武漢大學博士英語結課考試

1、.學習.資料.一、段落分析Concept-definingContent容(fromparagraphlevel)Topic話題(特點general籠統(tǒng))Aspect(supportingsentence)frommaterialtospiritualaspects從物質到精神fromphysicaltopsychologicalaspects從身體到心理fromidea/mentalitytobehavior從思想到行為fromtechnologytosocietyfromindividualtosocialaspects從個體到社會fromoneselftoothers從自身到他人from

2、directtoindirectaspects從直接到間接fromphysicalenvironmenttoeconomicandsocialstructure從地理環(huán)境到社會經濟結構Perspective(pointofview)角度+Keywords=thesis論點+evidenee論據=theme主題(mainidea丿+aspeets方面Form/Function形式(passagelevel)Strueture:theorganizationofthewholeartieleIntroduetion(what)Body(why)Conelusion(how)Paragraphdev

3、elopment1Skill/Pattern；Fact/DetailStatisties統(tǒng)計Examples例證Statements闡述Quotation引言Method針對所選用的skill的方法topicordercausalorder=causeandeffectspatialorder=spaceorderchronologicalorder=timeorderproblemandsolutionmeansandendsprocessandresultclassificationhierarchicalstructure分層次、等級的(fromleasttomost)antithesi

4、s對偶、排比progression遞進(agradualprocessofchangeordevelopingoverperiodoftime)comparison(相似)andcontrast(差異)對比Logicrelationship(frompassagelevel)(what,why,how)Causeandeffect因果關系=why&howMeansandends=processandpurpose=how手段和目的；過程和目的Topic/ideaandreason(introduction)=what&whyProblemandsolution=what&howExample=

5、howDevelopingParagraph/Body(正文/主體)Unity(一致性)topicsentence切題，與開篇提出的論點相關Development(發(fā)展性)一supportingsentencesnomorethan5aspects論據是否充分CommonMethodsofDevelopmentexemplification例證facts事實citation引證comparisonandcontrast比較與對比analysis分析classification分類3Coherence(連貫性):主要指段落中的句子與句子之間在邏輯上和結構上的相互連貫條理清楚、層次分明、銜接自然t

6、ransitions/signposts過渡詞/路標詞fromthemostimportanttotheleastimportantorviceverse由重到輕，反之亦然generalprinciplebyclassification:總原貝分類丿frommaterialtospiritualaspects從物質到精神fromphysicaltopsychologicalaspects從身體到心理fromindividualtosocialaspects從個體到社會fromoneselftoothers從自身到他人fromdirecttoindirectaspects從直接到間接fromph

7、ysicalenvironmenttoeconomicandsocialstructure從地理環(huán)境到社會經濟結構第一課的第三段：OursecondmajordiscoverywasthattheInformationMarketplacewilldramaticallyaffectpeopleandorganizationsonawidescale.Besidesitsmanyusesincommerce,officework,andmanufacturing,itwillalsoimprovehealthcare,providenewwaystoshop,enableprofessiona

8、landsocialencountersacrosstheglobe,andgenerallypermeatethethousandsofthingswedointhecourseofourdailylives.Itwillhelpuspursueoldandnewpleasures,anditwillencouragenewartforms,whichmaybecriticizedbutwillmoveartforward,asnewtoolshavealwaysdone.Itwillalsoimproveeducationandtraining,firstinspecificandesta

9、blishedwaysandlaterthroughbreakthroughsthatareconfidentlyawaited.Humanorganizationsfromtinycompaniestoentirenationalgovernmentswillbenefittoo,becausesomuchoftheworktheydoisinformationwork.TopicEffect/InfluencePerspectiveHumanandorganizationsAspectHuman:fromphysicaltopsychologicalOrganization:fromind

