土木工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)第五章

1、每節(jié)英語(yǔ)(yn y)The greater the love, the greater the tragedy when its over.愛(ài)時(shí)情越深，分時(shí)恨越濃。 Unit 5 Road Engineering共八十頁(yè)本章(bn zhn)內(nèi)容1、Words and Expressions2、Translating: Road Engineering3、Translating skill and exerciseUnit 5 Road Engineering共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road Engineering本次(bn c)課主要內(nèi)容 1、Unit 5 words and expressio

2、ns 2、 Sentences translation 共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road Engineering1、Words and Expressions（1）thoroughfare rfe n. 大道；主線道路 No thoroughfare 禁止通行 ; 此路不通 busy thoroughfare繁忙的大街（2）conveyance knvens n.運(yùn)送；運(yùn)輸；運(yùn)輸工具；財(cái)產(chǎn)讓與 Conveyance speed 運(yùn)輸速度 Conveyance size 運(yùn)輸尺寸 pipeline conveyance 管道(gundo)運(yùn)送 absolute conveyance 無(wú)條件讓度 ;

3、 無(wú)條件轉(zhuǎn)讓 共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road Engineering（3）maintenance ment()nns n. 維修；保養(yǎng)；養(yǎng)護(hù) maintenance man 維修工 ; 維修人員 maintenance cost 維護(hù)費(fèi)用；養(yǎng)護(hù)費(fèi)用 Maintenance Management 維修管理(gunl) ; 養(yǎng)護(hù)管理（4）begin with 從.開(kāi)始（5）embankment mbkm()nt n. 路堤 embankment wall 堤墻 embankment dams 土石壩 High embankment 高填方 ; 高填方路堤 共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road Engin

4、eering（6）deforestation ,di,frsten n. 砍伐森林（7）stake out 監(jiān)視；立樁標(biāo)出；打樁（8）benchmark ben(t)mk n. 基準(zhǔn)(jzhn)；標(biāo)準(zhǔn)檢查程序；水準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)（9）detrimental ,detrment()l adj. 不利于的，；有害的 n.有害的人（或物）；不受歡迎的求婚者 detrimental soil 不穩(wěn)定土 共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road Engineering（10）be capable of 有.的能力（11）catchment ktm()nt n. 流域、集水區(qū)（12）stockpile stkpal n. 庫(kù)存

5、；積蓄 vt. 貯存；儲(chǔ)蓄 vi. 積累(jli)；儲(chǔ)備物資 national stockpile 國(guó)家?guī)齑?blended stockpile 拌和料堆 共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road Engineering（13）rehabilitation rih,blten n. 康復(fù)；復(fù)原；修復(fù)（14）mulch ml(t) n. 覆蓋物；護(hù)蓋物；護(hù)根 vt. 做護(hù)根；以護(hù)根物覆蓋 dust mulch 細(xì)土覆蓋層 asphalt mulch 瀝青(lqng)覆蓋料（15）reinstate rinstet vt. 使恢復(fù)；使復(fù)原（16） California bearing ratio 加州承載比

6、 共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road Engineering CBR： 加州承載比CBR California bearing ratio是美國(guó)加利福尼亞州提出的一種評(píng)定基層材料(cilio)承載能力的試驗(yàn)方法。承載能力以材料(cilio)載壓入抵抗局部荷變形的能力表征，并采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)碎石的承載能力為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以相對(duì)值的百分?jǐn)?shù)表示CBR值。這種方法后來(lái)也用于評(píng)定土基的強(qiáng)度，即標(biāo)準(zhǔn)試件在貫入為2.5mm時(shí)所施加的試驗(yàn)荷載與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)碎石材料在相同貫入量時(shí)所施加的荷載之比值，以百分率表示。由于CBR的試驗(yàn)方法簡(jiǎn)單，設(shè)備造價(jià)低廉，在許多國(guó)家得到廣泛應(yīng)用。采用CBR法確定瀝青路面厚度，有配套的圖表，應(yīng)用十分方便，受到工

7、程技術(shù)人員的歡迎。 共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringA road is a thoroughfare, route, or way between two places, which typically has been improved to allow travel by some conveyance, including a horse, cart, or motorized vehicle.路是通過(guò)處理后能夠允許馬、馬車、機(jī)動(dòng)車等交通工具通行的大道、路線或者連接(linji)兩個(gè)不同的地方的道路。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringModern

