萬噸油田含油污泥萃取法處理及資源化利用工程項目建議

1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。萬噸油田含油污泥萃取法處理及資源化利用工程項目建議萬噸油田含油污泥萃取法處理及資源化利用工程項目建議50萬噸/年油田含油污泥萃取法處理及資源化利用工程項 目 建 議 書大慶油田飛馬有限公司二00五年九月12airport was built during the war, but for some reason it could not be used then. Last year, however, it came into use. Over a hundred people must have

2、been driven away from their homes by the noise. I am one of the few people left. Sometimes I think this house will be knocked down by a passing plane. I have been offered a large sum of money to go away, but I am determined to stay here. Everybody says I must be mad and they are probably right. 

3、;  Lesson22 A glass envelope 玻璃信封 My daughter, Jane, never dreamed of receiving a letter from a girl of her own age in Holland. Last year, we were travelling across the Channel and Jane put a piece of paper with her name and address on it into a bottle. She threw the bottle into the s

4、ea. She never thought of it again, but ten months later, she received a letter from a girl in Holland. Both girls write to each other regularly now. However, they have decided to use the post-office. Letters will cost a litt1e more, but they will certainly travel faster.    Lesson23 A

5、 new house 新居 I had a letter from my sister yesterday. She lives in Nigeria. In her letter, she said that she would come to England next year. If she comes, she will get a surprise. We are now  living in a beautiful new house in the country. Work on it had begun before my sister left. The

6、house was completed five months ago. In my letter, I told her that she could stay with us. The house has many large rooms and there is a lovely garden. It is a very modern house, so it looks strange to some people. It must be the only modern house in the district.   Lesson24 It could

7、be worse 不幸中之萬幸 I entered the hotel manager's office and sat down. I had just lost &50 and I felt very upset.' I left the money in my room,' I said, 'and it's not there now.' The manager was sympathetic, but he could do nothing. 'Everyone's losing money these

8、 days,' he said. He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door. A girl came in and put an envelope on his desk. It contained &5o. 'I found this outside this gentleman's room' she said. 'Well,' I said to the manager, 'there i

9、s still some honesty in this world !'   lesson25 Do the English speak English? 英國人講的是英語嗎？ I arrived in London at last. The railway station was big, black and dark. I did not know the way to my hotel, so I asked a porter. I not only spoke English very carefully, but very clear

10、ly as well. The porter, however, could not understand me; I repeated my question several times and at last he understood. He answered me, but he spoke neither slowly nor clearly. 'I am a foreigner,' I said. Then he spoke slowly, but I could not understand him. My teacher never spoke English

11、like that! The porter and I looked at each other and smiled. Then he said something and I understood it. 'You'll soon learn English!' he said. I wonder. In England, each man speaks a different language. The English understand each other, but I don't understand them ! Do they speak En

12、glish ?   lesson26 The best art critics 最佳美術評論家 I am an art student and I paint a lot of pictures. Many people pretend that they understand modern art. They always tell you what a picture is 'about'. Of course, many pictures arc not 'about' anything. They are just

13、 pretty patterns. We like them in the same way that we like pretty curtain material. I think that young children often appreciate modern pictures better than anyone else. They notice more. My sister is only seven, but she always tells me whether my pictures are good or not. She came into my room yes

14、terday. ' What are you doing ?' she asked. ' I'm hanging this picture on the wall,' I answered. 'It's a new one. Do you like it ?' She looked at it critically for a moment.' It's all right,' she said, 'but isn't it upside-down ?' I looked at it

15、 again. She was right! It was!   Lesson27 A wet night 雨夜 Late in the afternoon, the boys put up their tent in the middle of a field. As soon as this was done, they cooked a meal over an open fire. They were all hungry and the food smelt good. After a wonderful meal, they told sto

16、ries and sang songs by the camp fire. But some time later it began to rain. The boys felt tired so they pet out the fire and crept into their tent. Their sleeping-bags were warm and comfortable, so they all slept soundly. In the middle of the night, two boys woke up and began shouting. The tent was