10、ividualtosocialKeywordsSkill(s)ByexampleMethod(s)ByclassificationQuestion(LogicRelationship)WhatandHow第一課的第十二段：ThewiseeyewillalsoseethattheInformationMarketplaceismuchinfluentialthanitspartstheinterfaces,middlewareandpipesthatmakeupthethree-storybuildingonwhichwestand.Oncetheyareintegrated,theyprese

11、ntamuchgreaterpowerthepowertopreventanasthmaticfromdyinginaremotetowninAlaska,toenableanunemployedbankloanofficertofindandsucceedatanewformofwork,toallowahusbandandwifetorevelintheaccomplishmentsofadistantdaughterwhilealsoprovidingemotionalandfinancialsupport.Thesepowersarefargreaterthantheabilityto

12、sendanmessage,ortohavefivehundredTVchannels.TopicPowerPerspectivePhysiologysafetyandBelongingnessAspectFrommaterialtospiritualKeywordsSkill(s)ByexampleMethod(s)HierarchicalstructureQuestion(LogicRelationship)WhatandHow第八課的第一段：Countlessculturesaroundtheworldhavedisappeared,alongwiththeirmythologies.I

13、nMesoamerica,dozensofornateMayantemplesliemute,asdoanuntoldnumberofIncanmonumentsinPeru,CelticcairnsinWales,KhmerstatuesinCambodia,andmagnificentziggurat-likestructuresincentralAfrica.TopicculturePerspectiveworldAspectFrommaterialaspectsKeywordsCulture,mythologies;Mayantemples,Incanmonuments,Celticc

14、airns,Khmerstatues,Ziggurat-likestructuresSkill(s)ByexampleMethod(s)InspatialorderQuestion(LogicRelationship)WhatandHow第八課的第四段：Itislikelythatchangesintheforestoccurredoverdecadesandwouldhavebeendifficulttodetectimmediately.Anislandermighteasilyhavemissedthelong-termtrend,thinking:“Thisyearweclearedt

15、hosewoodsoverthere,buttreesarestartingtogrowbackagainoverhere.”Furthermore,anyislanderwhoissuedawarningagainsttheoncomingdisasterwouldhavebeensilencedbytherulingclass.Chiefs,priests,andstonecarversalldependedonthestatusquotoretaintheirpositionsandprivileges.TopiccivilizationPerspectiveEasterIslander

16、sAspectFromideatobehaviorKeywordsChange;Longtermtrend,warning,statusquoSkill(s)ByquotationandstatementMethod(s)ByclassificationQuestion(LogicRelationship)WhatandWhy第八課的第六段：Humanitymaynotactintimetopreventthedecimationoftherainforests,fossilfuels,arableland,andfisheries.Inonly40years,Ethiopiasforestc

17、overshrankfrom30%to1%.Duringthesametimeperiod,therestoftheworldlosthalfofitsrainforests.Powerfuldecision-makinggroupsignorethosewhosoundanalarm;theirpolitical,economic,andreligiousagendasfailtoaddresstheproblemofdisappearingnaturalresources.TopicdecimationPerspectivehumanityAspectFromideatobehavioro

18、rviceverse/frommaterialtospiritualaspectsKeywordsDecimation;(oftherainforests,fossilfuels,arableland,andfisheries)Skill(s)BystatisticsandstatementMethod(s)CauseandeffectQuestion(LogicRelationship)What-How-Why第八課的第八段：IfwearegoingtoavoidthefateoftheEasterIslanders,wemustchangethemythsthatareleadingust

19、owardextinctionandfindinspiringvisionsofaplausibleandappealingfuture.Theoldmythshavecollapsed,butnonewoneshaveemergedtofillthevacuum.Fortransformationtooccur,humanbeingsmustactivelyshapethefuture,anenterprisethatgoestotheheartofmythmaking.IfweareeachacellinwhatPeterRussellcalls“TheGlobalBrain,”thent