8、 roads are normally smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel although historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.雖然歷史上許多可辨認(rèn)的道路都未進(jìn)行任何正式的施工或養(yǎng)護(hù)(yngh)，但是現(xiàn)代的道路通常是平整的，鋪砌的，或者以其他方式建造以方面出行。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringRoad construct

9、ion requires the creation of a continuous right-of-way, overcoming geographic obstacles and having grades low enough to permit vehicle or foot travel, and may be required to meet standards set by law or official guidelines.為克服地理障礙，道路需要建設(shè)成為一個(gè)連續(xù)的通道，并需具有足夠小的坡度以滿足(mnz)行車或步行需求。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road Engineering

10、The process is often begun with the removal of earth and rock by digging or blasting, construction or embankments, bridges and tunnels, and removal of vegetation (this may involve deforestation) and followed by the laying of pavement material. 這個(gè)過(guò)程往往(wngwng)開(kāi)始于巖土的挖掘或爆破，填筑路堤，建造橋梁和隧道，鏟除植被（這可能包括森林采伐），然

11、后鋪筑路面材料。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringA variety of road building equipment is employed in road building. 多種筑路(zh l)設(shè)備是用于道路建設(shè)。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringAfter design, approval, planning, legal and environmental considerations have been addressed alignment of the road is set out by a surveyor. 設(shè)計(jì)、許可(xk)、

12、規(guī)劃、法律和環(huán)境方面的注意事項(xiàng)處理完成后，測(cè)量員開(kāi)始對(duì)道路進(jìn)行放線。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe radii and gradient are designed and staked out to best suit the natural ground levels and minimize the amount of cut and fill. Great care is taken to preserve reference benchmarks. 設(shè)計(jì)半徑和坡度盡量適合自然地面線，并打樁標(biāo)出，同時(shí)(tngsh)使填挖方量達(dá)到最小值。注意對(duì)基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)的保護(hù)。共

13、八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringRoadways are designed and built for primary use by vehicular and pedestrian traffic. Storm drainage and environmental considerations are a major concern. 道路(dol)的設(shè)計(jì)和建造主要用于車輛行駛和行人出行。雨水排水系統(tǒng)和環(huán)境因素是重點(diǎn)。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringErosion and sediment controls are constructed to pr

14、event detrimental effects. 建設(shè)(jinsh)侵蝕和泥沙防控裝置以防止病害。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringDrainage lines are laid with sealed joints in the road easement with runoff coefficients and characteristics adequate for the land zoning and storm water system. 路中鋪設(shè)封閉排水線減輕徑流系數(shù)以適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)厮诜謪^(qū)(fn q)的特點(diǎn)與降水。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road Enginee

15、ringDrainage systems must be capable of carrying the ultimate design flow from the upstream catchment with approval for the outfall from the appropriate authority to a watercourse, creek, river or the sea for drainage discharge. 在獲得相關(guān)當(dāng)局對(duì)排水口的批準(zhǔn)（許可）后，排水系統(tǒng)必須能夠按照極限設(shè)計(jì)流量，把上游集水區(qū)的水運(yùn)(shuyn)送到水道、小溪、河流或大海以進(jìn)行水的

16、疏導(dǎo)排放。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringA borrow pit (source for obtaining fill, gravel, and rock) and a water source should be located near or in reasonable distance to the road construction site. 取土坑（填土，碎石，和巖石(ynsh)的來(lái)源）和水源應(yīng)位于施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)附近或在合理的距離范圍內(nèi)。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringApproval from local authorities may b

17、e required to draw water or for working (crushing and screening) of materials for construction needs. 取水或材料(cilio)（破碎、篩分）等建設(shè)需要工作可能需要獲得地方當(dāng)局的許可。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe top soil and vegetation is removed from the borrow pit and stockpiled for subsequent rehabilitation of the extraction area. Sid

18、e slopes in the excavation area not steeper than one vertical to two horizontal for safety reasons. 取土坑取出的表層土壤和植被貯存起來(lái)(q li)用于后續(xù)取土坑位置的復(fù)原。出于安全考慮開(kāi)挖區(qū)域的邊坡不能是垂直的。共八十頁(yè)每節(jié)英語(yǔ)(yn y)Sometimes you gotta shut up, swallow your pride and accept that youre wrong. Its not giving up. Its called growing up.有時(shí)候，你需要做的就是閉

