中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法精講精練

1、中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法精講精練清華大學(xué)英語(yǔ)系測(cè)試：為中小學(xué)生英語(yǔ)量身定做.官方網(wǎng)站： 清華大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教授研究組提供中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法精講精練 （附答案版） 英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)備戰(zhàn)系列之二1. 名詞 名詞可以分為專有名詞和普通名詞，專有名詞是某個(gè)（些）人，地方，機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱，如Beijing，China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類： 1）個(gè)體名詞：表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體，如：gun。 2）集體名詞：表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體，如：family。 3）物質(zhì)名詞：表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物，如：air。 4）抽象名詞：表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等

2、抽象概念，如：work。個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來(lái)計(jì)算，稱為可數(shù)名詞，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無(wú)法用數(shù)目計(jì)算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞。歸納一下，名詞的分類可以下圖表示： 名詞專有名詞不可數(shù)名詞 普通名詞物質(zhì)名詞 抽象名詞 集體名詞可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞  1.1 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化 情況構(gòu)成方法讀音例詞一般情況加 -s清輔音后讀/s/map-maps濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/bag-bags /car-cars以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾加 -es讀 /iz/bus-buses/ watch-watches以ce, se, ze,等結(jié)尾加 -s

3、讀 /iz/license-licenses以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾變y 為i再加es讀 /z/baby-babies 1.2 其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化 1） 以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。例如： two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays2） 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)： a. 加s，如： photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos； b. 加es，如：potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes c. 上述a和b兩種

4、方法均可，如zero-zeros / zeroes。 3） 以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)： a. 加s，如： belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs； b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half-halves knife-knivesleaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves；c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。  1.3 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化 1） child-chi

5、ldren foot-feet tooth-teethmouse-mice man-men woman-women 注意：由一個(gè)詞加 man 或 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。2） 單復(fù)同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民幣的元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

6、a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。例如：peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說(shuō) a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說(shuō)a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名詞，表示國(guó)民總稱時(shí)，作復(fù)數(shù)用，如The Chinese are industries and brave.中國(guó)人民是勤勞

7、勇敢的。4） 以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如：a. maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，一般是不可數(shù)名詞，為單數(shù)。b. news 為不可數(shù)名詞。c. the United States，the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國(guó)是1945年組建起來(lái)的。d. 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名，劇名，報(bào)紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)。例如："The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事書。

8、5） 表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses （眼鏡）trousers,clothes等，若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair（對(duì)，雙）;suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。6） 另外還有一些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思，如：goods貨物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚。  1.4 不可數(shù)名詞量的表示 1）物質(zhì)名詞a. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)為可數(shù)。比較：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一種食物。 （不可數(shù)）These cakes are sweet.這些蛋糕很好吃。 （

9、可數(shù)）b. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：This factory produces steel.（不可數(shù)）We need various steels.（可數(shù)）c. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：Our country is famous for tea. 我國(guó)因茶葉而聞名。Two teas, please. 請(qǐng)來(lái)兩杯茶。2） 抽象名詞表示具體的事例時(shí)也可數(shù)。例如：four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of adv

10、ice一則建議。5. 定語(yǔ)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作定語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外。1) 1)      用復(fù)數(shù)作定語(yǔ)。例如：sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室 talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語(yǔ)系2） man, woman, gentleman等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如： men workerswomen teachersgentlemen officials3） 有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，s保留

11、。例如： goods train （貨車） arms produce武器生產(chǎn) customs papers 海關(guān)文件 clothes brush 衣刷4） 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。例如：two-dozen eggs兩打雞蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹 a five-year plan.一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃 1.6 不同國(guó)籍人的單復(fù)數(shù) 國(guó)籍總稱（謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)）單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)中國(guó)人the Chinesea Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swisstwo Swiss澳大利亞人the Aust

12、ralians an Australiantwo Australians俄國(guó)人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians希臘人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks法國(guó)人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo Japanese美國(guó)人the Americansan Americantwo Americans印度人the Indiansan Indiantwo Indians加拿大人the Canad

13、iansa Canadiantwo Canadians德國(guó)人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans英國(guó)人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes 1.7 名詞的格 英語(yǔ)中有些名詞可以加"'s"來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：1） 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加"'s"，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒(méi)有s，也要加"'s"，如the b

14、oy's bag 男孩的書包，men's room 男廁所。2） 若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s ，只加" ' "，如：the workers' struggle工人的斗爭(zhēng)。3） 凡不能加"'s"的名詞，都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。4） 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：the barber's 理發(fā)店。5） 如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示"

15、;分別有"；只有一個(gè)'s，則表示'共有'。例如：John's and Mary's rooms（兩間）John and Mary's room（一間）6） 復(fù)合名詞或短語(yǔ)，'s 加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。例如：a month or two's absence 1.8 練習(xí)1. 1.He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_. a a   little wa

16、ge b. few wage c. wage d. wages2. 2.Most of the houses in the village were burnt to _ during the war.a. a.       an ash b. the ash c. ash d. ashes3. 3.The students at colleges or universities are making _ for the coming New Year.a. a.       many prep

