考研英語翻譯

1、一 翻譯考試的內(nèi)容研究生英語入學(xué)考試中的翻譯項目旨在通過翻譯測試考生正確理解英文原文的能力及漢語的表達能力。此項測試方法是通過閱讀一篇難度適中的短文（題材不限，長度約400字上下），翻譯其中較為復(fù)雜的5個句子。翻譯共5題，每題2分，滿分為10分；每題劃分為若干個給分段，每一分段的分值為0.5或1。對考生的要求是對原文理解正確，譯文表達清楚準(zhǔn)確，對漢語不作過高要求。一、翻譯題解 總分 翻譯2003年 46.47 2004年 49.552005年 49.782006年 47.62 2007年 48.84 2008年 49.765.205.325.173.604.274.65閱讀理解題 考研大綱 “

2、主要考察考生準(zhǔn)確理解準(zhǔn)確理解概念或結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜的英語文字材料的能力?！钡谝徊糠?總論三、題型特點三、題型特點 1、文章題材：偏文傾向 96：科學(xué)研究發(fā)展的原因；97：動物權(quán)利；98：宇宙起源；99：歷史學(xué)研究；00：政府與經(jīng)濟；01：未來學(xué)；02：行為科學(xué)；03：人類學(xué)；04：語言與思維的關(guān)系； 05年：大眾傳媒；06年：美國的知識分子；07年：法律的學(xué)習(xí)；08年：達爾文的思維表達09年：教育學(xué) 10 自然與經(jīng)濟的關(guān)系（2）從語法結(jié)構(gòu)來講，側(cè)重考查若干短語，如動詞短語，分詞短語（形容詞短語），不定式短語以及少量較難的介詞短語。此外，語法結(jié)構(gòu)及邏輯關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜,有時不做些語法分析和邏輯推理就理不出

3、頭緒。還有若干代詞，如it, they，that, this, one等，它們必須要根據(jù)上下文才能確定其詞義所指。以及一些較難的從句，如what從句, 定語句，as從句等等。（3）從詞匯來講，難度增大了，側(cè)重考查一詞多義，一詞轉(zhuǎn)義，也就是說，所考詞匯，如果照字面直譯多半會出差錯，必須通過上下文進行詞義引伸，理解某一詞在具體場合的特定含義，才能做出正確的譯文，而死摳詞字、句序、語態(tài)往往會表達不通順。第一部分 總論五、翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)嚴(yán)復(fù)：天演論 信達雅信：忠實原文忠實的準(zhǔn)確地理解達：通順暢達用漢語通順的表達出來雅：文字典雅考研翻譯不要求翻譯的兩個階段：理解和表達第一部分 總論六、考生的問題六、考生的問題

4、1、理解不到位：、理解不到位：兩種句子兩種句子：簡單句：主干結(jié)構(gòu) 定狀補 復(fù)合句：主句/從句/五種基本句型五種基本句型主+謂 I smiled. 主+謂+賓 I love you. 主+謂+間賓+直賓 I give you my heart. 主+謂+賓+賓補 You make me crazy. 主+系+表 You are so pretty. 斷句的方法和三個標(biāo)志斷句的方法和三個標(biāo)志標(biāo)點符號：逗號，破折號，冒號連接詞：that, what, which, where, when, while, how, or, both, ,and等等介詞短語：介詞+名詞 （作定語/作狀語）第一部分 總論

5、六、考生的問題六、考生的問題BA C表達不到位：表達四大基本原則原則一：主干結(jié)構(gòu)順線走（主謂賓，主系表等結(jié)原則一：主干結(jié)構(gòu)順線走（主謂賓，主系表等結(jié)構(gòu)順序不能變）構(gòu)順序不能變）原則二：定語狀語往前勾原則二：定語狀語往前勾 （后置定語多前置，定（后置定語多前置，定語從句有特例，結(jié)果狀語也特例）語從句有特例，結(jié)果狀語也特例）原則三：前因后果多主動（符合漢語的習(xí)慣）原則三：前因后果多主動（符合漢語的習(xí)慣）原則四：名詞從句依序翻（主語從句，賓語從句，原則四：名詞從句依序翻（主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同位語從句）表語從句，同位語從句）二 考研翻譯的做題思路與步驟1. 粗略閱讀原文，搞清作者意圖。用3