19、嘴，放下所謂的自尊，承認(rèn)(chngrn)自己的錯(cuò)誤。這不叫放棄，而叫成長(zhǎng)。 Unit 5 Road Engineering共八十頁(yè)每節(jié)英語(yǔ)(yn y)Reserve one meter sunshine and put them in atrium. Elated wind, tap my heart window.預(yù)定一米陽(yáng)光，裝進(jìn)心房。歡暢(hunchng)的風(fēng)，輕敲我的心窗。 Unit 5 Road Engineering共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road Engineering（1）plasticity index 塑性指數(shù)（2）roller rl n. 壓路機(jī)；滾筒；（3）traffic

20、 sign 交通標(biāo)志(jio tn bio zh) traffic control sign 交通管制標(biāo)志 traffic warning sign 交通警示標(biāo)志（4）deterioration d,trren 惡化；退化；變壞；墮落 environment deterioration 環(huán)境惡化 ; 環(huán)境變得越來(lái)越差 climatic deterioration 氣候惡化 forest deterioration 森林破壞 ; 森林逐漸衰敗 共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road Engineering（5）oxidation ksde()n n. 氧化（作用） accelerated oxidati

21、on 加速氧化 ; 加快氧化 oxidation product 氧化產(chǎn)物(chnw) ; 氧化產(chǎn)品 oxidation reaction 氧化反應(yīng) ; 氧化作用（6）axle ks()l n. 車軸；輪軸； Axle Shaft 車軸 ; 驅(qū)動(dòng)軸 ; 半軸 ; 驅(qū)動(dòng)軸半軸 Axle load 軸負(fù)荷 ; 軸載荷 ; 軸荷 ; 軸負(fù)載 axle base 軸距 ; 軸座 Live axle 主動(dòng)軸 ; 驅(qū)動(dòng)軸 ; 轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸 ; 傳動(dòng)軸共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road Engineering（7）tandem tndm n. 串聯(lián)；兩個(gè)以上前后(qinhu)排列的人（或物） adj. 串聯(lián)的 adv

22、. 一前一后地，縱排地 Tandem bicycle 雙人 ; 協(xié)力車 ; 雙座自行車 （8）pothole pthl n. 道路上的洞坑（9）bitumen btjmn n. 瀝青 bitumen emulsion 瀝青乳濁液 ; 瀝青乳液 modified bitumen 改性瀝青 ; 改良性瀝青 natural bitumen 天然瀝青 ; 天然地瀝青 petro bitumen 巖石瀝青共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road Engineering（10）prolong prl vt. 延長(zhǎng)；拖延（11）profilometer ,prufilmit n. 表面光度儀；輪廓曲線儀（12）asp

23、erity spert n. （表面的）粗糙；（氣候等的）嚴(yán)酷；艱苦的條件；（性格）粗暴（13）rut rt n. 慣例(gunl)；凹槽 vt. 挖槽于；在形成車轍共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road Engineering（14）rejuvenate rduvnet vt. 翻新（道路）；使年輕(ninqng)；恢復(fù)精神；使復(fù)原 vi. 復(fù)原；變年輕（15）infiltration ,nfltren n. 滲透；滲透物 soil infiltration 土壤滲濾 ; 土壤入滲 ; 土壤滲透 ; 土壤水分入滲 infiltration wells 滲透井共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road Engin

24、eeringOld road surfaces, fences, and buildings may need to be removed before construction can begin. Trees in the road construction area may be marked for retention. 舊路面、圍墻(wiqing)和建筑物可能需要在開(kāi)工前拆除。公路建設(shè)范圍內(nèi)的樹(shù)木可能需要標(biāo)記出來(lái)進(jìn)行保護(hù)（保留）。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringThese protected trees should not have the topsoil w

25、ithin the area of the trees drip line removed and the area should be kept clear of construction material and equipment. 這些受到保護(hù)的樹(shù)木滴水線范圍內(nèi)的表層(biocng)土不應(yīng)當(dāng)被清除，同時(shí)這個(gè)區(qū)域內(nèi)應(yīng)保證建筑材料和設(shè)備便道的暢通。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringCompensation or replacement may be required if a protected tree is damaged. Much of the vegetati

26、on may be mulched and put aside for use during reinstatement. 如果受到保護(hù)的樹(shù)木被損壞(snhui)，則需要支付賠償金或相應(yīng)的（復(fù)位、更換）費(fèi)用。大部分植被可以做護(hù)根處理擱置在一旁以備在復(fù)原期間利用。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe topsoil is usually stripped and stockpiled nearby for rehabilitation of newly constructed embankments along the road. Stumps and roots are