17、arations b. much preparation c. preparations d. preparation4. 4.Painting in _ is one of their spare-time activities.a. a.       oil b. an oil c. oils d. the oil5. 5.In the view of the foreign experts, there wasnt _ oil here.a. a.       much b. lots o

18、f c. a great deal of d. many6. 6.The large houses are being painted, but _.a. of great expense b. at a great expense c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense7. 7.The room was small and contained far too _.a. a.much new furniture c. much new furnituresb. b.many new furniture d. many new furnitures8

19、. 8.Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the _.a. rooms number b. room number c. rooms numbers d. room numbers9.Computers can do _ work in a short time, but a man can not do _ by himself. a great manymany c. mucha great deal b. a great deal ofmuch d. manya great

20、many10. 10.She didnt know _ he had been given.a. a.       how many information c. how many informationsb. b.      the number of information d. how much information11. 11.He invited all of his _ to join his wedding party.a. a.      

21、; comrade-in-arms c. comrades-in-armb. b.      comrades-in-arms d. comrade-in-arm12. 12.All the _ in the hospital got a rise last month.a. a.       women doctors c. woman doctorsb. b.      women doctor d. woman doctor13. 13.After ten y

22、ears, all these youngsters became_.a. a.       growns-ups c. growns-upb. b.      grown-up d. grown-ups14. 14.The police investigated those _ about the accident.a. a.        stander-by c. standers-byb. b.    

23、60;   stander-bys d. standers-bys15. 15.The Nazi kept those _ in their concentration camp.a. a.prisoner-of-wars c. prisoners-of-warb. b.prisoners-of-wars d. prisoner-of-war16. 16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _ made by Linda lately.a. a.      new reel b.

24、news reel c. new-reels d. news reels17. 17.Marys dress is similar in appearance to her _. a. elder sister b. elder sisters c. elder sisters d. elder sisters dress18. 18.All the people at the conference are _. a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacherb. b.mathematics teachers d. mathematics teach

25、ers19.Professor Mackay told us that _ of lead are its softness and its resistance.a. a.        some property c. propertiesb. b.        some properties d. property20. 20.Physics _ with matter and motion.a. a.      &#

26、160; deal b. deals c. dealing d. are21. 21.He has written several books, but his last works _ well known among his friends.a. a.        have b. have been c. is d. are 22. 22.After he checked up my _ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days.a. a.   

27、     father-in-laws c. fathers-in-lawb. b.        father-in-law d. fathers-in-laws23. 23.He told me _ would come to his birthday party.a. a.        many Jack friends c. many Jacks friendb. b.     

28、0;  Jacks many friends d. many friends of Jacks24. 24.I had my hair cut at the _ around the corner.a. a.barber b. barbers c. barbers d. barbers25. 25.Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at _.a. a.        Peter and Helens c. Peter and Helenb. b.   &#

29、160;    Peter and Helens d. Peters and Helens26. 26._ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the suns energy.a. a.        The earths surface c. The surface of earthb. b.        The surface earth d. The earth sur

30、face27. 27.Numerous materials are available to _.a. a.        today of designers c. todays of designersb. b.        todays designers d. today designers28. 28.Why did you speak to Peter that way? Dont you know he is an old friend of _?a. a.

31、       my brother b. my brothers c. my brothers d. my brothers friend29. 29._ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know.a. a.        This Johns old friend c. Thats Jahns old friendb. b.      

32、  This old friend of John d. This old friend of Johns30. 30._ is too much for a little boy to carry.a. a.A bikes weight c. The weight of a bikeb. b.The weights of a bike d. Biles weight31. 31.Generally there are _ television programs for children on Saturday.a. a.      

33、  little b. much c. a large number of d. a large amount of32. 32.When they got to the lecture-room, there were _ left.a. a.        only few seats b. a very few seats c. only a few seats d. so a few seats33. 33._ travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the

34、envelope.a. a.        A little mail b. A piece of mail c. A mail d. A small mail34. 34.The Department purchased _ to improve the working conditions there.a. a.        a new equipment c. new equipments b. b.      

35、60; a new piece of equipment d. new pieces of equipments35. 35.The boy tried hard but there has been _ in his work.a. a.        little improvement c. many improvementsb. b.        a little improvement d. few improvements36. 36.Todays modern

36、 TV cameras require _ light as compared with the earlier models.a. a.        only a few b. only few c. only a little d. only little37. 37.No country can afford to neglect _.a. a.        an education b. educations c. education d. the educati

37、on38. 38.Please write the answers to the questions at the end of _.a. a.        eighth chapter b. chapter eight c. eight chapter d. chapter the eight39. 39._ is only surpassed by that of monkeys and apes. a. a.        The intelligent dog c.

