句子的成分與種類(lèi)(完整課件)

1、句子的成分與種類(lèi)句子的種類(lèi)（一） 句子按結(jié)構(gòu)分可分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。簡(jiǎn)單句只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（或并列謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）。例如：He likes swimming and often swims in the river.并列句由并列連詞把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。例如：I learn English and he learns French.復(fù)合句中含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句。例如：It was raining hard when I got home yesterday. 句子按功能分可分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句。 陳述句用來(lái)說(shuō)明一件事實(shí)或表達(dá)一種看法；

2、疑問(wèn)句用來(lái)提出問(wèn)題； 祈使句用來(lái)發(fā)出請(qǐng)求或命令； 感嘆句用來(lái)表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈的感情。句子的種類(lèi)（二）句子的成分 句子一般可以分為幾個(gè)部分，每一個(gè)部分在句子中具有一定的功能，稱(chēng)為句子的成分。句子的成分有主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。1主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子的中心，主語(yǔ)的位置一般在句首。2謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作與狀態(tài)，一般在主語(yǔ)之后。3表語(yǔ)位置在連系動(dòng)詞之后，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)。4賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，即動(dòng)作的承受者，一般放在及物動(dòng)詞后。5補(bǔ)語(yǔ)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的特征或狀態(tài).6定語(yǔ)修飾名詞、代詞7狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句。 主語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞（不及物動(dòng)詞、及物動(dòng)詞、雙賓動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞)

3、、賓語(yǔ)及補(bǔ)語(yǔ)可以稱(chēng)為基本句子成分。 完整的句子一般至少包含2個(gè)基本成分，至多4個(gè)基本成分?；揪渥映煞指綄俪煞?附屬成分是基本成分的修飾語(yǔ)?？梢允牵?定語(yǔ)：即用來(lái)修飾名詞的單詞、短語(yǔ)或從句 狀語(yǔ)：即用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞以外的詞的單詞、短語(yǔ)或從句。簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型1.主語(yǔ) 不及物動(dòng)詞 （ S + Vi ） 2.主語(yǔ) 及物動(dòng)詞 賓語(yǔ) ( S + Vt + O) 3.主語(yǔ) 系動(dòng)詞 表 (S + LV + predicative) 4.主語(yǔ)雙賓動(dòng)詞+間賓+直賓(S +Vt +O.i+O. d) 5.主語(yǔ) 賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞 賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ) (S + Vt. + O + O. c)基本句型 一 +（主謂） 此句

4、型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。 這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)從句等。 （不及物動(dòng)詞）1. Time 2. The moon 3. The man4. We all 5. Everybody 6. I 7. They 8. He 9.He10.Theyflies. rose. cooked. eat and drink.laughed? woke. talked for half an hour.walked yesterday .is playing.have gone.基本句型 二 + +（主系表） 此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)：句子謂

5、語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語(yǔ)身份或狀態(tài)的表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞分兩類(lèi)：be, look, feel,smell,taste,sound等屬一類(lèi)，表示情況；get, grow, become, turn,go等屬另一類(lèi)，表示變化。be 本身沒(méi)有什么意義,只起連系主語(yǔ)和表的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義.（是系動(dòng)詞）(表語(yǔ))1. This 2. The dinner3. He 4. Everything5. He 6. The book 7. The weather 8. His face is smells(聞)fell lo

6、oks is is becameturned an English dictionary. good. happy. different. tall and strong. interesting.warmer. red. 基本句型 三 + +（主謂賓） 此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。（實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）(賓語(yǔ)) 1. Who 2. She 3. He 4. He 5. They 6. Danny 7. I 8. He knows laugh at understands m

7、ade ate likes want said the answer? her. English. cakes. some apples. donuts.to have a cup of tea. Good morning. 基本句型 四 + +OI +d（主謂間賓直賓） 此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須跟有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的直接承受者，另一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的間接承受者。 通常這一間接承受者用一個(gè)介詞來(lái)連接，當(dāng)動(dòng)作的間接承受者在動(dòng)作的直接承受者之前時(shí)，這一介詞往往被省略。（及物）（多指人）（多指物）1. She2. She 3. He 4. He 5. I 6.