20、hisisanindividualaswellacollectiveventure.TopicMythsPerspectiveMythmakingAspectMythsKeywordsMyth-changing;oldmyths-collapsing,newmyths-emerging,future-shaping,mythmaking,venture,enterpriseSkill(s)BystatementMethod(s)ProblemandsolutionQuestion(LogicRelationship)What-Why-How第八課的第十二段：ButastheGrandNarra

21、tiveofProgresscametodominateothervaluesandviews,itcastamalignantshadow.Theinventionoftheautomobilewasthequintesseneeofprogress,butitleftovercrowdedhighways,airpollution,anddeforestationinitswake.Fertilizersincreasedcropproductionbutalsoincreasedthegrowthofalgaeinlakesandcanals.Thediscoveryofpowerful

22、insecticidesfirstgreetedwithenthusiasmandaNobelPrizewasfollowedbytheunintentionalpoisoningoffish,birds,andanimals.Nuclearpowerplantsincreasedavailableenergybutledtostorageproblems,life-threateningcontamination,andatleastoneaccidentwithworldwiderepercussions.Thewasteproductsoftechnologicallivingbegan

23、tochokegreatcitiesandfoulonce-pristinelands.AlthoughWesternhousing,clothing,andreligionwerebroughttoaboriginalpeople,andtherateofinfectiousdiseasewentdown,therateofalcoholism,drugaddiction,suicide,andspouseandchildabusewentup.TopicShadowPerspectiveScieneeandsocietyAspectFromtechnologytosocietyKeywor

24、dsShadow;automobile,fertilizers,insecticides,nuclearpowerplants,wasteproducts,alcoholism,drugaddiction,suicide,spouseandchildabuseSkill(s)ByexampleMethod(s)Byclassification:macro:hierarchicalstructure(fromleasttomost)micro:antithesis(frompositivetonegative)QuestionWhatandHow(LogicRelationship)第八課的第二

25、十五段：Thethirdprincipleistoidentifyreal-lifesituationsinwhichantagonistscanfindcommonground.Witharecognitionofthelimitationsoflinguisticexchange,postmodernistsurgethatgroups“pressbeyonddialogue.”Forexample,athletesandmusiciansfromallwalksoflifecangeneratesmoothandeffectiveteamsormusicalgroups.Business

26、executivesandscientistsfromconflictingbackgroundsareoftenabletoworktogethertogeneratemultinationalcorporationsandcooperativeresearchundertakings.TopicPrinciplePerspectiveSituationsAspectPressbeyonddialogue(nonverbalcommunication)KeywordsReallifesituation,commonground;pressbeyonddialogueSkill(s)Byexa

27、mpleMethod(s)Byantithesis:homogeneity(同質)andheterogeneity(異質)Question(LogicRelationship)WhatandHow二、文章結構分析第八課1-4段Countlessculturesaroundtheworldhavedisappeared,alongwiththeirmythologies.InMesoamerica,dozensofornateMayantemplesliemute,asdoanuntoldnumberofIncanmonumentsinPeru,CelticcairnsinWales,Khmer

28、statuesinCambodia,andmagnificentziggurat-likestructuresincentralAfrica.EasterIsland,celebratedforthegiantstatuesleftbyitsvanishedcivilization,isuniqueinarchaeologybecauseofitsisolationfromitsneighbors.Currentarchaeologicalevidenceindicatesthatsome1,600yearsagotheislandsfirstsettlers,explorersfromPol

29、ynesia,foundthemselvesinapristineparadisewithsubtropicalforests,dozensofwildbirdspecies,andnopredators.Theymultipliedandprospered,distributingresourcesinamannerthatsuggestsasophisticatedeconomyandcomplexpoliticalsystem.Rivalclanserectedever-largerstatuesonplatforms,emulatingthestonecarvingsoftheirPo