17、full of water! They all leapt out of their sleeping-bags and hurried outside. It was raining heavily and they found that a stream had formed in the field. The stream wound its way across the field and then flowed right under their tent!   Lesson28 No parking 禁止停車 Jasper White is

18、one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths. He has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with motorists. when he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outside his gate. Because of this, he has not been able to g

19、et his own car into his garage even once. Jasper has put up' No Parking' signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect. Now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate. It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen. I asked him what it was and he told me that it was Medusa, the

20、 Gorgon. Jasper hopes that she will turn motorists to stone. But none of them has been turned to stone yet!   Lesson29 Taxi! 出租汽車！ Captain Ben Fawcett has bought an unusual taxi and has begun a new service. The 'taxi' is a small Swiss aeroplane called a 'Pilatus Porte

21、r'. This wonderful plane can carry seven passengers. The most surprising thing about it, however, is that it can land anywhere: on snow, water, or even on a ploughed field. Captain Fawcett's first passenger was a doctor who flew from Birmingham to a lonely village in the Welsh mountains. Sin

22、ce then, Captain Fawcett has flown passengers to many unusual places. Once he landed on the roof of a block of flats and on another occasion, he landed in a deserted car park. Captain Fawcett has just refused a strange request from a businessman. The man wanted to fly to Rockall, a lonely island in

23、the Atlantic Ocean, but Captain Fawcett did not take him because the trip was too dangerous.   Lesson30  Football or polo? 足球還是水球？ The Wayle is a small river that cuts across the park near my home. I like sitting by the Wayle on fine afternoons. It was warm last Sunday, so I

24、 went and sat on the river bank as usual. Some children were playing games on the bank and there were some people rowing on the river. Suddenly, one of the children kicked a ball very hard and it went towards a passing boat. Some people on the bank called out to the man in the boat, but he did not h

25、ear them. The ball struck him so hard that he nearly fell into the water. I turned to look at the children, but there weren't any in sight: they had all run away! The man laughed when he realized what had happened. He called out to the children and threw the ball back to the bank.   &#

26、160;Lesson31 Success story 成功者的故事 Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me about his experiences as a young man. Frank is now the head of a very large business company, but as a boy he used to work in a small shop. It was his job to repair bicycles and at that time he used to work fourt

27、een hours a day. He saved money for years and in 1938 he bought a small work-shop of his own. During the war Frank used to make spare parts for aeroplanes. At that time he had two helpers. By the end of the war, the small work-shop had become a large factory which employed seven hundred and twenty-e

28、ight people. Frank smiled when he remembered his hard early years and the long road to success. He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in. She wanted him to repair their son's bicycle!    Lesson32 Shopping made easy 購物變得很方便 People are not so honest as the

29、y once were. The temptation to steal is greater than ever before-especially in large shops. A detective recently watched a well-dressed woman who always went into a large store on Monday mornings. One Monday, there were fewer people in the shop than usual when the woman came in, so it was easier for

30、 the detective to watch her. The woman first bought a few small articles. After a little time, she chose one of the most expensive dresses in the shop and handed it to an assistant who wrapped it up for her as quickly as possible. Then the woman simply took the parcel and walked out of the shop with

31、out paying. When she was arrested, the detective found out that the shop-assistant was her daughter. The girl' gave' her mother a free dress once a week !   lesson33 Out of the darkness 沖出黑暗 Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened to her

32、. One afternoon she set out from the coast in a small boat and was caught in a storm. Towards evening, the boat struck a rock and the girl jumped into the sea. Then she swam to the shore after spending the whole night in the water. During that time she covered a distance of eight miles. Early next m

33、orning, she saw a light ahead. She knew she was near the shore because the light was high up on the cliffs. On arriving at the shore, the girl struggled up the cliff towards the light she had seen. That was all she remembered. When she woke up a day later, she found herself in hospital.  &

