美國文學史復習要點整理【手動】

1、美國文學史整理一、Colonial America 殖民時期1、 New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.2、 Doctrines of Puritanism清教American Puritanism stressed predestination（命運神定), original sin（原罪）, total depravity (徹底的墮落), and limited atonement (有限的贖罪)from Gods grace.3、 Writing s

2、tyle：fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility； the rhetoric is plain and honest.4、 Life style：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.5、 Main writer: Thomas Paine 托馬斯潘恩work：Common Sense (1776) 常識American Crisis (1776-1783)美國危機The Rights of Man人權The Age of Reason理性時代Benjamin Franklin（本杰明富

3、蘭克林）Poor Richards Almanac 窮查理歷書Autobiography 富蘭克林自傳 Thomas Jefferson 托馬斯杰弗遜 Declaration of Independence (1776)獨立宣言二、American Romanticism (early period) 浪漫主義前期1、Characteristics：A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. 反對理性主義的客觀性。Feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important for rom

4、antics than reason and common sense. 感受、直覺和情感重于理性和常識。An emphasis on individualism; placing the individual against the group, against authority.強調個人主義,將個人與團體,反對權威。Stress on the close relationship between man and nature. 強調人與自然之間的密切關系。Fascination with the wild, the irregular, the indefinite, the remot

5、e, the mysterious, and the strange 瘋狂的迷戀,不規(guī)則,不定,遠程,神秘,奇怪Cherishing a strong interest in the past, especially the medieval. 對過去有強烈的興趣,特別是中世紀。2、Features：New experience in the American Romanticism.A deep influence from the American Puritanism.The “newness” of the Americans as a nation.3、writers and wor

6、ks:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利瓦茲沃思朗費羅A Psalm of Life (1838) 人生禮贊Voices of the Night (1839) 夜吟The Song of Hiawatha (1855) 海華沙之歌The Courtship of Miles Standish (1858) 邁爾斯斯坦迪什的求婚Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863) 路邊客棧的故事Washington Irving 華盛頓歐文A History of New York (1809) 紐約外史The Sketch Book (1819-1820) 見聞

7、札記“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 睡谷的傳說 “Rip Van Winkle” 瑞普凡溫克爾 (The cognomen of Crane was not inapplicable to his person.)Bracebridge Hall (1822) 布雷斯布里奇田莊Tales of a Traveller (1824) 旅客談James Fennimore Cooper 詹姆斯費尼莫爾庫柏Leather-stocking Tales 皮襪子故事集The Pioneer 拓荒者The Prairie 大草原The Spy 間諜三、New England T

8、ranscendentalism (新英格蘭超驗主義)1、Over-soul（超靈）was an all-pervading power goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent.(簡答) Individualism individual was the most importanta fresh view of nature symbolic of the Spirit or God. 2、writers and works: Ralph Waldo Emerson 艾默生Nature (1836)論自然 The American Scholar (1837)

9、 論美國學者Divinity School Address (1838) 神學院演說Self-Reliance (1841) 論自助Representative Men (1850) 代表人物The Transcendentalist 超驗主義者The Over-Soul 論超靈Henry David Thoreau 梭羅Walden; or Life in the Woods (1854)瓦爾登湖；或林中生活四、American Romanticism (later period) 浪漫主義后期我們可以把超驗主義產(chǎn)生之前的那一段稱為前期浪漫主義，而把19世紀30年代之后的文學稱為后期浪漫主義

10、。前期浪漫主義是以歐文等人將美國文學提高到歐洲水平為特征，后期浪漫主義則是以超驗主義激勵而起的“文藝復興”文學興起，并最終產(chǎn)生了獨立的美國文學為標志。 1、 High Romantics in fictionNathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑 Twice-Told Tales (1837) 盡人皆知的故事Mosses from an Old Manse (1846) 古屋青苔The Scarlet letter (1850) 紅字The House of Sever Gables (1851) 有七個尖角閣的房子Blithedale Romance (1852) 福谷傳奇The Ma