6、5分鐘時間把整個文章通讀一遍，大致搞清原文的主旨大意，積極調(diào)動相關(guān)的思維活動，使頭腦進入最佳考試狀態(tài)。閱讀只需了解個大意即可，遇到生詞一掠而過，千萬不要被與所考的五個句子無關(guān)的一些生詞、短語，甚至人名地名所糾纏住。2. 理清考題結(jié)構(gòu)，把握句式重心。在粗讀一遍，大致搞清原文的主旨大意的基礎(chǔ)上，逐句處理5個句子。讀第二遍時，重點則應(yīng)放在這五個句子上，確定句子的意思。3. 分清主次關(guān)系，注意”左鄰右舍”。從它們與全文的關(guān)系上，特別是從前后句即它們的中尋找有用的信息，確定代詞的確切含義，句子中出現(xiàn)的”超綱詞”的詞義也很有可能從上下文中搞清楚。4. 仔細(xì)檢查譯文，確保準(zhǔn)確無誤。I. 分清主從 把握結(jié)構(gòu)分

7、清主從是理清原文結(jié)構(gòu)，擬出譯文整體框架的關(guān)鍵，而辨析詞義是確保譯文準(zhǔn)確的前提。It is hard to believe that automobiles, radios, motion pictures, frozen foods, electric refrigerator, to mention only a few items, have come into common use within thirty years. 且舉幾件東西來說吧，汽車、無線電、電影、速凍食品、電冰箱，這些東西在過去的30年中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用，這簡直令人難以置信。1. 抓主謂結(jié)構(gòu)Pearson has pie

8、ced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. （2001）皮爾森匯集世界各地數(shù)百位研究人員的成果，編制了一個獨特的新技術(shù)千年歷，歷中列出了人們可望看到的數(shù)百項重大突破和發(fā)現(xiàn)的最遲日期。The ro

9、le of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than 100 years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.（2002）自然選擇在進化中的作用僅在100多年前才得以闡明，而環(huán)境在塑造和保持個體行為時的選擇作用則剛剛開始被認(rèn)識和研究。

10、2. 抓關(guān)鍵信息As the clock crept toward 11: 15 p. m. last Thursday, the 500 scientists and engineers packed into the control room and an adjacent auditorium at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory kept their eyes riveted on a bank of computer monitors. 上星期四，當(dāng)時針悄悄地指向晚上11：15的時候，500名科學(xué)家和工程師坐滿了普林斯頓等離子體物理實驗

11、室控制室和毗連的禮堂。他們不約而同地把目光聚集到一排計算機監(jiān)視器上，焦急地等待著。Views of the railings where doomed passengers and crew members stood evoked images of the moonless night 74 years ago when the great ship slipped beneath the waves.看到那些欄桿，不由使人想起七十四年前這艘巨輪船體傾斜沉入波濤的那個暗無星月的夜晚，當(dāng)時那些慘遭厄運的乘客和船員也曾站在這些欄桿旁。3. 抓邏輯關(guān)系The stern, which settl

12、ed on the bottom almost 1,800 ft. from the bow, had swiveled 180on its way down.船尾在下沉?xí)r旋轉(zhuǎn)了一百八十度，在海底離船頭幾乎有一千八百英尺遠。The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.因為距離遠，又缺乏交通工具，農(nóng)村社會是于外界隔絕的。這種隔絕狀態(tài)，由于通訊工具不足，就變

13、得更加嚴(yán)重了。 II. 遣詞用字 恰如其分1英漢詞字對應(yīng)關(guān)系2詞義辨析1英漢詞字對應(yīng)關(guān)系1）詞字對等。這種情況多見于專有名詞，技術(shù)詞匯等，如: Marxism = 馬克思主義Aspirin 阿斯匹林 激光 = laser白血病 = leukemia2）多種同義。這種情況在英漢翻譯中較為普遍，也即是同一個詞語有若干詞義完全一樣，但色彩意義不同的對應(yīng)詞，如： wife： 妻子、愛人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳婦、堂客、內(nèi)人president: 總統(tǒng)、總裁、主席、董事長、議長、會長、社長、校長 3）一詞多義。這種情況在英漢翻譯中最為普遍，也即是同一個詞語有若干詞義不同的對應(yīng)詞，如：cousin: 堂兄、堂

