學(xué)術(shù)英語理工詳解答案Unit4

1、Unit 4 Writing a Literature ReviewUnit Contents1 Writing a literature review2 Writing a self-contained literature review3 Writing a literature review as a part of an essay4 Citation5 Documentation6 Avoiding plagiarism7 Paraphrasing8 Enhancing your academic languageUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1

2、 Writing a literature reviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature ReviewUnit 3 Listening to Lectures1 Writing a literature Review1 Writing a literature Review1 The four essays were published right after the Fukushima disaster in Japan and all addressed the topic of potential risks of nuclear radiation. 2 Radi

3、ation is not so terrible as expected and human beings are exposed to different sources of radiation every day. Whether it will endanger human health or not depends on the duration and strength of radiation exposure. 1 Writing a literature Review1 Writing a literature Review3 Amber Cornelio holds a d

4、ifferent attitude from the other three authors. He believes that radiation exposure will certainly raise the risk of getting cancer and government officials downplay its potential danger to justify its use of nuclear power. Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature Review1 Writing a l

5、iterature Review5 It seems that the Text 11, 12, 14 provide more scientific facts about nuclear radiation than Text 13 which is more emotionally charged by using many rhetorical questions and the phrases like “I am simply floored, “l(fā)et officials be oblivious, “not to be outdone, “Do not tell us abou

6、t that. Hence it appears less reliable and trustworthy. Unit 4 Writing a Literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 111 By how many particles of radiation from natural sources has a typical person been struck every second?A typical person

7、 is, and always has been struck by 15,000 particles of radiation every second from natural sources.1 Writing a literature Review1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 112 How many deaths are estimated to be caused by air p

8、ollution from coal burning per year?Air pollution from coal burning is estimated to be causing 10,000 deaths per year.1 Writing a literature Review1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 113 What problems can very high radi

9、ation doses cause? Very high radiation doses can destroy body functions and lead to death within 60 days.1 Writing a literature Review1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.5 h 10 j 1 i 2 f3 g4 c6 a7 b8

10、e9 d 1 Writing a literature Review1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.1 a small (缺口) in the dam2 (淺的) foundation3 (履行) a promise4 the (幸存者) of the earthquake5 (假設(shè)的) situation6 (發(fā)起) a reform7

11、have (潛力) as an artist8 (不顧) their strong disagreement9 (中和) acids10 be in (聯(lián)系) with each other11 (運輸) goods by lorry12 the (大量) of exportsbreachshallowimplementsurvivor(s)hypotheticalinitiatepotentialdespiteneutralizecontacttransportvolume1 Writing a literature Review1 Writing a literature ReviewUn

12、it 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.13 (穿透) the fog14 (證實) my suspicious15 (戰(zhàn)略) of sustainable development16 a rough (估計) of your income17 (顯著的) change18 power (產(chǎn)生)19 (轉(zhuǎn)移) ones glance from an ugly sight20 (醫(yī)學(xué)的) apparatus a

13、nd instruments21 (傳播) knowledge22 territorial (完整)23 (賠償) for the losspenetrateconfirmstrategyestimatenoticeablegenerationavertmedicaldisperseintegritycompensate1 Writing a literature Review1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the

14、paragraph.Radiation (和原子能有聯(lián)系). It can cause unwanted chemical reactions in the cell and proteins to fold improperly. Whether it is harmful to mans health (某種程度上取決于) the degree of exposure. In small doses, the cell has enough mechanisms to (來對付) misfolded proteins and repair itself. When exposed to a

15、 large amount of radiation, the cells defenses are overwhelmed. Therefore an increase in cancer in the area where (輻射泄漏發(fā)生) often (由于長時間暴露在輻射下).is associated with nuclear energydepends somewhat ontake care ofradiation leakage takes placearises fromheavy exposure of radiation1 Writing a literature Rev

16、iew1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Enhancing your academic language1 輻射自然存在于我們的環(huán)境當(dāng)中,一般人每秒鐘都遭受著來自自然資源中15，000個粒子的輻射，而一次普通的醫(yī)療X光檢查那么帶有1，000億個粒子的輻射。2 這些材料主要通過發(fā)電廠常規(guī)運行時的少量釋放物，核電站事故和放射性材料運輸事故、以及放射性廢料從隔離系統(tǒng)中泄漏而與人體發(fā)生接觸的。3 在利用現(xiàn)有技術(shù)預(yù)防遺傳性疾病方面還有很多事可以做；如果利用核工業(yè)納稅款的1%來進(jìn)一步實施這項技術(shù)，那么每一種由核