27、 removed and holes filled as required before the earthwork begins. 通常挖除表層(biocng)土并就近存儲(chǔ)，用于新建沿路路堤的植被恢復(fù)。鏟除樹(shù)樁和樹(shù)根、填充孔洞是土方工程開(kāi)始前必須要做的。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringFinal rehabilitation after road construction is completed will include seeding, planting, watering and other activities to reinstate the area to

28、be consistent with the untouched surrounding areas. 公路建設(shè)完成后植被最后的復(fù)原包括播種，種植，澆水和其他活動(dòng)，使該區(qū)域恢復(fù)到與周邊(zhu bin)未受影響的區(qū)域達(dá)到一致。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringProcesses during earthwork include excavation, removal of material to spoil, filling, compacting, construction and trimming. 土方工程(t fn n chn)包括挖掘、鏟除不合格材料、填筑、壓實(shí)、

29、建設(shè)施工（結(jié)構(gòu)物）和（邊坡、擋土墻等）修整。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringIf rock or other unsuitable material is discovered it is removed, moisture content is managed and replaced with standard fill compacted to 90% relative compaction. 如果巖石或其他不合適的材料(cilio)被鏟除，需要用控制換填土方的含水率，并保證相對(duì)密實(shí)度達(dá)到90%。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road Engineering General

30、ly blasting of rock is discouraged in the road bed. When a depression must be filled to come up to the road grade the native bed is compacted after the topsoil has been removed. 一般來(lái)說(shuō)路基中有爆破的巖石是不利的。當(dāng)洼地必須被填充以達(dá)到所需的公路坡度時(shí)，需要清除其原地表土(biot)并壓實(shí)地基。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe fill is made by the “compacted”

31、layer method where a layer of fill is spread then compacted to specifications, the process is repeated until the desired grade is reached. 填筑采用分層填筑壓實(shí)法，每一層攤鋪并壓實(shí)到一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（設(shè)計(jì)指標(biāo)），重復(fù)上述步驟直至(zhzh)達(dá)到預(yù)期坡度（設(shè)計(jì)坡度）。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringGeneral fill material should be free of organics, meet minimum California

32、bearing ratio (CBR) results and have a low plasticity index. 填充材料一般不含有機(jī)物，并且達(dá)到允許的最小加州承載比和較小的塑性(sxng)指數(shù)。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe lower fill generally comprises sand or a sand-rich mixture with fine gravel, which acts as an inhibitor to growth of plants or other vegetable matter. The compacted fi

33、ll also serves as lower-stratum drainage. 下層填充物一般包括砂或者細(xì)粒砂豐富的混合物，以此來(lái)抑制(yzh)植物生長(zhǎng).同時(shí)該壓實(shí)層也充當(dāng)下層排水系統(tǒng)。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringSelect second fill (sieved) should be composed of gravel, decomposed rock or broken rock below a specified particle size and be free of large lumps of clay. 第二填充層應(yīng)該選用礫石、風(fēng)化巖或者含泥量不

34、大(b d)的且粒徑規(guī)格的破碎料。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringSand clay fill may also be used. The road bed must be “proof rolled” after each layer of fill is compacted. 當(dāng)然也可以(ky)采用砂層填筑。在每層均被壓實(shí)后，路基整體必須穩(wěn)定（抗壓）。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringIf a roller (figure 5-1) passes over an area without creating visible deformation o

35、r spring the section is deemed to comply. 如圖5-1，如果一個(gè)壓路機(jī)所經(jīng)之處沒(méi)有(mi yu)生成明顯的變形則被認(rèn)為是合格的（允許的）。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe completed road way is finished by paving or left with a gravel or other natural surface. 完工的道路（行車道）可以是鋪面的，也可以是砂礫或者(huzh)其他自然路面的。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe type of road surface

36、is dependent on economic factors and expected usage. 路面類型取決于經(jīng)濟(jì)因素和預(yù)期(yq)用途。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringSafety improvements like traffic signs, crash barriers, raised pavement markers, and other forms of road surface marking are installed. 安裝（建設(shè)）促進(jìn)安全方面的設(shè)施，如交通標(biāo)志，防撞欄，路面突出(t ch)標(biāo)志物，以及其他路面標(biāo)記等。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Ro

37、ad EngineeringLike all structures, roads deteriorate over time. Deterioration is primarily due to accumulated damage from vehicles; however environmental effect such as frost heaves, thermal cracking and oxidation often contribute. 和其他建筑物一樣，道路性能也在不斷衰減的。性能衰減的主要原因(yunyn)是車輛造成的累積損傷，此外，諸如凍脹、熱氧老化等環(huán)境的影響也是