14、弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹、卿.carry: 搬、運、送、提、拎、挑、擔(dān)、抬、背、扛、摟、抱、端、舉、夾、捧. 4）交織對應(yīng)。這類情況在英漢翻譯中時有發(fā)生，也即是一組詞義相近的詞，根據(jù)不同的上下文，可以譯作對應(yīng)詞語中的任何一個，如英語中的say, speak, talk, tell與漢語的“說、講、談、訴”之間的關(guān)系：5）無對等詞語。翻譯中的這種情況極少，偶有發(fā)生，一般用解釋或音譯的方式來解決英漢之間的對應(yīng)關(guān)系。teenager ；hacker 2詞義辨析1) 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法辨別詞義miniultrasonicprober = mini （微型的）+ ultra（超） +sonic （

15、聲音的）+prober（探測器）；即：微型超聲波金屬探測儀macrospacetransship = macro（巨型的）+ space （太空）+ trans （轉(zhuǎn)運）+ ship （船）； 即： 巨型空間轉(zhuǎn)運飛船Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis=pneumono (肺的) +ultra (超) + micro (微) + scopic- (觀察儀器的) + silico (硅的)+ volcano（火山的）+ coni- (塵埃) + osis (病癥)；即：硅酸鹽沉著病，矽肺病（一種礦工易染的?。?) 根據(jù)指代關(guān)系辨別詞義(1)

16、He father sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.他送約翰上大學(xué)，巴望能讓兒子出類拔萃。(2) Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that.健康比財富更重要，因為財富不能像健康那樣給人以幸福。(或: 因為后者不能像前者那樣給人以幸福。)3) 根據(jù)上下文的語境或詞的搭配辨別詞義(1) This war is becoming the most important story of t

17、his generation.(2) It is quite another story now.(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.(4) Hell be very happy if that story holds up.(5) The girls story is one of the saddest.(6) A young man came to Scottis office with a story. (7) , but officials refused to confirm

18、 the story.(8) The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.4) 根據(jù)不同學(xué)科或?qū)I(yè)類型辨別詞義(1) The lathe should be set on a firm base.車床應(yīng)安裝在堅實的底座上。 （機械）(2) As we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.眾所周知，堿與酸反應(yīng)生成鹽。 （化學(xué)）(3) A transistor has three electrodes, the em

19、itter, the base and the collector.晶體管有三個電極，即發(fā)射極，基極和集電極。（電子）(4) Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC.AB線是三角形ABC的底邊。（數(shù)學(xué)）(5) The weary troops marched back to the base.疲憊不堪的士兵列隊返回基地。（軍事）(6) He is on the second base.他在二壘。（體育）練習(xí)1. good saying3. good boy4. good child5. good contract 7. good debt 8. good

20、 eggs 9. good eyesight 10. good father11. good features12. good friend14. good idea15. good investment16. good joke17. good looks18. good luck19. good manners20. good match21. good mother22. good neighbor23. good reason24. good soil25. good teacher26. good wife1 His plane developed engine trouble on

21、ly seven miles after takeoff. 2 Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft. 3 Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod. 4 A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from obs

22、ervations.5 Until the domain theory of magnetism was developed, they did not have much success. 6 To develop the capabilities of the geophysical prospecting, the renewal of the techniques and equipment is the first thing to be considered. 7 Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new typ

23、e of potato he had developed. 8 As young Goddard grew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis. 9 We must develop all the natural substances in our country which can make us rich.10 Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit.直譯意譯5Every life has its roses and thorns.直譯：每個

24、人的一生都既有玫瑰，又有荊棘。意譯：人生總是有苦有樂，甘苦參半。6. Valuable left in full view can be open invitation to theft.直譯：把貴重物品放在現(xiàn)眼處，等于是給小偷發(fā)請?zhí)?。意譯：應(yīng)妥善保管貴重物品，以防被盜。7. A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.直譯：禮物是打開把你關(guān)在門外的房門的鑰匙。意譯：大門把你關(guān)在外，禮物送到門自開。（禮是敲門磚。）8. What the tongue says, the neck pays for.直譯：舌頭說話，脖子還賬。意譯：