11、rble Faun (1860) 玉石雕像Our Old House (1863) 我們的故居Herman Melville 赫爾曼麥爾維爾Moby-Dick (1851) 白鯨 (pp113-118)Pierre (1852) 皮埃爾Typee (1846)泰比Omoo (1847)奧穆Mardi (1849)瑪?shù)?、High Romantics in poetryEdgar Allan Poe 艾倫坡Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (1840) 怪誕故事集“The Raven” (1845) 烏鴉“Annabel Lee ” (1849) 安娜貝爾

12、李Walt Whitman 沃爾特惠特曼Leaves of Grass 草葉集Features in Whitmans poems：Organic form ：extremely long, not constrained by the number of beats in a line.Thought rhythm： does not move in terms of beats, but in terms of thoughts. Parallelism：The parallel lines say the same thing but use different words.Catalo

13、guing technique：long lists of images, sights, sounds, smells, taste, and touch. Free verse (自由詩)Emily Dickinson 艾米麗狄金森Theme：Religion & faith Beauty & truth Life & death Nature friendship love & marriageWork：I died for beautyFeatures：frequent use of dashes（破折號）， sporadic capitalization of nouns（零星的名詞

14、）， convoluted and ungrammatical phrasing（措辭費解不合文法），off-rhymes（壓尾韻）, broken meters, bold and unconventional and often startling metaphors（大膽的隱喻）, and aphoristic wit（警句）.五、The Age of Realism 美國現(xiàn)實主義文學at the later part of the 19th century. simply fidelity to actuality in its representation in literature

15、.based on the accurate of human experiences. It insists on precise description, authentic action and dialogue, moral honesty, and a democratic openness in subject matter and style. is inclusive of naturalism, regionalism and local color writing. feature：objective and realWriters and works:Howells Th

16、eir Wedding Journey (1872) 結婚旅行Henry James 亨利詹姆斯The American (1877) 一個美國人Daisy Miller (1878) 黛西密勒The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 貴婦畫像 The Art of Fiction (1884) “小說的藝術”The Bostonians (1886) 波士頓人The Tragic Muse (1890) 悲慘的繆斯 The Wings of Dove (1902) 鴿翼The Ambassadors (1903) 專使The Golden Bowl (1904) 金碗六、R

17、egionalism & Local Colorism（鄉(xiāng)土文學與地方色彩文學）presents a locale which is distinguished from the outside world. describes the exotic and the picturesque.glorifies the past.attempts to show things as they are.stresses the influence of setting on character.Dialect peculiarities are the defining characteristi

18、cWriters and works: Mark Twain 馬克吐溫 “the Lincoln of literature”The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) 湯姆索亞歷險記The Prince and the Pauper (1882) 王子與貧兒Life on Mississippi (1883) 密西西比河上The Gilded Age (1873, with Charles D.Warner) 鍍金時代The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) 哈克貝利費恩歷險記 Feature：use Vernacular

19、 language. local colorStyle： unpretentious, colloquial, poetic. Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈里特比徹斯托Uncle Toms Cabin （1852） 湯姆叔叔的小屋 Francis Bret Harte 弗朗西斯布雷特哈特The Lost Galleon (1867) 沉船The Luck of Roaring Camp (1870) 咆哮營里的幸運兒Mrs. Skaggss Husbands (1873) 斯凱葛夫人的丈夫們 An Heiress of Red Dog (1879) 紅狗的女繼承人七、Amer

20、ican Naturalism 美國自然主義文學美國文學自然主義者認為，人同時受制于（are controlled）自然環(huán)境與社會環(huán)境，因而遺傳因素（laws of heredity）與社會環(huán)境（environment）是人的命運不可抵抗的決定力量。他們認為，在受制于不以人的意志為轉移的非道德力量的世界中，宣揚道德的地位是毫無意義的。more inclusive and less selective than realism. 比現(xiàn)實主義更具包容性，選擇卻更少Determinism governs everything 決定論支配一切It daringly opened up the seam