38、（性能衰減的）常見(jiàn)因素。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringAccording to a series of experiments carried out in the late 1950s,called the AASHO Road Test, it was empirically determined that the effective damage done to the road is roughly proportional to the 4th power of axle weight. 根據(jù)(gnj)50年代末期所進(jìn)行的一系列的實(shí)驗(yàn)（AASHO實(shí)驗(yàn)），經(jīng)驗(yàn)性

39、的證明了（揭示了）道路病害與第四軸荷載（A軸荷載）大致成正相關(guān)。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringA typical tractor-trailer weighing 80,000 pounds (36.287t) with 8,000 pounds (3.6287t) on the steer axle and 36,000 pounds (16.329t) on both of the tandem axle groups is expected to do 7,800 times more damage than a passenger vehicle with 2,

40、000 pounds (0.907t) on each axle. 一個(gè)典型的牽引式掛車（重量為80000磅（36.287t），其中8000磅（3.6287t）在轉(zhuǎn)向軸， 雙軸組各承擔(dān)(chngdn)36000磅（16.329t）的重量）作用在道路上一次所造成的損害相當(dāng)于普通客車（重2000磅，約0.907t）作用7800次。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringPotholes on roads are caused by rain damage and vehicle braking or related construction works. 造成路面坑槽的原因(yuny

41、n)有水損害、車輛制動(dòng)、以及相關(guān)施工工作。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringPavements are designed for an expected service life or design life. In some UK countries the standard deign life is 40 years for new bitumen and concrete pavement. 路面(lmin)有明確的服務(wù)年限或設(shè)計(jì)壽命。在英國(guó)，瀝青或水泥路面(lmin)的設(shè)計(jì)壽命標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為40年。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringMaintenanc

42、e is considered in the whole life cost of road with service at 10, 20 and 30 year milestone. Roads can be and are designed for a variety of lives ( 8-, 15-, 30-, and 60-year designs ). 養(yǎng)護(hù)被認(rèn)為是道路在10年、20年、30年具有服務(wù)性能(xngnng)的全壽命周期的花費(fèi)。道路能夠也可以被設(shè)計(jì)為擁有不同的壽命周期（8 年、15年、30年、60年）。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringWhen p

43、avement lasts longer than its intended life, it may have been overbuilt, and the original costs may have been too high. 當(dāng)路面比其預(yù)期壽命更長(zhǎng)時(shí)，這可能是該路被過(guò)度建造，原來(lái)(yunli)的成本可能太高。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringWhen a pavement fails before its intended design life, the owner may have excessive repair and rehabilitation c

44、osts. 當(dāng)路面性能在預(yù)期的設(shè)計(jì)壽命(shumng)之前衰減，業(yè)主或?qū)⒚媾R較多的養(yǎng)護(hù)以及修繕工作。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringMany concrete pavements built since the 1950s have significantly outlived their intended design lives. Some roads like Chicago, Illinoiss “Wacker Drive”, a major two-level viaduct in downtown area are being rebuilt with a d

45、esigned service life of 100 years. 許多混凝土路面自上世紀(jì)50年代以來(lái)已明顯(mngxin)超過(guò)了其設(shè)計(jì)壽命。一些道路，如芝加哥市中心，伊利諾斯的威克大道，正在重建一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)壽命為100年的雙層高架橋。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringVirtually all roads require some form of maintenance before they come to the end of their service life. Pro-active agencies continually monitor road conditi

46、ons and apply preventive maintenance treatments as needed to prolong the life span of their roads. 幾乎所有道路在其使用壽命結(jié)束之前都需要某些(mu xi)種形式的養(yǎng)護(hù)。預(yù)警部門（道路巡查、養(yǎng)護(hù)部門）不斷監(jiān)視道路條件和適用的預(yù)防性養(yǎng)護(hù)措施來(lái)延長(zhǎng)道路壽命。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringTechnically advanced agencies monitor the road network surface condition with sophisticated equip

47、ment such as laser/ inertial profilometers. 技術(shù)先進(jìn)的養(yǎng)護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)在路網(wǎng)表面狀況監(jiān)測(cè)(jin c)中采用了精密的儀器，如激光/慣性表面光度儀。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringThese measurements include road curvature, cross slope, asperity, roughness, rutting and texture (roads). 這些檢測(cè)指標(biāo)包括路曲率、橫向(hn xin)坡度、表面粗糙度、粗糙度、車轍和表面紋理等。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringThis

48、data is fed into a pavement management system, which recommends the best maintenance or construction treatment to correct the damage that has occurred. 將這些數(shù)據(jù)輸入路面管理系統(tǒng)，系統(tǒng)將推薦最佳養(yǎng)護(hù)或施工(sh gng)方案來(lái)解決已經(jīng)發(fā)生的病害。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringMaintenance treatments for asphalt concrete generally include crack sealin

49、g, surface rejuvenating, fog sealing, micro-milling and surface treatments. 瀝青混凝土的養(yǎng)護(hù)措施一般(ybn)包括裂縫填封、路表翻修、霧封層、微銑刨和表面處置。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringThin surfacing preserves, protects and improves the functional condition of the road while reducing the need for routing maintenance, leading to extended s

50、ervice life without increasing structural capacity. 薄層罩面對(duì)道路的功能性起到了保護(hù)和提升作用，這同時(shí)也減少了道路的日常養(yǎng)護(hù)，并在沒(méi)有結(jié)構(gòu)性改善的情況(qngkung)下延長(zhǎng)了道路的服務(wù)壽命。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringFailure to maintain roads properly can create significant costs to society, in a 2009 report released by the American Association of state Highway and

51、Transportation Officials (USA) about 50% of the roads in the USA are in bad condition with urban areas worse. 失修的道路可以給社會(huì)帶來(lái)重大的損失，在2009美國(guó)州級(jí)美國(guó)國(guó)家公路和運(yùn)輸管理部門發(fā)布的一份報(bào)告中顯示，50%的美國(guó)公路情況(qngkung)較差，城區(qū)道路的情況(qngkung)更加糟糕。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road Engineering The report estimates that urban drivers pay an average of $746/year

52、on vehicle repairs while the average US motorist pays about $335/year. 該報(bào)告估計(jì)(gj)，城市司機(jī)平均在汽車修理中支付約746美元/年，而這一數(shù)值在全美則約為335美元/年。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringIn contrast, the average motorist pays about $171/year in road maintenance taxes (based on 600 gallons/year and $0.285/gallon tax). 相比之下，一般的司機(jī)支付約171美元

53、/年的道路維修稅（養(yǎng)路費(fèi)）（上述數(shù)據(jù)(shj)是基于600加侖/年，0.285美元/加侖稅計(jì)算而來(lái)）。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringDistress and serviceability loss on concrete roads can be caused by loss of support due to voids beneath the concrete pavement slabs. 混凝土道路的損害與服務(wù)性能的降低可以歸咎于混凝土路面板之下存在(cnzi)的空隙所引起的支撐力不足。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe voids u

54、sually occur near cracks or joints due to surface water infiltration. The most common cause of voids are pumping, consolidation, subgrade failure and bridge approach failure. 空隙(kngx)通常發(fā)生裂縫或表面水分滲入之處的附近?？障?kngx)的最常見(jiàn)危害是動(dòng)水壓力，固結(jié)，地基病害以及引橋病害。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringSlab stabilization is a non-destructi

55、ve method of solving this problem and is usually employed with other Concrete Pavement Restoration (CPR) methods including patching and diamond grinding. 路面板(min bn)的加固是解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的一種無(wú)損方法，此外，該方法也通常與其他混凝土路面修復(fù)方法（如坑槽處理、切塊修復(fù)）一同被應(yīng)用。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe technique restores support to concrete slabs by

56、 filing small voids that develop underneath the concrete slab at joints, cracks or the pavement edge. 該技術(shù)可以阻止混凝土路面板下方滲水處、裂縫處以及路面邊緣等布滿微小(wixio)孔隙處的發(fā)展。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe process consists of pumping a cementitious grout or polyurethane mixture through holes drilled through the slab. The gro

57、ut can fill small voids beneath the slab and /or sub-base. 這個(gè)過(guò)程包括將水泥膠漿或者與聚氨酯的混合物通過(guò)路面板的鉆孔壓入.水泥膠漿可以填補(bǔ)面板板下方和/或底基層(jcng)的小空隙。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe grout also displaces free water and helps keep water from saturating and weakening support under the joints and slab edge after stabilization is complete. 灌漿同時(shí)將自由水?dāng)D出，避免了加固之后水分的飽和以及接縫(ji fn)、路面板邊緣處輕度的不足。共八十頁(yè)Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe three steps for this method after