科技英語論文寫作2摘要

1、科技英語論文寫作摘要摘要摘要摘要的英文術(shù)語及概念摘要的英文術(shù)語原來有兩個詞匯，一個是abstract，一個是summary?！?“過去時過去時” ”：summary一次文獻(xiàn)的文摘（作者自寫的提要），專門介紹論文的實質(zhì)性內(nèi)容。abstract二次文摘（他人為文獻(xiàn)編寫的濃縮格式），介紹論文的大致內(nèi)容。摘要摘要現(xiàn)在的趨勢是一篇論文或?qū)Ｖ恼?，無論是自寫還是他寫，統(tǒng)稱為abstract，尤其是放在索引資料中一律要用abstract這個術(shù)語，在論文的題目下也一律用這個詞。summary現(xiàn)在更多的是用于對文章主要內(nèi)容作再一次扼要的陳述，放在文章的結(jié)尾，目的是為已經(jīng)讀過正文的讀者歸納出方向性結(jié)論，因此也可

2、稱為小結(jié)。摘要摘要Abstract 中文有二種說法: 文摘獨立存在，單獨出版，如SCI、EI、CA等 摘要與原文在一起共同點：從原文中抽出主題內(nèi)容，以簡練的文字寫寫成，只是準(zhǔn)確、扼要地表述原文內(nèi)容，不加以解釋或評論。以下統(tǒng)稱為摘要摘要摘要_ _類型類型按對原文的壓縮程度，摘要一般分為三類：指示性或說明性摘要（indicative or descriptive abstract）資料性或報道性摘要（informative abstract）報道指示性摘要（informative- indicative abstract）按摘要內(nèi)容，大致分為三類：論著摘要綜述摘要專利摘要摘要摘要_ _摘要的長短摘

3、要的長短摘要一般不宜過長，多在100150詞左右，更確切地說，約為原文長度的15。美國有些高校規(guī)定，碩士論文提要以250詞為宜，博士論文以350詞為宜。摘要摘要_ _應(yīng)具備的要素應(yīng)具備的要素簡明扼要（conciseness）:去除文獻(xiàn)中的次要材料或輔助細(xì)節(jié)。客觀公正（objectivity）:摘要中不應(yīng)有原文中沒有的信息資料。全面完整（completeness）:要包括主題思想，主要資料，結(jié)論或建議。摘要摘要_ _指示性摘要指示性摘要指示性摘要（indicative or descriptive abstract），也稱說明性摘要，只向讀者指出文獻(xiàn)的主要內(nèi)容是什么，主要概括論文的涉及范圍、研究

4、方向和研究目的，以便讀者決定是否有必要閱讀全文。因此，說明性摘要的篇幅較短，一般詞數(shù)在50詞以內(nèi)。這類摘要主是泛泛敘述，不涉及實質(zhì)問題，所以一般在科研一般在科研論文中不予使用論文中不予使用，只刊登在文獻(xiàn)索引這類期刊中，也可用于討論性文章、綜述性文章、圖書或某些會議論文集。摘要摘要_ _指示性摘要指示性摘要oThis paper presents an analysis of principles of magnetic refrigeration with application to air conditioning. A comparison with conventional evapo

5、ration-condensation gas cycle device is presented. Conclusion concerning the applicability of magnetic refrigeration to air conditioning are made.oCooling water requirements in the petroleum refining, oil shale retorting, coal liquefaction, and coal gasification industries are described.摘要摘要_ _資料性摘要

6、資料性摘要資料性摘要（informative abstract）是原文內(nèi)容要點的總結(jié)，盡量多而完整地報道原文獻(xiàn)中的具體內(nèi)容，涉及論文的主題范圍、研究對象（裝置、流程、工藝、材料等）及原理、所使用的研究手段和方法、主要研究結(jié)果和結(jié)論、以及建議等方面的內(nèi)容，并列出主要數(shù)據(jù)、公式、圖表。反映論文的基本面貌，反映論文的基本面貌，一般情況下能夠代替閱讀論文全文。一般情況下能夠代替閱讀論文全文。這類摘要適用于研究或試驗報告、研究論文及專題論文。此類文摘篇幅稍長，一般為100250詞，多者可達(dá)500詞1000詞。摘要摘要_ _資料性摘要資料性摘要Selective oxidation kinetics of

7、 n-butane to maleic anhydride in air were studied over a commercial, fixed-bed vanadium-phosphor oxide catalyst. The temperature range was 573-653 K with butane concentrations up to 3 mol % in the feed, which is within flammability limits but below ignition temperatures.The rate data were modeled us

8、ing power low kinetics with product inhibition and included total oxidation and decomposition reactions. Kinetic parameters were estimated using a multiresponse, nonlinear regression algorithm showing intercorrelation effects. The kinetics were combined with independent measurements of catalyst diff

9、usivity and reactor heat transfer using a one-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model. Model predictions and observed temperatures and concentrations from non-isothermal pilot plants compared up to 115 days on stream. Agreement was acceptable with inlet butane concentrations up to 2.7 mol %. For exa