21、y underside of society and such topics as divorce, sex, adultery, poverty, and crime.It conceives of man as controlled by his instincts or his passions, or by his social and economic environment and circumstances.1、 writers and works: Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬克萊恩The Red Badge of Courage (1895) 紅色英勇勛章 Frank

22、Norris 弗蘭克諾里斯McTeague (1899) 麥克提格 Theodore Dressier 西奧多德萊塞An American Tragedy (1925) 美國悲劇 Sister Carrie (1900) 嘉莉妹妹Jennie Gerhardt (1911) 珍妮姑娘The Financier (1912) 金融家The Titan (1914) 巨人The Stoic (1947) 斯多葛The Genius (1915) 天才 Jack London 杰克倫敦Martin Eden (1909) 馬丁 伊登 The Son of the Wolf (1900) 狼之子The

23、 Call of the Wild (1903) 野性的呼喚The Sea Wolf (1904) 海狼White Fang (1906) 白獠牙“Love of Life” (1907) 熱愛生命 Upton Sinclair 厄普頓辛克萊The Jungle 屠場八、Modern American Poetry 美國現(xiàn)代詩歌feature：fragmentation（分散，碎片） stream-of-consciousness（意識流的） a break with the pastwriters and works: Ezra Pound 龐德Des Imagists 意象派詩選 Cant

24、os 詩章Cathay 華夏 “Hugh Selwyn Mauberley” 休賽爾溫毛伯利 T. S. Eliot 托馬斯斯特爾那斯艾略特The Waste Land (1922) 荒原Family Reunion (1950) 大團圓 Robert Frost 羅伯特弗羅斯特A Boys Will (1913) 少年的心愿North of Boston (1914) 波士頓以北After Apple Picking (1914) 摘蘋果之后Mountain Interval (1916) 山間洼地New Hampshire (1923) 新罕布什爾West-Running Brook (1

25、928) 西流的溪澗A Further Range (1936) 又一片牧場A Witness Tress (1942) 一株見證的樹“Mending Wall” “修墻” “The Road Not Taken” “沒有走過的路” Carl Sandburg 卡爾桑德伯格In Reckless Ecstasy 肆無忌憚的狂想Cornhuskers 輾米機 The American Songbag 美國歌袋Smoke and Steel 煙與鋼 The Prairie Years 草原的年代Good Morning, America 早上好，美國 The People, Yes 人民，好 九、

26、Modern American Fiction 美國現(xiàn)代小說1、The Lost Generation （迷惘的一代）Writers and works: Ernest Hemingway 海明威He was famous for his novels and short stories written in his spare, laconic, yet intense prose with short sentences and very specific details.Almost all his stories deal with the theme of courage in fa

27、ce of tragedy.They reveal mans impotence and despairing courage to assert himself against overwhelming odds.The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. (一座冰山在海面上移動是很壯觀的，因為只有八分之一露出水面。)The Old Man and the Sea (1952) 老人與海 The Sun Also Rises (1926) 太陽照常升起A Fa

28、rewell to Arms (1929) 永別了，武器For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) 喪鐘為誰而鳴In Our Time (1925) 在我們的年代里The Torrents of Spring (1926) 春潮Men without Women (1927) 沒有女人的男人Winner Take Nothing (1933) 勝者無所得To Have and to Have Not (1937) 貧與富Style：Hemingways style is noted for its simplicity. In diction, he focus on nou

29、ns and verbs and reduces the use of adjectives, especially complicated adjectives. In sentence structure, he uses coordinated clauses to avoid subordinated clauses that would imply vague judgments. F. Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯斯科特基菲茨杰拉德The Great Gatsby (1925) 了不起的蓋茨比This Side of Paradise (1920) 人間天堂Flapp

