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1、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法1)As Lily missed the bus, she was late for the class.Missing the bus, she was late for the class.2)As the student was scolded by the teacher, she felt unhappy. scolded by the teacher, she felt unhappy.、現(xiàn)在分詞(一)現(xiàn)在分詞的定義:現(xiàn)在分詞(Present Participle (又稱-ing形式、現(xiàn)在進行式),是分詞的一種,由動詞原形+ing形式組成。 具有雙重性,一面

2、具有動詞的特征,可以有自己的賓語和狀語;另一面具有形容詞和副詞的特征,可以 充當表語,定語,狀語,補足語,可以表示主動或正在進行的動作,是非謂語動詞的一種。(二)現(xiàn)在分詞的功能與用法:1 .作定語單個分詞作定語時放在所修飾的名詞前,分詞短語作定語時放在后,并且名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間存有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。一般都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為一個進行時的定語從句。e.gaunningboy aboywhoisrunningan old manstandingthere an old manwhoisstandingthere例如:The report indicated that 45% of students were

3、 in jobs notspecific qualifications.A. requiringB. to be required C. being required D. to have required2 .作補語只有兩類動詞可以加現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補:1) 感官動詞:seehearwatchfeelnoticeobservefindlisten tolook at2)使役動詞:havegetmake注意:要想用現(xiàn)在分詞來作賓補,只能是用于這些詞后,但是并不代表這些動詞后的賓補形式都要用現(xiàn) 在分詞(有些后面可以加不帶to的不定式作賓補)。eg.I saw Thomaplaying compute

4、r games.Don't have the studentstudying all day.注意:賓語與作賓補的現(xiàn)在分詞之間存在 邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,即賓語是現(xiàn)在分詞動作的發(fā)出者。3 .作表語(1)分詞作表語有兩種情況,一種是現(xiàn)在分詞作表語,一種是過去分詞作表語,究竟是用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過去分詞作表語是學生們經(jīng)常困惑的地方。一般來說,表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如excite, interest等都是及物動詞,漢語意思不是 激動: 高興”,而是使激動“、使高興”,因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是 冷人激動的”、 冷人高興的”,過去分詞則是 感到激動的”和 感到高興的"。所以,凡表示 冷人的”都是ing

5、形式, 凡是表示 感到”都用ed形式。這類詞常見的有:interesting使人感到高興 一interested感到高興的exciting令人激動的一excited感到激動的delighting令人高興的一delighted感到高興的disappointing令人失望的disappointed感至U失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的 一encourage謔至U鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的一pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人費解的一puzzled感到費解的 satisfying 令人滿意的 satisfied 感到滿意的surprising令人驚異的 一surprised

6、感到驚異的 worrying 令人擔心的 worried 感到擔心的如: Traveling is interesting but tiring.The pupils will get confusedif they learn too much at a time.如果讓學生學得太多,他們會感到糊涂的。4 . 作狀語 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語多表示時間、條件、原因、讓步、結(jié)果、方式、伴隨等。思考題1: 請將下列句子中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的狀語從句:Walking in the street,I saw him. (時間狀語)Working hard,you will succeed. (條件狀語)

7、Being ill,she stayed at home. (原因狀語)Having failed many times,he didn t lose heart. (讓步狀語)His parents died,leaving him an orphan. (結(jié)果狀語)Please answer the question using another way. (方式狀語)He entered the classroom, taking a book in his hand.(伴隨狀語)注意: 有些慣用的分詞短語在句中可以沒有邏輯上的主語而獨立存在:generally speaking般來說 J

8、udging from/by 由判斷出strictly speaking 嚴格來說roughly speaking 大致來說narrowly speaking 狹義上說broadly speaking廣義上說(三)現(xiàn)在分詞的獨立主格獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)(Independent Genitive有兩部分組成,前一部份是 名詞或者代詞,后一部分是非謂 語動詞(不定式、動名詞和分詞)或形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語。前后兩部分具有邏輯主謂關(guān)系。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中做狀語,多用于書面語。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)本身不是句子,在句子中作狀語,表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨、目的等。 e.g.Winter coming, it gets