25、舌頭闖禍，脖子遭殃。III. 直譯意譯 抓住要點考題實例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. （1999）人們關(guān)注歷史研究的方法，主要是因為史學(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不統(tǒng)一，其次是因為外界懷疑歷史是不是一門學(xué)科。直譯：歷史方法的興趣 產(chǎn)生較少 通過外部 歷史作為知識學(xué)科的合法性Wha

26、t easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform? 對于護士、警察、理發(fā)師或是服務(wù)員來說，還有什么比脫下制服更容易的方法使人們看不出他們的職業(yè)身份呢？There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they of

27、fend. （2001）屆時，將出現(xiàn)由機器人主持的電視談話節(jié)目以及裝有污染監(jiān)控器的汽車，一旦這些汽車排污超標(biāo)（違規(guī)），監(jiān)控器就會使其停駛。1. Well go to the countryside at the beginning of June, when the summer harvest will start.2. I stayed till noon, when I went home.3. When the teacher had left the classroom, the pupils started talking.4. When that man says “To tel

28、l the truth”, I suspect that hes about to tell a lie.5. Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.6. Insurance companies are obliged to recover the cost of everything insured when it is lost or damaged during the valid period of insurance.7. When there is really planned and propo

29、rtionate development ,our national economy will achieve sustained, stable and high-speed growth.8. When you cross the river you are safe.9. How can I convince him when he wont listen?10. He usually walks when he might ride.11. They had only three transistors when they needed five.12. Why are you her

30、e when you should be in school?13. When I am opposed to such actions on general principles, how can I make this case an exception?14. How could you do it when you knew that this might damage the apparatus? 15. When one is older, one is also more experienced.IV. 適當(dāng)增添 清楚明了 一般來說，翻譯時不應(yīng)對原文的內(nèi)容隨意增減。不過，由于英漢

31、兩種語言文字之間所存在的懸殊差異，在實際翻譯過程中很難做到詞字上的完全對應(yīng)。一般情況是為意義完整而增譯，增詞法的常用情況1增添原文語法所省略的詞語1) Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.物質(zhì)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為能，能也可以轉(zhuǎn)化為物質(zhì)。2 增添必要的連接成分增加連詞英語中的并列連詞和從屬連詞大都是以單個單詞出現(xiàn)，而漢語中的聯(lián)合連詞和偏正連詞大都是成對出現(xiàn)。因此，在將英語譯成漢語時，應(yīng)將漢語的連詞補充完整。如:if，如果，那么because因為，所以; although雖然，但是; unless除非，否則1) Heated,

32、water will change into vapor.水如受熱，就會汽化。3用增詞法表達出原文的復(fù)數(shù)概念和數(shù)量詞英語中沒有量詞，而漢語表達中的量詞卻是不可缺少的1) He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars. 他伸出雙腿，露出腿上的道道傷痕。2）The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山開始向山谷投下一道道蔚藍色長影。3) Note that the words “velocity” and “speed” require e

33、xplanation.請注意，“速度”和“速率”這兩個詞需要解釋。4用增詞法把抽象概念表達清楚1) Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.氧化作用會使鋼鐵生銹。2) After all preparations were made, the plane took off.一切準(zhǔn)備工作就緒以后，飛機就起飛了。 5增加完善性或概括性的詞語1) Air pressure decreases with altitude. 氣壓隨海拔高度的增加而下降。2) According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years t

34、o create an inch of topsoil.根據(jù)科學(xué)家們的看法，自然界要用500年的時間才能形成一英寸厚的表層土壤。3) A runner from Kenya has won the 42 km Boston Marathon肯尼亞的一位長跑選手贏得了波士頓42公里馬拉松賽冠軍。6重復(fù)性增詞1) Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity.不要在過冷、過熱、灰塵過重、濕度過大的情況下使用此電腦。7修辭或連貫增詞1) This typewriter is indeed cheap and fin

35、e.這部打字機真是價廉物美。2) They build roads, houses, bridges, ships, pipelines, and canals.他們修路、蓋房、架橋、造船、鋪管道、挖運河。3) A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses, his theories, and his conclusion.科學(xué)家經(jīng)常設(shè)法否定自己的假設(shè)，推翻自己的理論，并放棄自己的結(jié)論。V. 詞語省略 言簡意賅一般來說，漢語較英語簡練，因此，許多在原文中必不可少的詞語要是原原本本地譯成漢語，就會成為不必要的冗詞，譯文會顯得十分累贅。