17、工業(yè)造成的疾病中有80例遺傳疾病都將得到防止。Translate the following sentences from Text 11 into Chinese.1 Writing a literature Review1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Enhancing your academic languageTranslate the following sentences from Text 11 into Chinese.4 高劑量的輻射會摧毀身體機(jī)能并在60天內(nèi)導(dǎo)致死亡，但這種“明

18、顯的死亡僅僅在2%的核反響堆熔毀事故中能夠被預(yù)料到，在0.2%的熔毀事故中會超過100天，而在1/100,000的熔毀事故中會超過3，500天。5 對于氡效應(yīng)的全面估計是一家運行了一年的核電站最終將防止幾百人死亡，而一個同等的煤電廠將最終導(dǎo)致30人死亡。1 Writing a literature Review1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 121 What do the health effe

19、cts caused by radiation exposure depend on?The health effects caused by radiation exposure depend on its level, type and duration.1 Writing a literature Review1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 122 What are the first s

20、ymptoms of radiation sickness? How about a period of serious illness? The first symptoms of radiation sicknessnausea, vomiting, and diarrheacan appear within minutes or in days, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A period of serious illness, including appetite loss, fa

21、tigue, fever, gastrointestinal problems, and possible seizures or coma, may follow and last from hours to months.1 Writing a literature Review1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 123 Why are the effects of long-term, low

22、-dose radiation much more difficult to gauge?DNA damage from ionizing radiation can cause mutations that lead to cancer, especially in tissues with high rates of cell division, such as the gastrointestinal tract, reproductive cells and bone marrow. But the increase in cancer risk is so small as to b

23、e difficult to determine without studying a very large exposed population of people.1 Writing a literature Review1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their defin

24、itions.5 j 10 g 1 e 2 a3 i4 h6 c7 b8 d9 f Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.1 The match wont (發(fā)生沖突) the general election.2 (勇敢面對) difficulties3 Some drugs have

25、a (有毒的) effect on the body.4 The fuel (測量儀器) dropped swiftly.5 Its (后果) will never be fully known.6 the (持續(xù)時間) of the movie7 a box of (紙巾)8 Accounting and banking have changed (戲劇地).9 suggest a possible (情況)collide withbravedeleteriousgaugesaftermathdurationtissuesdramaticallyscenarioUnit 4 Writing

26、a Literature Review1 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.10 Physics is governed by (宇宙的) laws.11 Everything is absolutely (正常的).12 Water power can be used to (形成) electricity.13 The children were (疏

27、散) to the country.14 This city (經(jīng)歷) great changes.15 (承受) the severe fuel shortage16 Energy is released by the (裂變) of atomic nuclei.17 (調(diào)整) a number of its strategiescosmicnormalgenerateevacuatedunderwentsustainfissionrepositionUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature review1 Writin

28、g a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.18 Everyone must (遵守) by the law.19 keep calm in an (突發(fā)事件)20 a famine (隨之而來的) the war21 The project could (刺激) imports.22 The house was a (殘骸).23 be used for tracking virus (傳播)24 make great profit

29、 in the (長期的) growing25 To (犯錯誤) is human.26 I would (警告) you against undue optimism.abideemergencyin the wake ofstokewreckprevalencelong-termerrcautionUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the paragraph

30、. (當(dāng)涉及) the use of nuclear energy, the debate about it has never ceased. Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (再一次引起對的擔(dān)憂) the safety of nuclear power plants. Although nuclear power plants provide about 6% of the worlds energy and 1314% of the worlds electricity, people now have to (權(quán)衡其危險和優(yōu)點). For radi

31、ation leakage often follows (緊隨而來的) the disaster of a nuclear power plant and poses many threats to people and the environment.When it comes tohas againweigh their risks and benefitsin the wake ofraised concerns overUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literatur

