you please help me with my homework? 能不能拜托你教我做功課？時(shí)間就是現(xiàn)在，采用could的拼法并非表示過去時(shí)間，而是要表現(xiàn)特別客氣的語氣。5.may/might這一對(duì)語氣助動(dòng)詞，一般用法是用來表示準(zhǔn)許，許可，有時(shí)態(tài)的差別，例如：You may go now. 你們現(xiàn)在可以走了。（現(xiàn)在時(shí)間）He said we might go. 他說我們可以走了。（過去時(shí)間）但是，might仍然可以用在現(xiàn)在時(shí)間，例如：Might I ask a big favor of you? 不知道可不可以請(qǐng)您幫個(gè)大

7、忙？時(shí)間就是現(xiàn)在，選擇用might的拼法并不表示過去，而是語氣上特別的客氣。一般用法的過去拼法配合完成式在主要語氣助動(dòng)詞中，作過去拼法的有would, should, could, might這四個(gè)。如果這四個(gè)語氣助動(dòng)詞后面配合動(dòng)詞完成式（have Ven），通常表示：一、相對(duì)過去的時(shí)間；二、非事實(shí)語氣。例如：I would have left the country if I had known what was going to happen.如果早知道會(huì)出什么事，我早就避出國了。以過去拼法的would配合完成式have left，表示這是從前的事，而且事實(shí)上并沒有離開。You shoul

8、d have attended the meeting last week; why didnt you?你上個(gè)禮拜應(yīng)該參加會(huì)議才對(duì)，為什么沒去？過去拼法的should配合完成式have attended，除了表示這是從前的事，還表示事實(shí)上并沒有參加。With a little help, I could have finished a lot sooner.如果獲得一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)幫助，我本來可以早得多就做完的。過去拼法的could配合完成式have finished，表示這是從前的事，而且事實(shí)上并沒有能夠早做完。Under a more reasonable boss, I might have d

9、one a much better job.換一個(gè)比較講理的老板的話，我本來可以表現(xiàn)得好得多的。過去拼法的might配合完成式have done，表示這是從前的事，而且事實(shí)上表現(xiàn)并不好。主要語氣助動(dòng)詞的猜測用法除了上述的一般用法，這些主要語氣助動(dòng)詞也都可以用于猜測。用于猜測時(shí)，will/would, can/could, may/might這三對(duì)已經(jīng)完全沒有表達(dá)時(shí)態(tài)的功能、只用來表現(xiàn)語氣的輕重：will, can, may用于相對(duì)比較有把握的猜測，would, could, might則是比較沒把握的猜測。而且，所有的主要語氣助動(dòng)詞，不論現(xiàn)在拼法還是過去拼法，只要配合完成式動(dòng)詞（have Ve

10、n）使用，意思就是猜測過去。以下按照語氣輕重的順序逐一介紹，從最有把握的must到最無把握的might。1.mustListen! It must be raining hard outside. 你聽，外頭一定在下大雨。（猜現(xiàn)在）It must have rained last nightthe ground is still wet.昨天晚上一定下過雨了地上還是濕的。（猜過去）2.willThat will be George at the door, I expect. 我看在門口的一定是喬治。（猜現(xiàn)在）You will all have heard the news last nigh

11、t.你們昨天晚上一定都聽到消息了。（猜過去）3.wouldThis seat would be mine, right?（猜現(xiàn)在）這個(gè)位子應(yīng)該是我的吧，是嗎？That would have been the mailman just now; I found some new mail in the box.剛剛應(yīng)該是郵差，我看到信箱里有新郵件。（猜過去）4.shouldWe should be on the right track.我們走的路應(yīng)該沒錯(cuò)。（猜現(xiàn)在）He should have left; his car is gone.他應(yīng)該已經(jīng)出門了；他的車子不在。（猜過去）5.canWhe

12、re can he be at this hour? 這種時(shí)間他會(huì)在哪里呢？（猜現(xiàn)在）Where can he have gone？ 他會(huì)跑到哪里去了呢？（猜過去）6.couldOf course, I could be wrong. 當(dāng)然，也有可能是我搞錯(cuò)了。（猜現(xiàn)在）The police is here; something could have gone wrong.警察來了；可能出了岔子。（猜過去）7.mayDont go near that snake; it may be dangerous.別靠近那條蛇，可能有危險(xiǎn)。（猜現(xiàn)在）It may have been dangerous,

13、 but now its gone.剛才可能有危險(xiǎn)，但是現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)跑掉了。（猜過去）8.mightBring a compass; you might get lost in the woods.帶個(gè)指北針去吧，你在森林里說不定會(huì)迷路。（猜未來）Check the answering machine; he might have left a message for you.聽聽錄音機(jī)吧，他說不定給你留了話。（猜過去）其它語氣助動(dòng)詞除了上述那些，另外還有一些次要的語氣助動(dòng)詞，逐一介紹如下。1.ought toI think you ought to apologize to him. 我想你應(yīng)該

14、向他道歉。（一般用法）He ought to be home now. 他現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該會(huì)在家。（猜現(xiàn)在）疑問句Ought we to go?（一般用法）我們應(yīng)該去嗎？否定句You oughtnt to have done that. 那件事你實(shí)在不該做的。（一般用法，過去非事實(shí)語氣）2.have toYou have to tell your father.（一般用法）你必須告訴你父親。That has to be the pizza man at the door. 門口來的一定是送披薩的。（猜現(xiàn)在）疑問句Do you have to leave now? 你現(xiàn)在非走不可嗎？（一般用法）否定句I

15、 dont have to leave now. 我現(xiàn)在不是非走不可。（一般用法）3.used toHe used to smoke a pipe. 他從前有抽煙斗的習(xí)慣。疑問句Used he to smoke a pipe?Did he use(or used) to smoke a pipe?否定句He used not to smoke a pipe.He didnt use(or used) to smoke a pipe.4.needI dont think you need go. 我不認(rèn)為你需要去。疑問句Need I remind you of the consequences?

16、 需要我提醒你后果有多嚴(yán)重嗎？否定句You neednt do that. 你不必那樣做。Need除了當(dāng)助動(dòng)詞，也可以當(dāng)做動(dòng)詞使用。例如：I dont think you need to go.Do I need to remind you of the consequences?You dont need to do that.5.dareIm not sure I dare touch that snake. 我不知道敢不敢摸那條蛇。疑問句Dare you sleep in that haunted house alone? 你敢一個(gè)人睡那間鬼屋嗎？否定句I dare not tell m

17、y wife the truth. 我不敢告訴我太太真相。另外，dare也可以當(dāng)動(dòng)詞使用，例如：Im not sure I dare to touch that snake.Do you dare to sleep in that haunted house alone?I dont dare to tell my wife the truth.6.had betterI think we had better leave now. 我想我們最好現(xiàn)在走吧。疑問句Hadnt we better be leaving now? 我們現(xiàn)在動(dòng)身不是比較好嗎？否定句You had better not lie to me. 你最好別騙我。7.would ratherI would rather go abroad than study at a local graduate school.我寧愿出國，不想念本地的研究所。如果would rather后面有than，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)than是比較級(jí)的連接詞、要求前后對(duì)稱，所以前面有原形動(dòng)詞（如 go），后面就可以用原形動(dòng)詞和它對(duì)稱（如 study）。疑問句Would you rather stay here? 你是不是寧愿留下來？否定句I would rather not talk abo