34、#160;Lesson34 Quick work 破案“神速” Ted Robinson has been worried all the week. Last Tuesday he received a letter  from the local police. In the letter he was asked to call at the station. Ted wondered  why he was wanted by the police, but he went to the station yesterday and now he is no

35、t worried any more. At the station, he was told by a smiling policeman that his bicycle had been found. Five days ago, the policeman told him, the bicycle was picked up in a small village four hundred miles away. It is now being sent to his home by train. Ted was most surprised when he heard the new

36、s. He was  amused too, because he never expected the bicycle to be found. It was stolen twenty years ago when Ted was a boy of fifteen !   Lesson35  Stop thief! 捉賊！ Rov Trenton used to drive a taxi. A short while ago, however, he became a bus-driver and he was not regre

37、tted it. He is finding his new work far more exciting. When he was driving along Catford Street recently, he saw two thieves rush out of a shop and run towards a waiting car. One of them was carrying a bag full of money. Roy acted quickly and drove the bus straight at the thieves. The one with the m

38、oney got such a fright that he dropped the bag. As the thieves were trying to get away in their car, Roy drove his bus into the back of it. While the battered car was moving away, Roy stopped his bus and telephoned the police. The thieves' car was badly damaged and easy to recognize. Shortly aft

39、erwards, the police stopped the car and both men were arrested.    Lesson36 Across the Channel 橫渡海峽 Erna Hart is going to swim across the English Channel tomorrow. She is going to set out from the French coast at five o'clock in the morning. Erna is only fourteen years old an

40、d she hopes lo set up a new world record. She is a strong swimmer and many people feel that she is sure to succeed. Erna's father will set out with her in a small boat. Mr Hart has trained his daughter for years. Tomorrow he will be watching her anxiously as she swims the long distance to Englan

41、d. Erna1、概述 1.1項目背景原油在經(jīng)過中轉站、聯(lián)合站等設施生產(chǎn)的過程中所形成污油泥，近些年來有逐年增多的趨勢。這些油田清罐時排出來的高粘稠、黑色穩(wěn)定態(tài)污油泥，主要是由泥沙、油、水、非油有機雜質和硫化物等組成。當前這些黑色污油泥,由于具有高粘稠、高含水的特殊物性，不能直接利用，一直露天坑貯和深埋存放，給油田自然環(huán)境造成嚴重污染，直接影響油田生態(tài)環(huán)境建設。此情已引起各級政府和油田公司的高度重視，決心徹底治理，大力支持污油泥處理項目的研究開發(fā)。因此，從二00二年開始決定對該項目進行開發(fā)研究，目標是提取有利用價值的燃料油，同時對殘余物做到達標排放。 1.2萃取分離專有技術特點大慶油田飛馬有限

42、公司是大慶石油管理局的多種經(jīng)營單位，針對油田存在的“黑色污油泥”問題與大慶震寰科技開發(fā)有限公司合作，進行了跟蹤技術攻關試驗研究。由于污油泥的特殊物性,分離困難,處理工藝技術必須先進、科學、有效。本公司研發(fā)的“用溶劑萃取法從含油污泥中回收燃料油的專有技術方法，可使污油泥的處理效率達99.4%,使提油后剩余物中油的含量在1%以下，這樣才能有效地進行下一步泥沙與水的分離，否則，即使能把泥沙與水分離，泥沙做型煤不僅無法摻合，而且也會冒黑煙，不符合空氣排放標準。這是我們與燃料公司型煤廠合作研究試驗得出的結論。因此處理效率能否達到99%以上，是污油泥處理工藝技術的前提條件。因提油后剩余物中含水、細泥和驅油