32、e reviewl Enhancing your academic language1 盡管放射性的蒸汽已經(jīng)被釋放以降低被毀壞的絡(luò)合物反響堆的壓力，并且在三次爆炸中有額外的輻射泄露，但是正在發(fā)生的輻射水平卻沒有一直處于最高點。2 這一類型的輻射有足夠的能量來電離原子通常通過毀壞電子而產(chǎn)生正電，從而給予這些原子化學(xué)潛能，使之與生物組織中的原子和分子發(fā)生對人體有害的反響。3 這是因為大局部的伽瑪射線和X光射線無需通過與身體的組織發(fā)生作用就原子水平而言，身體根本上是中空的空間而直接穿透身體，而無法穿透組織的射線和射線那么會通過與身體原子的碰撞使其能量得以擴(kuò)展，并且有可能導(dǎo)致更多的損壞。Transla

33、te the following sentences from Text 12 into Chinese.Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic language4 由于電離輻射所帶來的脫氧核糖核酸的破壞可能會造成重大改變，導(dǎo)致癌癥的發(fā)生，尤其是對有高頻率細(xì)胞分裂的組織，比方消化道、生殖細(xì)胞和骨髓。5 根據(jù)岡薩雷斯的觀點，在切爾諾貝利工作的一些應(yīng)急工人受了幾西韋特的輻射。因為炎熱的緣故，許多人根本上是

34、“赤裸地工作，這就使得被污染的粉末通過他們的皮膚被身體吸收。Translate the following sentences from Text 12 into Chinese.Unit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 131 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literature review1 Why do the officials tend to downplay everything concerning

35、radiation?Officials tend to downplay everything, so as not to make the masses panic as were being adversely affected from all sorts of things.Unit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 131 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literature review2 How many

36、 years would the processes take to deem those radioactive elements harmless according to experts in a talk show?Listening to a talk show recently, experts say that the processes would take some 80 to 100 years to deem those radioactive elements harmless.Unit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional

37、 questions for your understanding of Text 131 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literature review3 What is the writers attitude toward the building of nuclear reactor?Negative.Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic l

38、anguageMatch the words with their definitions.5 i 10 b 1 f 2 d3 g4 h6 e7 j8 a9 c Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.1 make the masses (恐慌)2 feed the (營養(yǎng)不良的)3 the

39、 (禽類) market4 (監(jiān)控) the radiation in food5 (合成的) drugs6 (難倒) by his question7 smaller (濃度) of radiation in the environment8 lie (明目張膽地)panicmalnutritionedpoultrymonitorsyntheticfloorconcentrationsblatantlyUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literature reviewl En

40、hancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.9 a (極端的) situation10 (確保) safety11 a less-informed (老百姓)12 local (家禽) farmers13 be (困惑不解) by increases in disease14 (代表) manufacturing companies15 (認(rèn)為) the radioactive elements harmless16 in a state of (極樂)17 a(n) (檢測得到的)

41、 increase of radiation in the milkdireensurepopulacelivestockperplexedrepresentdeemblissdetectableUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.18 a(n) (吞食) their prey19 (分

42、心) me from my work20 (造成) no health concern21 a milk (樣品)22 have an (不利的) impact23 new glass cases (密不透風(fēng)地) sealed24 (偏高的) levels of radioactive material in water25 the (即將到來的) talksdevoureddistractposesampleadversehermeticallyelevatedforthcomingUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literatur

43、e review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the paragraph. (令人吃驚的是) that PM2.5, which has been long with us, is found dangerous to our health. But officials (對其危險輕描淡寫) of PM2.5, so as not to make the masses panic. They (認(rèn)為PM2.5沒有危害性) except that one is exposed to

44、a large amount of it. Is it true? According to scientists, PM or particulate matter, is the term for particles found in the air, including dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets. Particles can be suspended in the air for long periods of time and (對人造成嚴(yán)重危害) as PM2.5 penetrates deeper into the p

45、arts of the lungs that are more vulnerable to injury. So I think (最好多加以思考然后) arguing that PM2.5 is harmless.It should come as a surprisedeem PM2.5 harmlesspose a serious risk to humanstend to downplay the riskit would be better to think twice beforeUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a liter

46、ature review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic language1 官員們?yōu)榱瞬蛔尮娍只牛@一次又將輻射輕描淡寫。事實上周圍各種事物已經(jīng)給我們帶來有害影響： 如，添了氟化物的水、化學(xué)殺蟲劑、不必要的強(qiáng)制接種、使用激素、用人工飼料喂養(yǎng)牲畜和家禽和改變基因的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品等。 2 任何正常人在未來的80到100年都不再想去日本，這一事實足以說明那里的形勢有多么嚴(yán)峻。3 日常生活中輻射無處不在，已檢測出的輻射與我們每天接觸到的相比，數(shù)量微乎其微。Translate the following sentences from