30、ers and Philosophers (1920) 新潮女郎與哲學家The Beautiful and the Damned (1922) 美麗的和倒霉的Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 爵士樂時代的故事 All the Sad Young Men (1926) 所有悲傷的年輕人Tender is the Night (1934) 夜色溫柔The Last Tycoon (1941) 最后一個巨頭 2、others Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德安德森Winesburg, Ohio (1919) 小鎮(zhèn)畸人Poor white (1920) 窮白人Hors

31、es and Men (1923) 馬與人The Triumph of the Egg (1921) 雞蛋的勝利Death in the Woods (1933) 林中之死Windy McPhersons Son (1916) 饒舌的麥克斐遜的兒子 Willa Cather 薇拉凱瑟The Song of the Lark (1915) 云雀之歌My Antonia (1918) 我的安東尼亞O Pioneers! (1913) 啊，拓荒者！A Lost Lady (1923) 失蹤的女士The Professors House (1925) 教授之家Death Comes for the A

32、rchbishop (1927) 大主教之死Shadows on the Rock (1931) 巖石上的陰影 Sinclair Lewis 辛克來劉易斯Babbitt (1922) 巴比特 John Steinbeck 約翰斯坦貝克The Grapes of Wrath (1939) 憤怒的葡萄The Moon is Down (1942) 月亮下去了The Winter of Our Discontent (1961) 我們不安的冬天The Pastures of Heaven (1932) 天堂牧場In Dubious Battle (1936) 勝負未決Of Mice and Man

33、(1937) 鼠與人 John Dos Passos 約翰多斯帕索斯The Trilogy U. S. A (1937) 美國三部曲The Adventures of a Young Man (1939) 一個年輕人的冒險Three Soldiers (1921) 三個士兵Manhattan Transfer (1925) 曼哈頓中轉站 1919 (1932) 一九一九The Big Money (1936) 賺大錢Number One (1943) 第一號The Grand Design (1949) 偉大的計劃District of Columbia (1952) 哥倫比亞特區(qū)10、 Th

34、e Southern Renaissance 美國南方文學（Southern Renaissance.）1、Themes：Chevalier heritage.騎士遺產(chǎn)Agrarian virtue. 農(nóng)業(yè)推崇Plantation aristocracy.種植園農(nóng)場的貴族生活Lost cause. 失去的事業(yè)White supremacy. 白人至上的傳統(tǒng)Purity of Southern womanhood. 南方女性的純潔2、 Writers and worksWilliam Faulkner 威廉?？思{The Yoknapatawpha Saga (約克納帕塔法世系 )The Soun

35、d and the Fury (1929) 喧囂與騷動Absalom, Absalom! (1936) 押沙龍，押沙龍！Intruder in the Dust (1948) 塵土中的入侵者Sartoris (1929) 沙托里斯 As I Lay Dying (1930) 我彌留之際Sanctuary (1931) 圣殿 Light in August (1932) 八月之光The Hamlet (1940) 村子 Go Down, Moses (1942) 去吧，摩西The Town (1957) 小鎮(zhèn) “The Bear” “ 熊”Feature：successfully advance

36、d some modern literary techniques: Stream of consciousness. (interior monologue) 意識流multiple point of view 多角度的talk about the violence and evil in all human beingsHis prose varies from colloquial, regional, to formal diction and cadences of American speech. Thomas Wolfe 托馬斯沃爾夫Look Homeward, Angel (1

37、929) (novel) 天使，望鄉(xiāng)Of Time and the River (1935) (novel) 時間與河流From Death to Morning (1935) (stories) 從死亡至早晨The web and the Rock (1939) (manuscript novel) 蛛網(wǎng)與巖石You Cant Go Home Again (1940) (manuscript novel) 有家歸不得The Hills Beyond (1941) 遠山 Katherine Anne Porter 凱瑟琳安波特The Flowering Judas 開花的猶大樹 The Jil