9、 colder and colde(rit 在句中指代的是”天氣 ”)Weatherpermitting,we will go outing this weekend.思考題2: 請將以上兩個句子中的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)改為相應(yīng)的狀語從句。(四)現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài):時態(tài)語態(tài)主動式被動式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式:(1)現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式通常表示其動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生。如:She sat thereeading a novel(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式所表示的動作有時在謂語動詞的動作之前發(fā)生。如:Going int

10、o the room he shut the door.走進房間,他就關(guān)上了 門?,F(xiàn)在分詞的完成式:現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式表示其動作在謂語動詞的動作之前完成。Having finished her homeworkhe little boy began to watch TV.做完作業(yè)后,這個小男孩開始看電視?,F(xiàn)在分詞的被動式:現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式表示其邏輯主語為現(xiàn)在分詞動作的承受者。(1)現(xiàn)在分詞的一般被動式。如:The building being builtis our library.(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動式。如:Having been told many time he still did

11、not know how to do it.(人家)已經(jīng)告訴他多少次了,他還是不知道怎么做。思考題3:請將下列兩個句子中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語改為相應(yīng)的定語從句或狀語從句。1. The questionbeing discusseis of great importance.2. Having been warned by the teach ehe students didn ' t make such mistakes.例如:1.1 n the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet

12、 at home.A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited2 .According to a recent U.S. survey, children spent up to 25 hours a week TV.A. to watch B. to watch C. watching D. watch3 .The flu is believed be viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.A. cau

13、sing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused4 .The flowers sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt5 .Don' t leave the water while you brush your teeth.A. run B. running C. being run D. to run6 .They see yo

14、u as something of a worrier,problems which dotnexist and crossing bridges long before you come to them.A. settling B. discovering C. seeing D. designing3 / 7答:選C解讀:根據(jù)句意 他們把你看成是一個杞人憂天的人,常常考慮一些并不存在的問題,為那些尚未發(fā)生的事情而煩惱?!笨芍?,只有see才有考慮”之意。settle解決;discover發(fā)現(xiàn);design設(shè)計。7 .The news reporters hurried to the airp

15、ort, only the film stars had left.A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told8 .You were silly not your car.A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked9 .The man insisted a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding10 .The old man,ab

16、road for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked參考答案:1-10 CCCBB CBBCD二、過去分詞(一)過去分詞的概念過去分詞只有一種形式,沒有主動語態(tài),它所表示的動作是一個被動的或是已完成的動作。過 去分詞在句中可用作定語、表語、賓語或狀語等成分。過去分詞在句中作某種成分時,其邏輯主語 一般為該分詞所表示的動作的承受者。(二)過去分詞的功能與用法(1)作定語過去分詞作定語時,如果這個分詞是一個單詞,就位于其

17、修飾的名詞之前,如果是分詞短語,就位于其修飾的名詞之后。被過去分詞所修飾的名詞,就是該分詞的邏輯主語,如:The stolen car wasfound by the police last week.(2)作表語過去分詞作表語時,表示其邏輯主語所處的狀態(tài),其邏輯主語就是句中的主語,如:The glassis broken .這個玻璃杯是破的。作表語用的過去分詞在許多詞典中已列為形容詞,如:crowded, devoted, discouraged, done,dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, ki

18、lled, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered 等。注意:過去分詞作表語時,和動詞的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)相似,但兩者表達的意義不同,如:The glass was broken by my little brother.這個玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的(3)作賓語補足語過去分詞作賓語補足語時,句中的賓語就是其邏輯主語,如:When I opened the door, I found the4