8、 I 7. I 8. He passed cooked brought bought showed gave told showed himher husband you her him him mea new dress. a delicious meal. a dictionary. nothing. my pictures. a hand. how to run the machine. that the bus was late. 基本句型 五 + + +O（主謂賓賓補(bǔ)） 此句型的句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來(lái)補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ)

9、，才能使意思完整。（及物）（賓語(yǔ)）（賓補(bǔ)）1. We 2. They3. They 4. They5. What 6. We 7. He 8. I keep painted call found makes saw asked saw the table the door supper the house him him me them clean. green. dinner. dirty. sad? out. to come back soon. getting on the bus. 簡(jiǎn)單句的基本詞序主語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞部分 賓語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ) （謂語(yǔ)） （方式地點(diǎn)時(shí)間）I bought a hat ye

10、sterday.The children ran home.The taxi driver shouted at me angrily.We ate our meal in silence.The car stopped suddenly.A young girl walked confidently in the room.They drove him away in a police car.附屬成分定 語(yǔ) 1.Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearby 2.She likes oranges imported from the USA. 3.J

11、ohn gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrations 4.Have you seen the book on the desk? 5.The boy playing over there is my brother. 6.People there like sports.附屬成分狀 語(yǔ) 1.John often came to chat with me 2.John likes oranges very much 3.Whenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angry 4.Hearing

12、 the news, he jumped with joy. 5.As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday. 6.She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework. 7.My father worked in this school ten years ago.祈使句 表示請(qǐng)求、命令、禁止、勸告或建議的句子叫祈使句。祈使句的主語(yǔ)往往省略。其常見(jiàn)的句式結(jié)構(gòu)可歸納為四種基本形式：（1）肯定祈使句；（2）否定祈使句；（3）以Lets開(kāi)頭的祈使句； （4）以助動(dòng)詞do開(kāi)頭的祈使句。1肯定祈使句。如：Sto

13、p talking! Come here in time!2否定祈使句，即以Dont或Never開(kāi)頭的句子。如：Dont talk in class. Never leave todays work for tomorrow.3以Lets 或let開(kāi)頭的句子。如：Lets go together. Let him go first.4以助動(dòng)詞do開(kāi)頭的祈使句，在句中起加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的作用，譯成“一定，務(wù)必”。如：Do come to see me if you have time.感嘆句 含有表示情緒色彩的句子叫感嘆句。感嘆句的結(jié)構(gòu)通常有三種形式：（1）what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句，強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的名詞；（2）h

14、ow引導(dǎo)的感嘆句，強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的形容詞或副詞；（3）由感情色彩的單詞或詞組構(gòu)成的感嘆句。1What引導(dǎo)的感嘆句。What+a/an+adj.+n.+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)?。ㄓ袝r(shí)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)可省略）。如：What a hot day （it is）!What good advice the teacher gave us!What high buildings （they are）!2How引導(dǎo)的感嘆句。How+adj./adv.+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)！如：How interesting the book is!How hard they are working! 1 .Her doctor said: “_ work so

15、hard” A Stop B Dont C Cant D No 2. Sindy, _ to be here at 8 oclock. A is sure B is sure that C will be sure D be sure 3._ when you cross the road. A Do care B Care C Do be careful D To be careful 4. _him the secret, will you? A Dont tell B Not to tell C Not telling D No telling 5. _ in bed. Its bad

16、for your eyes. A Not to read B Dont read C Dont to read D Not read BDCABBCBDB6. _ your child. Well look after him. A Not to worry about B Dont worry about C Not worry for D Dont worry with7.They are very tired. Why _ have a rest? A not they B do not they C dont they D not to8 -You look rather tired.

17、 _ stopping to have a rest? - All right. A Why not B How about C Why not to Dwhy dont9 _ tell a lie. A Hardly B Not C No D Never 10.Please _ look outside. Look at the blackboard. A not B dont C arent D cant11.! You should take this chance to attend it. A.How important conference is it B.How an impor

18、tant conference it is C.What an important conference is it D.What an important conference it is 12. What sport do you like best? Springboard diving(跳板跳水). to dive into water from high board! A.What a fun is it B.How fun it is C.How a fun is it D.What fun it is 13.for us to surf(沖浪) on the sea in summer! A.What exciting is it B.How exciting is it C.What exciting it is D.How exciting it is DDD14.he gave that we should take more exercise in our spare time! A.What a good advice B.How a good advice C.What good advice D.How good