10、mple, runaway was predicted at a temperature 3 K higher than observed. Effectiveness factors around the hot spot were estimated at o.6 with catalyst surface temperature 2-3 K higher than average gas temperature.摘要摘要_ _報道指示性摘要報道指示性摘要對文獻(xiàn)中的基本內(nèi)容作較為詳盡的報道性介紹，對其它部分則作指示性的表述。以最短的篇幅傳遞最大信息量。以最短的篇幅傳遞最大信息量。摘要摘要_

11、 _報道指示性摘要報道指示性摘要Baffle effects on the performance of a catalytic fluidized bed reactor were examined experimentally. The circulating fluidized bed reactor or riser was 102 mm in diameter and 6.32 m in height. Reaction was the catalytic decomposition of ozone using FCC particles with a mean diameter

12、of 89 um, impregnated with ferric oxide as catalyst. Four ring-type baffles, mounted horizontally around the riser wall, were used in this study. Ozone concentrations were measured in both axial and radial directions under various operating conditions in a riser with baffles, the ozone concentration

13、 in the radial direction was more uniform and the ozone conversion was higher than that in a riser without baffles except at the lowest gas velocity used. A mathematical model developed accounted for the gas-phase ozone conversion under various operating conditions. The gas-solid contact efficiency

14、in the riser was discussed in light of the model. 摘要摘要_ _論著摘要論著摘要論著摘要包括期刊論文、會議論文、技術(shù)報告、學(xué)位論文、專著等的摘要，內(nèi)容通常有四個方面：n 研究的目的和范圍n 研究的方法n 研究的結(jié)果n 作者對研究的主要結(jié)論摘要摘要_ _論著摘要論著摘要A major difficulty affecting the control of product quality in industrial polymerization reactors is the lack of suitable on-line polymer pro

15、perty measurements. In this article a scheme is developed to predict melt index and density in a fluidized-bed ethylene copolymerization reactor. Theoretically-based models are derived to predict quality variables from the available on-line temperature and gas composition measurements. Adjustable pa

16、rameters in these models are updated on-line using infrequent laboratory measurements and a recursive parameter estimation technique. The application of this methodology is illustrated using operating data from an industrial reactor. It is shown that both melt index and density can be successfully p

17、redicted. Knowledge of product property derivations from desired targets is required so that manufacturers can take corrective actions to reduce the quantity of off-grade material made and produce a consistent product. 摘要摘要_ _綜述摘要綜述摘要綜述通常有專題評述、政策評述和書評等。例如，專題評述是綜合有代表性的材料，對某一專題的方向、特點、效果、研究手段和有關(guān)方法的優(yōu)缺點等

18、予以綜合比較，提出作者的看法。摘要摘要_ _專利摘要專利摘要專利摘要是專利說明書的提要，是專利文獻(xiàn)的重要檢索工具。介紹技術(shù)發(fā)明的要點與專利持有人的專利權(quán)范圍。專利摘要屬于專利文獻(xiàn)之一。專利摘要不僅具有科技摘要的一般語言特點，而且具有法律文件的語言特點。例如多用長句，許多專利摘要僅有一、二句，常用wherein, whereby, therein, thereof等詞語連接。摘要摘要_ _專利摘要專利摘要A continuous process of producing sodium carbonate peroxide for use in laundry compositions by in

19、troducing separate streams of 50-70% hydrogen peroxide and saturated sodium carbonate solution into a crystallization zone at a pH of 11.5 at about 30 for about 8 hours. The reactants are added in essentially 3.2 molar proportions. Before use, sodium carbonate is freed of iron and heavy metal contam

20、inants by -treatment with magnesium oxide. The reaction is car-ried out at in the presence of magnesium silicate stabilizer. After separating the product by centrifugation, the mother liquor is concentrated by removal of water by evaporation under vacuum. Fresh charge materials are added to maintain

21、 a steady state system.摘要摘要_ _結(jié)構(gòu)形式（緊扣題旨）結(jié)構(gòu)形式（緊扣題旨）u緊扣題旨u圍繞標(biāo)題，深化要旨，每一句話都重復(fù)標(biāo)題中的一、二個關(guān)鍵詞。uCorrosion of copper by soft water with different content of humic substances and various temperaturesAn investigation on corrosion of copper in soft water has shown that the corrosion rate increases with increasing

22、 amount of humic substances and with increased additions of CO2. In hot water, the corrosion rate increases with increasing temperature to a maximum. In water without humic substances, the corrosion maximum is at about 50 and seem to shift towards higher temperatures in water with humic substances.