36、省略法在英漢翻譯中使用得非常廣泛，其主要目的是刪去一些可有可無、不符合譯文習(xí)慣表達法的詞語。In the 1880s the United States was a land sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the poor.在19世紀(jì)80年代，美國是一個巨富與赤貧兩極嚴(yán)重分化的國家。省略技巧的常用情況1代詞的省略 He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.他將雙手放進衣袋，然后聳了聳肩。They went in to dinner. I

37、t was excellent, and the wine was good. Its influence presently had its effect on them.他們進入餐室用餐。美酒佳肴，頓受感染。2. 冠詞的省略 The direction of a force can be represented by an arrow.力的方向可以用箭頭表示。3. 介詞連詞的省略(1) If I had known it, I would not have joined in it.早知如此，我就不參加了。(2) Like charges repel each other while op

38、posite charges attract.同性電荷相斥，異性電荷相吸。4. 動詞的省略When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.氣壓低，沸點就低。5. 非人稱代詞“It”的省略 Outside it was pitch-dark and it was raining cats and dogs. 外面一團漆黑，大雨傾盆。VI. 轉(zhuǎn)換變通 自然流暢在翻譯過程中，由于兩種語言在語法和表達習(xí)慣上的差異，我們有時必須改變原文某些詞語的詞類或句子成分才能有效地傳達出原文的準(zhǔn)確意思。My point is that the fr

39、equent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable. 我的看法（觀點）是，一代人對下一代人常常抱怨，這一點是在所難免的。You very likely give other passengers a quick glance to size them up and to assure them that you mean no threat. 參考譯文: 你很可能很快地瞅別的乘客一眼，打量他們一下，讓他們放心你毫無威脅的意思。英譯漢的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換方法技巧1.各種詞類轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞

40、漢語的動詞使用頻率比英語高, 所以將英語各種詞類轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語動詞是最常見的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。1) Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已經(jīng)用來探索宇宙。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)為動詞）2) Everyone in the room was greatly surprised at what he said聽他一說，房間里的每個人都大吃一驚。（介詞轉(zhuǎn)為動詞）3）In this case the temperature in the furnace is up.在這種情況下，爐溫就升高。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)為動詞）2各種詞類轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞

41、The new contract would be good for ten years.新的合同有效期為10年。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)為名詞） He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身體雖弱，但思想健康。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)為名詞）3各種詞類轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞1) Given that theyre inexperienced，theyve done a good job.鑒于他們沒有經(jīng)驗，干成這樣真不錯。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞）Earthquakes are closely related to faulting.地震與斷裂運動有密切的關(guān)系。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞）4. 各種詞類轉(zhuǎn)換成副

42、詞1) Below 4, water is in continuous expansion instead of continuous contraction.水在4度以下就不斷地膨脹，而不是不斷地收縮。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)為副詞）2) I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted.我榮幸地通知您，您的請求已得到批準(zhǔn)。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)為副詞）英譯漢的句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換形式在很多情況下，英語中不同的句子成分也可以根據(jù)翻譯的需要進行互相轉(zhuǎn)換；譬如，主語轉(zhuǎn)為賓語，賓語轉(zhuǎn)為主語，主語轉(zhuǎn)為謂語，主語轉(zhuǎn)為定語，狀語轉(zhuǎn)為主語等等。1) As the matc

43、h burns, heat and light are given off.火柴燃燒時發(fā)出光和熱。(主語轉(zhuǎn)為賓語)2) This sort of stone has a relative density of 2.7.這種石頭的相對密度是2.7。(賓語轉(zhuǎn)為主語)3) Care must be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and damp.應(yīng)當(dāng)始終注意保護儀器，不使其沾染灰塵和受潮。(主語轉(zhuǎn)為謂語)4) Careful comparison of them will show you the difference.