43、助劑等有機質，三者之間比重接近，脫水極為困難。為此，我公司與上海離心機研究所針對其特殊性，共同開發(fā)研究了脫水方法，采用該所與世界知名企業(yè)德國洪堡公司研制的離心機進行脫水分離。由于以上各項技術發(fā)明，方可達到污油泥的終端處理，充分回收利用，無污染排放，這是本項目的技術優(yōu)勢所在。13效益前景本項目社會效益巨大，國家、社會、企業(yè)都會大力支持。投產(chǎn)后清罐污油泥可直接送處理廠進行達標處理，取消坑貯排放環(huán)節(jié)。同時對已囤積多年或深埋的污油泥也可進行有效處理。保護環(huán)境和治理環(huán)境相統(tǒng)一，使其各廠站周圍再也見不到污油泥，真正成為綠色油田、環(huán)保生態(tài)油田、花園式美麗油田。為油田職工和市民創(chuàng)造一個良好的工作和生活環(huán)境。本

44、項目是廢物利用，變廢為寶，分離出的燃料油市場供不應求，經(jīng)濟效益可觀。隨著油田開采時間的延長，污油泥的數(shù)量越來越多，有巨大的發(fā)展前景。2、污油泥處理工藝方案21物性分析通過對污油泥生成過程和組織成份的研究，掌握了不同于其它物質的特殊物性。污油泥主要由水、油、泥和有機雜質（指聚合物等驅油助劑）組成，體系均勻穩(wěn)定，有機質成份復雜，分離困難。經(jīng)過對油田六個區(qū)塊，不同存放時間的污油泥取樣86次進行化驗分析，其綜合含油率13.85%,含水57.36%，含泥水、有機雜質28.79%（詳見表2-1）污油泥成份分析表表2-1 序號地 點水（%）油（%）泥水、有機質（%）綜合含量57.3613.8528.791一

45、廠聚中145.219.135.72一廠聚中773.78.518.83五廠十五聯(lián)66.411.122.54二廠南八聯(lián)61.812.126.15一廠中七聯(lián)45.517.636.96三廠二礦貯污池51.514.833.7說明： 1、每個取樣點取6-8個樣進行分析，將綜合數(shù)據(jù)列在本表內。2、取樣各地各次差距很大，含水最高達84%，最低35%；含泥和有機質最高達40%，最低10%；含油最高達30%，最低8%。通過污油泥物性和成份的分析，為分離工藝的研究和助劑的配制提供了可靠數(shù)據(jù)。22工藝選擇與設計根據(jù)對污油泥特殊物性的研究結果，我們經(jīng)過若干次室內小型試驗和中試放大試驗，研發(fā)成功了“用溶劑萃取法從含油污泥

46、中回收燃料油的方法”，這種專有技術方法的核心技術是溶劑的成份和配制，使其成本低，易回收，效率高。我們與有關設計部門合作設計了整套裝置及工藝流程，其主要特點是：（1）密閉式生產(chǎn)。從污油泥進廠到處理后排放的全過程，除預熱溶化（粗分）到流體狀態(tài)外，均采用密閉式生產(chǎn)方式，對環(huán)境無污染。（2）生產(chǎn)過程流體進行，工藝流程簡便易行，可操作性強。（3）溶劑的化學性質穩(wěn)定，易回收，可循環(huán)利用，且易購。（4）設備簡單。生產(chǎn)裝置以罐式為主，輔以換熱器、離心機等構成，采用不同類型的泵輸送。（5）安全系數(shù)高。常壓運行，全程溫度120,操作壓力0.1Mpa。在運用萃取法對油的提取分離效率達99%以上的狀態(tài)下，由于油的成份

47、低于1%，下一步采用離心機對水和其他有機質進行有效分離。23工藝流程污油泥加工處理工藝流程主要分三步：第一步：粗分將污油泥置入化油池，用蒸汽直接和間接兩種方式加熱，同時視其溫度狀況可加入適量的水，當溫度升至40-60時，大體分為三個層面，中上層主要是油、水、有機質細泥組成，應達到用泵可以輸送到萃取罐的狀態(tài)。最下層（池底）是大顆粒泥水，數(shù)量很少，并含極少量的油和有機質，取出囤積涼干至粉狀，篩選后可做制磚輔助填充料。第二步：萃取將粗分池中的中上部分以泵輸送到萃取罐，按萃取規(guī)程反復操作后，油溶入溶劑中，有機質和水沉入罐下層，將上層油和溶劑用泵輸送至蒸發(fā)罐，根據(jù)油和溶劑沸點不同將溶劑蒸出，回收再利用。