38、 The intelligence of dogsb. b.        The dogs whose intelligence d. The dogs being intelligent40. 40.All _ must take the graduate Management Admission Test.a. a.        business student b. businesss students c. business students d. busines

39、ss student41. 41._ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.a. a.        Three minutes call c. A three-minutes callb. b.        Three-minute call d. A three-minute call42. 42.The _ about nuclear energ

40、y revolves around the waste problem.a. a.        publics chief concern c. chief public concernb. b.        public chief concern d. chief concern of publics43. 43._ the first and largest ethnic group to work on the construction of the transc

41、ontinental railroad.a. Chinese were b. The Chinese was c. Chinese was d. The Chinese were44. 44._ can get a better view of the game than the participants.a. a.        Looker-on b. Lookers-on c. Looker-ons c. Lookers-ons45. 45.A group of spectators was dispersed by the p

42、olice who _ at the scene of the accidents within minutes.a. a.        were b. have been c. was d. has been46. 46.Our livestock _ not as numerous as they used to be.a. a.        is b. are c. be d. been47. 47.One of the most surprising things

43、 is that _ may come from petroleum.a. a.        much of tomorrow food c. many of tomorrows foodb. b.        much of the food of tomorrow d. much of tomorrows food48. 48.Scott is an orphan but he received _.a. a.     

44、0;  very good education c. a very good educationb. b.        very good educations d. many good educations49. 49.After several days hardworking, we have made _ on the design.a. a.        much improvement c. many improvementb. b.  &

45、#160;     several improvements d. some improvement50. 50.The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a _ yesterday.a. a.        shoes shop b. shoe shop c. shoess shop d. shoes51. 51.Eggs, though nourishing, have _ of fat

46、content.a. a.        large number b. a large number c. a high amount d. the high amount52. 52.He has done some _ on that subject from various angles over the past ten years.a. a.        research b. a research c. researches d. the researches

47、53. 53.Recently, he has lost all his _.a. a.        wage and saving at card c. wages and saving at cardb. b.        wages and savings at card d. wages and savings at cards54. 54.The countrys wealth comes chiefly from its many _.a. a.  

48、      herd of cattle b. heard of cattles c. herds of cattle d. herds of cattles55. 55.In Britain the _ are all painted red.a. a.        letter boxes b. letters box c. letters boxes d. letterss box56. 56.Ten years had passed. I found she had _.a.

49、 a.        a little white hair c. a few white hairb. b.        some white hair d. much white hair57. 57.All his _ far from satisfactiona. a.        conduct is b. conduct are c. conducts is d. conducts will be58

50、. 58.Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times, _ was done.a. a.        a few damages b. few damages c. little damage d. a little damage59. 59.He was _ what to do.a. a.        at his wit end b. at his wits end c. at his

51、 wits end d. at his witss end60. 60.Would you like to have a cup of tea and _ with me?a two toasts b. two pieces of toast c. two piece of toasts d. tow pieces of toasts61. 61.Accurate _ covering the fact are not obtainable.a. a.        datum b. datums c. data d. datas62

52、. 62.On Monday morning some teachers exchanged a few _.a. a.        how-are-yous c. how-are-yousb. b.        of how-are-yous d. of how are you63. 63.Albert said he met the girl _a. a.        at his uncles Smith

53、 room c. at his uncle Smiths roomb. b.        at Smiths his uncles room d. at the room of his uncles Smiths64. 64.It is four months since I last saw Keats _. a. a.        at Mrt Smiths ,the book seller c. at my aunts, a book sellerb. b.

54、60;      at my aunts, Mrs Palmers d. at Mrs Palmers, the book sellers65. 65.This room is _. a. a.        the editors-in-chiefs office c. the editor-in-chiefs officeb. b.        the editor-in-chief office d. the edit

55、ors-in-chief office66. 66.My old classmate, Comrade Sun ,works at _.a. a.        a teacher college c. a teachers collegeb. b.        a teacherss college d. a college of a teachers67. 67.The policemen put the criminal _.a. a.   

56、60;    in a iron b. into a iron c. in irons d. into a pair of iron68. 68.Our teacher gave me _.a. a.        an advice b. the advice c. many advice d. much advice69. 69.My mother cut the cloth with _ scissors.a. a.        a b.

57、 two c. a couple of d. a pair of70.My house is within _ from the railway station. a. a stones throw b. a throw of a stone c. stones throw d. the stones throw 附：介詞練習(xí)1. 1.  She is such an irritating woman, I dont know how you can _ her.a. put up b. stand up to c. stand with d. put up with2.

58、2.  To get my travelers check I had to _ a special check to the bank for the total amount.a. make for b. make out c. make off d. make up3. 3.  Little boys are easily _.a. taken in b. taken away c. taken out d. taken over4. 4.  The company is going to hand _ the free samples tomorrow.a

59、. up b. out c. on d. down5. 5.  It was purely _ chance that the mistake was discovered.a. in b. for c. by d. from6. 6.  The magician picked several persons _ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance.a. by accident b. on occasion c. on average d. at random7. 7. 

60、; I left for the office earlier than usual this morning _ traffic jam.a. in case of b. in line with c. for the sake of d. at the risk of 8. 8.  Some areas, _ their severe weather conditions, are hardly populated.a. but for b. in spite of c. due to d. with regard to9. 9.  Visitors are asked to comply _ the regulations.a. at b. in c. w