19、/ 7groundcovered by fallen leaves .注意:動詞have 后的復(fù)合賓語中,賓語補足語如為過去分詞,常表示該分詞所表示的動作是由別人來執(zhí)行的而不是句中主語自己來執(zhí)行的,如:I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我(找別人)把我的自行車給修了。( 4)作狀語過去分詞作狀語時,相當于一個狀語從句,該結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語一般都是主句的主語,是過去分詞所表示意義的邏輯賓語。為了使作狀語的過去分詞意義更加明確,常在分詞前加when, if, while,though, as等連詞,如:Seen from the hill/ When seen f

20、rom the hill , our town looks beautiful.Given more time/ If given more time , we could have done it better. ( we 是該結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語,是 give 的邏輯賓語。)三、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別(一)語態(tài)不同現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動概念,及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動概念。an inspiring speech 鼓舞人心的演說the inspired audience 受鼓舞的聽眾(二)時間關(guān)系不同現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作一般是正在進行中的動作,而過去分詞所表示的動作,往往是已經(jīng)完成 的動作,如:the

21、 changing world 正在發(fā)生的世界;the changed world 已經(jīng)起了變化的世界。四、動名詞( 一)動名詞的句法功能動名詞由動詞加ing 構(gòu)成, 與現(xiàn)在分詞的形式相同。動名詞主要起名詞作用,在句中擔任主語、表語、賓語和定語。1 . 作主語 : 可以直接放在句首,也可以用先行代詞it 作為形式主語,而把動名詞后置。eg. Seeing is believing. ( 眼見為實)Saying is easier than doing.動名詞作主語還有以下兩個習慣表答法:It is no use (good) +動名詞:做某事沒有用e.g.It's no usecryi

22、ng over spilt milk.(覆水又t收)There is no + 動名詞 (=It is impossible to do sth.)e.g. There is no knowing what may happen.(未來的事無法知道)2 .作表語:通常是說明主語的內(nèi)容,注意它與謂語動詞進行時的區(qū)別。e.g. His hobby is collecting stamps (此句為 SVC 結(jié)構(gòu))可改為:Collecting stamps is his hobby.Cf. He is collecting stamps (is collecting 是謂語動詞進行時,此句為 SVO

23、 結(jié)構(gòu)) 不能改為: Collecting stamps is he.3 .作賓語A. 作及物動詞的賓語 enjoy, mind, finish, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, escape, pratise, suggest, keep(on), misse.g. (2005 年上海卷 32 ) He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn't risk thegood opportunity.A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. be

24、ing lost答案為B有些動詞(attempt, begin, continue, hate, like, love )后面既可以接不定式作賓語,也可以接動名 詞作賓語,意義差別不大。通常認為用動名詞泛指一般的傾向性,用不定式則表示特定或具體某一種動作。e.g. I like swimming but I don't like to swim in winter .動詞prefer后面接不定式作賓語時,句子結(jié)構(gòu)與接動名詞作賓語是不一樣。e.g. I prefer to drive rather than to be driven.I prefer driving toriding .

25、思考題:請翻譯以上兩個句子。有些動詞,如forget, remember, regret等,后面接動名詞表示的動作先于謂語動詞動作,不定式 表示的動作后于謂語動詞。e.g. When asked by police, he said that he remembered at he party, but not.A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leave C. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave在下歹U句型中動名詞作真正賓語:動詞+it (形式賓語)+賓補+動名詞(真正賓語)e.g. I think it

26、 no use telling them.We think it no good inviting to him.B.作介詞的賓語 e.g.Thepresident spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour his notes.A. bringing up B. referring to C. looking for D. trying onbe used to doing 習慣于做;look forward to doing 盼望做;devote one's life to doing 致力于做; spent time (in)

27、 doing 花時間做;be fond of doing 喜愛做; be good at doing 擅長做; be proud of doing 為做而自豪;be tired of doing 對做 感到厭倦;feel like doing 欲想彳go on doing繼續(xù)做(原來 的事);keep on doing 不停地做;what about doing 做怎么樣;think of doing 考慮彳故;be interested in doing 對做感興趣;have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing做某事有困難;be busy (in) doing 忙于做;instead of doing 做而不做e.g. Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and jokes.A. turning up B. putting up C. making up D. showi

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