38、ting of Granny Weatherall 被背棄的老祖母Pale Horse, Pale Rider 蒼白的馬，蒼白的騎手Learning Tower and Other Stories 斜塔和其他故事Ship of Fools 傻瓜的船 Eudora Welty 尤多拉韋爾蒂Death of a Traveling Salesman (1936) 旅行推銷員之死Delta Wedding (1946) 三角洲的婚禮Carson McCullers 卡森麥卡勒斯The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (1940) 心是孤獨的獵手The Ballad of the S

39、ad Caf (1943/1951) 傷心咖啡館的民謠 Mary Flannery OConnor 弗蘭納里奧康納Wise Blood (1952)A Good Man is Hard to Find (1955)The Violent Bear Is Away (1960)Everything That Rises Must Converge (1965) William Styron 威廉斯泰倫Sophies Choice 蘇菲的抉擇Lie Down in Darkness (1951) 躺在黑暗中The Confessions of Nat Turner 納特特納的自白11、 Moder

40、n American Drama 現(xiàn)代美國戲劇1、Expressionism（表現(xiàn)主義）：An artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in him. He accomplishes his aim through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy and thro

41、ugh the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements. 2、writers and works: Eugene ONeill 尤金奧尼爾Bound East for Cardiff (1914)東航卡迪夫Desire under the Elms (1924)榆樹下的欲望Beyond the Horizon (1920)天邊外The Emperor Jones (1920)瓊斯皇The Hairy Ape (1922)毛猿All Gods Chillum Got Wings (1924) 上帝的兒女

42、都有翅膀The Great God Brown (1926)大神布郞Strange Interlude (1928)奇異的插曲Mourning Becomes Electra (1931)悲悼The Iceman Cometh (1946)送冰的人來了Long Days Journey into Night (1956) 日長路遠夜深沉 Elmer Rice 埃爾莫萊斯Left Bank (1931)左岸 Adding Machine (1923)加算器Judgment Day (1934)審判日 On Trial (1914)審訊 The Mongrel (1924)混血兒 Street S

43、cene (1929)街景Dream Girl (1945)夢幻姑娘Susan GlaspellTrifles (1916) 瑣事 The Outside (1917)外界Bernice (1919)貝爾尼斯 Inheritors (1921)繼承人The Verge (1921)界限 Alisons House (1930)艾里森的房子 Clifford OdetsWaiting for Lefty (1935)等待老左 Golden Boy (1937)金孩子The Country Girl (1950)鄉(xiāng)村姑娘 Night Music (1940)夜曲 Awake and Sing! (

44、1935)醒來唱歌 Clash by Night (1941)夜間沖突The Flowering Peach (1954)開花的桃樹 The Big Knife (1948)大刀 Tennessee Williams 田納西威廉姆斯The Streetcar Named Desire (1947) 欲望號街車The Glass Menagerie 玻璃動物園 Night of the Iguana 鬣蜥之夜Summer and Smoke 夏日煙云 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof 熱鐵皮屋頂上的貓The Rose Tattoo 玫瑰文身 Suddenly Last Summer 去

45、年夏天突然Sweet Bird of Youth 甜蜜的青春之鳥 Period of Adjustment 微妙的調整階段 Arthur Miller 米勒All My Sons 都是我兒子Death of a Salesman (1949)推銷員之死The Crucible 坩鍋/煉獄 A View from the Bridge 憑橋遠眺After the Fall 墮落之后 Incident at Vichy 維希事件The Archbishops Ceiling 大主教的天花板 The Price 代價The Creation of the World and Other Busine

46、ss 創(chuàng)世記和其他 Edward Albee 愛德華阿爾比The Zoo Story (1958)動物園故事 The Sandbox (1961)沙袋Three Tall Women (1994)三個高個女人 Tiny Alice (1964) 小小愛麗絲A Delicate Balance (1966)微妙的平衡 All Over (1971)萬事皆休Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962) 誰害怕弗吉尼亞沃爾夫？Box and Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung (1968)毛主席語錄David MametAmerican Buffalo 美國野牛 David Henry Hwang 黃哲倫M. Butterfly 蝴蝶君Broke