47、 Text 13 into Chinese.Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic language4 不存在一個較低的輻射量下限，低于這個下限輻射是平安的，不會造成危害。任何數(shù)量的輻射都會破壞人體細(xì)胞。5 當(dāng)我們的兄弟正在遭受苦難時，哪怕他們離我們很遠(yuǎn)，我們怎么會無動于衷呢？Translate the following sentences from Text 13 into Chinese.Uni

48、t 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 141 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literature review1 What effects can cesium-137, strontium-90 and plutonium-239 have on the body?Cesium-137 can travel through the food chain in milk or vegetables and can i

49、ncrease the risk of variouscancers; strontium-90 is absorbed into bones and teeth and can increase the risk of leukemia or bone cancer. Plutonium-239 is toxic if inhaled.Unit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 141 Writing a literature review1 Writing a

50、 literature review2 What is one of the possible acute effects of exposure to high levels of radiation over a small period of time? Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) or radiation sickness.Unit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 141 Writing a literature rev

51、iew1 Writing a literature review3 Through what way does the chronic exposure to radiation increase cancer?Chronic exposure to radiation increases cancer risk by disrupting the control process of repairing damaged tissue, permitting uncontrolled cell growth and inhibiting apoptosis.Unit 4 Writing a L

52、iterature Review1 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.5 h 10 a 1 i 2 b3 f4 e6 j7 d8 c9 g Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic

53、languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.1 the (病癥) of depression2 the (核心) curriculum3 speak in a (威脅的) tone4 a study on the male (不育)5 (危害) human health6 the (日積月累的) effect of human activity on the environment7 a harmful (劑量) of radiation8 (攝入) radioactive particles through exposed

54、food9 (穿透) the skinsymptomscoremenacingsterilitycompromisecumulativedoseingestpenetrateUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.10 his (過早的) death at the age of 3711 t

55、he temperature (徘徊) around 38 degrees12 (打亂) the process of repairing damaged tissue13 a rise in premarital (受孕)14 an earthquake of 9.0 (震級)15 (激發(fā)) interest in art16 a(n) (劇烈的) pain in the chest17 special (設(shè)施) for the disabled18 energy (傳送) in the form of particlesprematurehoveringdisruptconception(

56、s)magnitudesparkacutefacilitiestransmittedUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the paragraph. (估計人數(shù)) who live with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa (從二千萬到三千萬). (由于對人類造成很大的威脅), how to (控制住這個疾病) becomes most urg

57、ent. To (了解其性質(zhì)) of transmission is the first step as (對恐懼) the infection with HIV are unreasonable but (繼續(xù)在蔓延). There are major routes of transmission: unsafe sex, contaminated needles, breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth (對產(chǎn)生不同的影響) the human immune system.Esti

58、mate of the number of peopleAs it poses a threat to humanbring the disease under controlranges from 20million to 30 millionget a sense of the naturefears aboutcontinue to spreadeach willhave various effects onUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literature revie

59、wl Enhancing your academic language1 2021年3月11日日本發(fā)生了9級大地震，地震引起的海嘯給沿海地區(qū)造成消滅性的破壞，海嘯過后，村莊被夷為平地。2 碘131的半衰期為8天，意味著8天過后其放射性衰弱為以前的一半，從而使它的放射性效果存在的時間相對較短。3 人們經(jīng)常受到的輻射是在一些常見的醫(yī)學(xué)檢查過程中造成的。想要知道3毫西弗的量有多大，不妨考慮以下幾種情況：拍一次普通的乳房X光照片承受的輻射量為0.13毫西弗；胸透的輻射量為0.1毫西弗，一次常規(guī)牙齒X光片的輻射量是0.040.15毫西弗。Translate the following sentences

60、 from Text 14 into Chinese.Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic language4 迄今為止，一些參與核電站搶險、力爭控制核泄露形勢的工作人員已經(jīng)承受了高劑量的輻射，其中有幾位在進(jìn)入含有高濃度輻射的電站水池作業(yè)后已入院治療。5 承受高劑量的輻射能給安康帶來各種嚴(yán)重問題，通常只有那些接近輻射源的人員，如核反響堆工人，才會有這些問題。短時間內(nèi)的高劑量輻射可能帶來的一個嚴(yán)重后果