23、The decreases in corrosion rate at higher temperature may be due to the formation of copper oxide on the metal surface.摘要摘要_ _結(jié)構(gòu)形式（橫向展開）結(jié)構(gòu)形式（橫向展開）o橫向展開o從橫向不同角度來闡明主題，多層次、多線索的敘述o Heat recovery from gas and liquid in different temperature rangeso(1) There are many ways of saving energy in industrial pr

24、ocess. (2) Mentioning several of industry as examples, the author shows how utilization of energy in industrial processes can be improved by heat recovery and the use of waste heat. (3) Cost aspects and profitability are outlined. (4) Measures designed to utilize the heat content of vapours as produ

25、ced in the processing of foodstuffs are described. (5) The author further outlines and evaluated possibilities for process improvements and production increase in a light alloy melting furnace.摘要摘要_ _結(jié)構(gòu)形式（總起分述）結(jié)構(gòu)形式（總起分述）o總起分述oo文摘的前一、二句說明論題的背景、條件、作用、意義等，接下來分門別類，呈平行的層次敘述。oStudy of extraction technique

26、s for heavy metals in the evaluation of aquatic sedimentsoThe principle of assessing the usefulness of chemical extraction techniques are discussed. A suitable general procedure is as follows, on the assumption that the geology of aquatic sediments in polluted and less polluted areas is similar. (1)

27、 Extract total heavy metals from sediment samples in polluted area by a method recommended by the Environment Agency, Japan. (2) Extract soluble heavy metals from sediment samples of step 1 with a proposed technique. (3) Calculate the 50% non-excess probability from the difference of analytical resu

28、lts of step 1 and 2. (4) Extract total heavy metals from sediment samples in a less polluted area by the method of step 1. Calculate the range of distribution of heavy metal concentrations.摘要摘要_ _結(jié)構(gòu)形式（上下勾連）結(jié)構(gòu)形式（上下勾連）o上下勾連n與論文段落相似，句子之間邏輯關(guān)系緊密。Use of blast furnace gas at temperature below 0(1) In terms

29、 of quality, blast furnace top gas is classified as lean gas. (2) Lean gases have a low heating value and are of low grade owing to the high nitrogen content. (3)Their unstable ignition characteristics deteriorate if during winter the gas drops to temperatures below zero during conveyance. (4) In vi

30、ew of these negative factors, the combustion of blast furnace top gas therefore requires that specific conditions be met. (5) The author describes one way of using mixed gas under stable conditions.摘要摘要_ _結(jié)構(gòu)形式（一氣呵成）結(jié)構(gòu)形式（一氣呵成）o一氣呵成o把研究目的、工藝流程、主要方法、專題的動向等溶于一句，一氣呵成。專利摘要常用這一結(jié)構(gòu)。oMethod of converting a do

31、wnflow/upflow wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) system to an upflow single-loop WFGD systemoA method of reducing the pressure drop in a downflow/upflow wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) system and improving overall sulfur dioxide collection efficiency by converting the downflow / upflow WFGD sys

32、tem to an upflow single-loop WFGD system including the replacing of the downflow quencher and related duct work with a bypass for connecting the incoming flue gas duct with the upflow absorber and the adding of a quenching zone in the absorber comprised of spray headers.摘要摘要_ _寫作特點寫作特點u謂語動詞很簡單而句子其余成

33、份十分復(fù)雜。u大量使用be和have的變化形式做謂語動詞。u使用不提及人的陳述句。u經(jīng)常以第三人稱作為主語。以一個主題句開頭，可以用主動態(tài)，主語為“作者、本文、本文的目的” 等。也可用被動態(tài)，句尾一般不加“ in this paper ”u時態(tài)可用一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、現(xiàn)在完成時。u切忌逐字抄原文的句子，必須濃縮或改寫原文的句子。u盡量避免使用人們不熟悉的術(shù)語、縮略語、符號等。u文摘下要求寫出主題詞、關(guān)鍵詞，一般35個。摘要摘要_ _句子結(jié)構(gòu)（常用句型）句子結(jié)構(gòu)（常用句型）u常用句型常用句型the principle of is outlinedthe apparatus for is de

34、scribedthe use of is addressedthe mechanism of is examinedthe analysis of was carried outthe dependence ofwas establishedan account ofis givenautomation of is disscused摘要摘要_ _常用時態(tài)常用時態(tài)ua) Present tense: To show currently what is true in the research fieldub) Present tense: To summarize main points fr

35、om the writers resultsuc) Present tense: To generalize a rule from the resultsud) Present modal(情態(tài)): To show general possibility at present time ue) Present modal(情態(tài)): To summarize a point which is possibly trueuf)Present perfect tense: To show the research that was done in the past and still has ef

36、fects now 摘要摘要_ _常用時態(tài)常用時態(tài)nPresent perfect tense: To show the research that was done in the past and has a conclusion currently availablenPast tense: To show the writers actual research done in the pastnPast tense: To show what the writers results of the research indicatednPast tense: To show the writers results were the same as a previous onenPast tense: To compare the results in different groups of the writers research nPast modal(情態(tài)): To summarize a point which is hardly to be trueRead the abstract and mark I,M,R,D.oA Study on the Influence of Pin Hol