44、只要仔細(xì)把它們比較一下，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)不同之處。(主語轉(zhuǎn)為謂語，賓語轉(zhuǎn)為主語)5) The baby doubled its weight in a year這嬰兒的體重一年中長了一倍。(主語轉(zhuǎn)為定語) 6) Thousands of terrified watchers stared with their hearts beating fast成千上萬的觀眾目瞪口呆，心嗵嗵直跳。(定語轉(zhuǎn)為謂語) 7) The test is intended to reinforce what you have learnt in the past few weeks. 本測驗的目的是強化你們過去幾個月內(nèi)所學(xué)的

45、知識。(謂語轉(zhuǎn)為表語)8) Mathematics is well taught at that school那個學(xué)校的數(shù)學(xué)教得好。（狀語轉(zhuǎn)為主語）9) The ocean was filled with turtles and fish, ready for the net.海洋里魚鱉成群，張網(wǎng)可得。（賓語轉(zhuǎn)為主語）VII. 結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整 順理成章結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整是英漢互譯中的又一常用翻譯技巧。由于英漢不同的造句結(jié)構(gòu)和表達習(xí)慣，英語中有些句子的詞序、語序在譯成漢語時，應(yīng)加以調(diào)整，使其符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣。Additional social stresses may also occur because o

46、f the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. （2000）由于人口的猛增或大量人口流動（現(xiàn)代交通工具使這種方式相對容易）造成的種種問題也會對社會造成新壓力。.英譯漢結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的常用方法技巧1順序法; 即按原文的句子順序翻譯。1) It was strange that a day of war was a day we stood still. We

47、 couldnt move-that must have been the whole idea-so we had no choice but to watch. 奇怪的是戰(zhàn)爭的那天我們卻原地按兵不動。我們不能動彈這就是這次戰(zhàn)爭的整個含意除了監(jiān)視敵人，我們別無他法。2逆序法；即顛倒原文的順序，將句首的內(nèi)容放到句尾，句尾的內(nèi)容放到句首。1)He was dumb-founded at her insistence that he explain where every cent of his allowance had gone她非要他講清楚他津貼中的每一分錢都到哪兒去了，他啞口無言。3. 時

48、序法；按事件發(fā)生時間的先后順序翻譯。1) We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after we left China in 1959.我們于1959年離開了中國。此后，中國連續(xù)三年遭到自然災(zāi)害。當(dāng)我們在家里讀到這方面的消息時，心情頗為低沉。 4. 拆分法；將句中的插入成分提取出來單獨翻譯，另起一句放在句末。1) They, not unexpectedly, did not respond.他們沒有答復(fù)，這完全

49、是意料之中的事。2) Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution.她滿以為會有某種奇跡般的解決辦法，這顯然不合情理。VIII. 語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換 約定俗成英語中的被動語態(tài)使用極為廣泛，尤其以科技英語最為常見。考試中的閱讀內(nèi)容中有相當(dāng)量的科技題材，所以翻譯題目也往往少不了被動語態(tài)的處理。The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed an

50、d partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. （2002）行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展緩慢，部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到 翻譯被動語態(tài)的常用方法技巧漢語中的被動結(jié)構(gòu)不那么常用，因為從習(xí)慣上講，漢語中的“被”、“遭”、“受”、“挨”等字眼總是給人以不那么舒服的感覺，因此在英漢翻譯時，我們應(yīng)盡量將被動語態(tài)化為主動結(jié)構(gòu)1將英語被動直接轉(zhuǎn)為漢語的主動1）Every moment of every day, energy is being transformed

51、from one form into another.每時每刻，能量都在由一種形式變?yōu)榱硪环N形式。（保持原主語不變）2）The picture was painted by Professor Smith.這幅畫是史密斯教授畫的。（轉(zhuǎn)換為系表結(jié)構(gòu)）2將英語被動轉(zhuǎn)為漢語的無主句1) The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to.必須立即終止這種的噪音。2) Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.已經(jīng)注意到采取防腐新措施。3 英語被動語態(tài)保持不

52、變英語被動語態(tài)的翻譯，在必要的時候（尤其是用以表達令人不快的事件）也可以譯作漢語的被動結(jié)構(gòu)，分別譯作“被”、“給”、“遭”、“受”、“讓”、“為所”等字眼。1) Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.我們隨時都會被出入機場的敵機發(fā)現(xiàn)。2) At the end of the month he was fired for incompetence.月底，他因自己無能而給解雇了。 4英語被動語態(tài)用意譯法表達 英語被動語態(tài)的謂語都是及物動詞，有時候漢語中沒有類似的