30、lynesianforebears,tryingtosurpasseachotherwithdisplaysofpowerandwealth.Eventually,astheislandspopulationgrewto20,000people,theforestswerecutmorerapidlythantheyregenerated.Treesweretransformedintofuel,canoes,andhouses,aswellasrollersandropestotransportthegiganticstoneheads.Intime,theabsenceofwoodfors

31、eagoingcanoesreducedthefishcatches,whileerosionanddeforestationdiminishedcropyields.Thegrowingpopulaceconsumedthelocalbirdandanimalpopulations.Whentheislandcouldnolongerfeeditshumanpopulation,thepoliticalandreligiousoligarchythathaddirectedanddistributedthelocalresourcesbegantolanguish.Manyarchaeolo

32、gistsbelievetherulingclasswasoverthrownbywarriors.Intheensuingdisorder,clanfoughtclanfoughtclan,topplinganddesecratingeachothersstatues.WhentheEuropeansarrivedonEasterSunday,1772,theonce-fertileislandwasbarrenanddesolate.Itsremaininginhabitants,onlyafractionofthenumbersafewgenerationsearlier,werehei

33、rstoaonce-greatersocietythathaddegeneratedintoviolence,starvation,andcannibalism.Itislikelythatchangesintheforestoccurredoverdecadesandwouldhavebeendifficulttodetectimmediately.Anislandermighteasilyhavemissedthelong-termtrend,thinking:“Thisyearweclearedthosewoodsoverthere,buttreesarestartingtogrowba

34、ckagainoverhere.”Furthermore,anyislanderwhoissuedawarningagainsttheoncomingdisasterwouldhavebeensilencedbytherulingclass.Chiefs,priests,andstonecarversalldependedonthestatusquotoretaintheirpositionsandprivileges.PARAPerspective(pointofview)KeyWord(Document)Structure(Function)1WorldDisappearanee(ofva

35、nishedcivilization)Mayantemples,Incanmonuments,CelticWhat(phenomenacairns,Khmerstatues,Ziggurat-likestructures/situation)2EasterislandersPristineparadise(ofonce-flourishingcivilization)subtropicalforests,wildbirdspecies,nopredators,(sophisticated)economy,(complex)politicalsystemHow(example)3Easteris

36、landersBarrenanddesolateislandviolenee,starvation,cannibalismHow(example)4EasterislandersLong-termtrend(islandersthinking);Warning,statusquo(rulingclass)Why附：武漢大學博士研究生英語試題說明：所有答案均寫在答題紙上。用漢語正楷寫清自己的、學號、所在院糸及任課教師?？荚嚂r間為100分鐘。PartIDocumentalAnalysis20%Attention:Analyzethefollowingparagraphaccordingtother

37、equirementsofperspective,methodandskill,andquestions.ButastheGrandNarrativeofProgresscametodominateothervaluesandviews,itcastamalignantshadow.Theinventionoftheautomobilewasthequintessenceofprogress,butitleftovercrowdedhighways,airpollution,anddeforestationinitswake.Fertilizersincreasedcropproduction

38、butalsoincreasedthegrowthofalgaeinlakesandcanals.Thediscoveryofpowerfulinsecticides-firstgreetedwithenthusiasmandaNobelPrize-wasfollowedbytheunintentionalpoisoningoffish,birds,andanimals.Nuclearpowerplantsincreasedavailableenergybutledtostorageproblems,life-threateningcontamination,andatleastoneacci

39、dentwithworldwiderepercussions.Thewasteproductsoftechnologicallivingbegantochokegreatcitiesandfoulonce-pristinelands.AlthoughWesternhousing,clothing,andreligionwerebroughttoaboriginalpeople,andtherateofinfectiousdiseasewentdown,therateofalcoholism,drugaddiction,suicide,andspouseandchildabusewentup.P

40、artIIArticleAnalysis15%Attention:Fillthechartaccordingtotherequirementsbasedonyourunderstandingofthefollowingarticle.YWeliveintimesthatareharshbutexciting,whereeveryoneagreesthatwearemovingtoanewlevelofcivilization.Principles,values,waysoflife,willnolongerbethesame;butasyetwearenotreallyreadyforthes