48、留在罐內的高沸點油和極少量的有機質，就是我們要回收利用的燃料油。至此完成了油與其他物質的分離。第三步：脫水萃取罐取出溶劑和油后余下部分（抽余物）主要是水、細泥和有機質，一并放置收集池，然后用泥漿泵輸送至調配池，向其內加酸，維持PH值在5-6之間，使其中有機質部分改性。然后再加入堿中和，目的是增大改性后的有機質的顆粒，完成后，用泵輸送至臥螺式離心機入口，離心過程中，向其內加入千分之一的進口絮凝劑，從離心機兩個出口同時排出水和泥及有機質混合物。至此污油處理廠內的工藝流程已全部結束。3、終端處理及利用方案本項目對污油泥處理終端產(chǎn)物有三種，即油、水、泥沙及有機物，均可做到綜合利用，達標排放。31油。因

49、含有機雜質，可做燃料油利用。32泥及有機質。2003年10月萃取試生產(chǎn)排除的泥及有機質，經(jīng)與石油管理局燃料公司型煤廠共同研究反復試驗，可摻入10-20%做為型煤的燃料，效果很好。經(jīng)多次試驗結果看，發(fā)熱量增加87-306大卡，灰份減少7.03-5.2個百分點，有極大的利用價值，物資裝備總公司質量技術監(jiān)督部門已制定企業(yè)標準，并同我公司達成意向性協(xié)議，可全部接收利用。33污水。處理辦法有二種：（1）污水廠處理。分離出的污水，經(jīng)化驗分析重金屬含量超標，經(jīng)過大慶東城區(qū)污水處理廠與哈工大環(huán)境學院共同研究提出了處理方案，完成可以做到達標排放，費用略高于其它污水。（2）擬與油田注水有關部門共同研究，可作為油田

50、回注水。4、環(huán)境保護與安全衛(wèi)生采用本公司自行研發(fā)的萃取分離法專用的污油泥處理工藝技術，整個工藝過程都是密閉的系統(tǒng)，將原來體系穩(wěn)定的污油泥，密閉的全部徹底分開，經(jīng)處理的泥沙、原油全部回收綜合利用，水經(jīng)處理作為回注水或達標排放，沒有新的污染物排放，整個工藝操作都是在常壓、低溫下進行，生產(chǎn)是安全衛(wèi)生的。5、建設規(guī)模及廠址方案廠址選擇可根據(jù)油田產(chǎn)生污油泥的量以及分布情況，貼近聯(lián)合站，以運輸方便、效益最大化為原則，統(tǒng)籌考慮布點。據(jù)估算，油田每年生成污油泥量為50萬噸左右，本項目總建設規(guī)模為50萬噸/年污油泥處理能力，計劃建設5個污油泥處理站，每個污油泥處理站規(guī)模為10萬噸/年，按油田污油泥量的分布情況布

51、點建設處理站。6、人員編制依據(jù)勞動法律法規(guī)有關規(guī)定，本著經(jīng)濟合理的原則，按年處理量10萬噸的裝置核定定員人數(shù)為136人，其中：管理和科研開發(fā)人員26人，直接生產(chǎn)人員68人，后勤服務人員42人（詳見表6-1）人員編制構成表表6-1 序號崗位名稱人數(shù)備 注合計136一、管理、科研人員26二、生產(chǎn)人員681供熱車間10按三班倒編制2粗分車間14按三班倒編制3萃取車間16按三班倒編制4脫水車間15按三班倒編制5司機、押運13指往污水廠、型煤廠運碴等三、輔助、后勤人員421電工7按三班倒編制2維修6按三班倒編制3外運94食堂55后勤服務15保管、保安、司機、勤雜7、投資估算及經(jīng)濟性分析71投資估算本項目總投資11000萬