53、表達法。在這種情況下，就只能根據(jù)原文的意思進行意譯。1) The village is populated by about 13,000 farmers.這個村子里住著大約13,000農(nóng)民。2) Most trees are denuded of leaves in winter.大多數(shù)樹木冬天要落葉。IX. 正反交替 相得益彰英語中的否定按語言學(xué)家們的劃分大致上有4類：完全否定（帶no的詞語，如nothing, none等）、半否定（hardly, scarcely等）、部分否定（not all, not every等）及帶否定意義的詞語（fail, without等），翻譯時一般情況下可

54、以對號入座。不過也并非見到y(tǒng)es便是“是”，no便是“不”，有很多情況需要根據(jù)具體問題酌情處理，Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.（2002）字面翻譯：直到這些問題被解決，研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會繼續(xù)被排斥，解決問題的唯一方式可能也隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥。（如果）這些問題得不到解決，研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會繼續(xù)受到排斥，解決問題的唯一方式可能也隨之繼續(xù)受

55、到排斥。 （正說反譯）英譯漢的正反交替的一般處理方法1. 英語為肯定式，漢語譯作否定式1) It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. (prep.)他無權(quán)簽訂這種合同。(介詞beyond由“超過”之意轉(zhuǎn)譯為“無”)2) Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst. (adv.)時間是我們最缺少的，但可嘆之至，偏偏許多人最不善于利用。(副詞worst由“最糟”之意轉(zhuǎn)譯為“最不善于”)2 英語為否定式，漢語譯作肯定式 1) Dont lose time in postin

56、g this letter. 趕快把這封信寄出去。（不要喪失趕快）2) Some people can eat what they like and get no fatter有些人愛吃什么就吃什么，照樣瘦。（不長胖照樣瘦）3同一詞語，既可譯作肯定式，又可譯作否定式 1) Im new to the work.這工作我是生手。（這工作我不熟悉。）2) He is free with his money.他花錢大手大腳。（他花錢從不吝嗇。）4英語中的雙重否定結(jié)構(gòu)1) There is no rule that has no exception.所有的規(guī)則都有例外。（沒有不例外的規(guī)則。）2) Th

57、ere is not any advantage without disadvantage.有一利必有一弊。3) It never rains but it pours.不雨則已，雨必傾盆。4) It is impossible but that a man will make some mistakes.人不會不犯錯誤。（人總會犯錯誤。）5否定的轉(zhuǎn)移英語動詞think，believe，suppose，notbecause等否定結(jié)構(gòu)，在譯成漢語時，須將否定的部位由句子的前面轉(zhuǎn)移到后面，這就叫做“否定的轉(zhuǎn)移”。如：1) I dont think we need waste much time o

58、n this.我想我們不必在這個問題上浪費許多時間。2) She didnt believe that such things mattered much.她認(rèn)為這種事情無關(guān)緊要。6. 翻譯中的否定的陷阱 allnot（并非都）1) All that glitters is not gold.發(fā)光的不一定都是金子。2) All cities did not look like as they do today.在過去，城市并不都像今天這樣個個千篇一律。bothnot（并非兩者都）1) But you see, we both cannot go.但是我告訴你，我們倆不能同時都走。2) Both

59、 the instruments are not precision ones.這兩件東西不都是精密儀器。cannottoo（怎么也不足以）1) The importance of this conference cannot be overestimated.這次會議的重要性無論怎么強調(diào)也不。2) I shall never be able to stress too much for your kindness.不管我怎么感謝你，都不足以報恩于萬一。3) You cannot be too careful in proofreading. 校對時，越仔細(xì)越好。for all（盡管；不；說不

60、定）1) He seemed as fresh as ever, for all that I never saw him drink or eat.盡管我從未見到他喝點什么或吃點什么，他似乎仍然精神飽滿。2) You may leave at once for all I care.你盡可立即離開，我才不管呢。It be + adj. + noun + that（再也會）1) It is a good workman that never blunders.智者千慮，必有一失。（再聰明的工匠也難免出錯。）2) It is a long lane that has no end.路必有彎。（再