41、echanges;wearefacedwithinventingthefutureandalsobringingitintooperation,progressively;wemakeexperimentsandwefrequentlymakemistakes;butwearebeginningtoknowwhatwewantwhenwetalkofjustice,freedomanddemocracy.Thescientificandtechnologicalcommunityisdirectlyinvolvedinthequestionsthatarise.Followingthoseof

42、ourgeneration,thedemandsofyourgenerationwillcontinueuntiltheseaimshavebeenatleastpartiallyachieved.2.Theclosenessofscientificproblemstopoliticalproblemsissuchthatscientificworkersarenot,farfromit,protectedfromsocio-economicvicissitudes.Somuchsothattheysometimesexpressthesameneedsasallotherworkersand

43、jointheminthiscontext;buttheyalsocallforspecificmeasures.Likeeveryoneelseweneedfreedombutweespeciallyneedfreedomofexpressionforourscientificandtechnologicalideas;weneedthisevenifitisonlytoputthemforwardforcriticism.Wedontaskforanyparticularprivilegebutwewouldliketheeffortsmadetobeevaluatedattheiract

44、ualworth,intheinterestsofsociety.3Ifourfederationissoactiveinworkingforastatementoftherightsandresponsibilitiesofscientificworkers,itisbecausewewishtoresolvethisprobleminawayappropriatetomostcountries.4Soyouwillcertainlyplayanimportantpartinsociety,evenifthisisnotalwaysreadilyrecognizedbysociety,bec

45、ausescientificandtechnologicalknowledgeandexpertisearethecontextinwhichfutureeconomic,socialandpoliticalchangeswilltakeplace.Whateveryoudo,youcannotignorethemand,whateverissaid,societywillnotbeabletoignoreyou.Youwillalsohaveadecisiveparttoplay,andperhapsanevenmoredifficultone,inthescientificandtechn

46、ologicalcommunityitself.Thewholeextensionofthiscommunityanditsinteractionwithsocietyasawholeleadsscientificworkerstogetinvolvedinallpoliticaldebates,crisesanddecisions.Youwillhavetonotetheessentialdemandsofscienceassuch;itisnotsimplyamatterofprotectingsocietyfromunacceptableconsequences;onemustalsop

47、rotectscientificactivityfrompoliticalandfinancialmeddling.5Itisvitaltosafeguardthebasichonestyofscienee,thehonestythatisbasictoitsmethod.Whenever,inthehistoryofscienee,thishonestyhasbeensetaside,theconsequenceshavebeenserious.Iamnotspeakingmerelyofthesuicideordisgraceofanindividualbutofthesocialande

48、conomicdamagearisingfromsuchlapses.Thereareworsepossibilities:atatimewhenproblemsareincreasinglycomplex,witheverwideningpoliticalimplications,weneedsciencetobetechnicallydependableandsociallycredible.Inaworldofturbulence,sciencessavinggraceisnotsimplymaterialbutliesinitsrationality.PartIIIWriting25%

49、Attention:Writeanessayonthefollowingtopicwithsubstantialevidenceandgoodreasoning(e.g.inalinearway)inmorethan300words.HowtoWriteEnglishWellasaPhDCandidateOnMyClassExperiencePartI.DocumentalAnalysis20%Topic:Perspective(s):Method(s):Skill(s):Questions:3p12p1p4pPartII.ArticleAnalysisl5%CHART-FILLINGPARA.PERSPECTIVE(pointofview)KEYWORD(S)(document)STRUCTURE(function)1234.5topicInfluencepowerculturechangeperspectiveskillmethodsquestionsPeople-organizationexampleClassification(material-spiritual.個人到社會丿What-how3ptopicInfluenceLife(physiology丿Work(safety丿Pleasure(love