現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的用法

1、.現(xiàn)在分詞的七種用法（一）作定語 1. 動詞現(xiàn)在分詞單獨作定語，通常放在所修飾詞前。例如： The sleeping boy is Tom. 2. 現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語放在所修飾詞的后面，意思同定語從句差不多。例如 ： Tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise. = Tell the children who are playing outside not to make too much noise. 3. 現(xiàn)在分詞可相當(dāng)于非限制性定語，常用逗號分開。例如： Tom, wearing beautiful cloth

2、es, followed me down the hill. = Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. 4. 有時現(xiàn)在分詞可以和副詞或名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞作定語。例如： This is an English-speaking country. （二）作表語 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語多表示主語的特征。如amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等。例如： The story is moving. （三）現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作賓語補足語

3、，這時現(xiàn)在分詞和前面的賓語有邏輯上的“主表”關(guān)系或“主謂”關(guān)系。例如： We all found his equipment interesting. (主表關(guān)系) I saw Mary going upstairs then. (主謂關(guān)系) （四）作狀語 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語一般是句中的主語，如果不是，需在V-ing 形式前加名詞或代詞主格作邏輯主語。 1. 作原因狀語，相當(dāng)于原因狀語從句。例如： Being ill, Mary didn't come to school yesterday. 2. 作時間狀語，相當(dāng)于時間狀語從句。例如： Seeing their teache

4、r coming, the students stopped talking. 如果現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作與謂語表示的動作同時發(fā)生，常在現(xiàn)在分詞前加上when或while。例如： While waiting for the plane, I had a long talk with Simon. 3. 作條件狀語。 V-ing 形式作條件狀語時，相當(dāng)于一個條件狀語從句。例如： Working harder, you'll be No. 1 in your class. 4. 作讓步狀語，相當(dāng)于讓步狀語從句。例如： Weighing almost two hundred jin, the s

5、tone was moved by him alone. 5. 作結(jié)果狀語。例如： He died, leaving nothing but debts. 6. 作伴隨狀語或方式狀語。例如： He sat by the roadside, begging. （五）現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式表示它發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞表示的動作之前。例如 ： Having finished his homework, he left the classroom. （六） 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式 當(dāng)句子的主語是動作的承受者時，用V-ing 形式的被動式。例如： The factory being built now is a big

6、 one. （七） 現(xiàn)在分詞的否定形式是由“not + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。例如： Not having been invited to the party, she had to stay home.過去分詞的用法一1. 及物動詞的過去分詞作表語,與句子主語是被動關(guān)系,表示主語的狀態(tài),既表示被動,又表示完成. (1)_ The cup is broken. 茶杯破了. 2. 不及物動詞的過去分詞作表語,與句子主語是主動關(guān)系,表示主語的狀態(tài),只表示動作的完成. (2) He is retired. 他已退休. 3. 有些過去分詞作表語時,構(gòu)成的謂語很接近被動結(jié)構(gòu). (3)_The city is

7、surrounded on three sides by mountains. 這座城市三面環(huán)山.過去分詞作表語 【注意】過去分詞作表語與被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別:過去分詞作表語,主要是表示主語的狀態(tài),而被動語態(tài)則表示動作. (1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被動語態(tài),表示動作) (2) The library is now closed. 圖書館關(guān)門了.(過去分詞作表語) 【注意】過去分詞表示被動或完成, -ing 形式表示主動或進(jìn)行.有些動詞如 interest, bore, worry, surp

8、rise, frighten 等通常用其過去分詞形式來修飾人,用 -ing 形式來修飾物. (3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 這本書很有趣,我對它很感興趣.過去分詞作定語 作定語用的過去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞,其邏輯主語就是它所修飾的名詞.及物動詞的過去分詞作定語,既表被動又表完成;不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語,只表完成. 1. 過去分詞用作定語,如果是單個的,常置于其所修飾的名詞之前. We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我們必須使我們的思想適應(yīng)改

9、變了的情況. 2. 過去分詞短語用作定語時,一般置于其所修飾的名詞之后,其意義相當(dāng)于一個定語從句,但較從句簡潔,多用于書面語中. The concert given by their friends was a success.他們朋友舉行的音樂會大為成功. 3.過去分詞短語有時也可用作非限制性定語,前后常有逗號. (1)The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他們舉行了歡迎英雄的大會,到會的有五千多人. 4. 用來修飾人的過去分詞有時可以轉(zhuǎn)移到修飾非人的事物,這種過去分詞在形式上

10、雖不直接修飾人,但它所修飾的事物仍與人直接有關(guān). (2) The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩帶著滿意的表情舉目而視. 過去分詞作狀語 1. 過去分詞作狀語過去分詞作狀語表示被動的和完成的動作. (1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因為寫得匆忙,這篇文章不是很好.【注意】written 為過去分詞作狀語,表示這篇文章是被寫的,而且已經(jīng)被寫. 值得注意的是,有些過去分詞因來源于系表結(jié)構(gòu),作狀語時不表被動而表主動.這樣的過去分詞及短語常見的有: lost (迷路); s

11、eated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (駐扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿著); tired of (厭煩). (2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因為沉溺于思考之中,所以他沒聽到那個聲音. 2. 過去分詞作狀語時其邏輯主語為主句的主語,此時應(yīng)注意人稱一致.(1) Given another hour, I can also work out this problem. 再給我一個小時,我也能解

12、這道題.(given 為過去分詞作狀語,它的邏輯主語為主句主語 I ,即 I 被再給一個小時.) (2)_ Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us. 從山頂看城市,城市顯得更漂亮.(seen 為過去分詞作狀語,表"被看",由語境可知,它的邏輯主語必須是城市,而不是"我們",因為"我們"應(yīng)主動看城市.)【注意】如果過去分詞作狀語時,前面再加邏輯主語,主句的主語就不再是分詞的邏輯主語,這種帶邏輯主語的過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)實際上屬于獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu). (1)

13、The signal given, the bus started. 信號一發(fā)出,汽車就開動了.(the signal 是 given 的邏輯主語,因此主句主語 the bus 就不是given 的邏輯主語. (2) Her head held high, she went by. 她把頭昂得高高地從這兒走了過去.(her head 是 held high 的邏輯主語,因此主句主語 she 就不再是held high 的邏輯主語.) 3. 過去分詞作狀語來源于狀語從句.(1) Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因為淋了一場大雨,所以他全身濕透了.

14、(caught in a heavy rain 為過去分詞短語作原因狀語,它來源于原因狀語從句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain.)(2)_Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果種在肥沃的土壤里,這些種子能長得很快.( grown in rich soil 為過去分詞作條件狀語,它來源于條件狀語從句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil.【注意】狀語從句改成過去分詞作狀語時有時還可保留連詞,構(gòu)成"連詞+過去分詞"結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語. When

15、given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 當(dāng)你做體格檢查時要保持鎮(zhèn)定. 4. 過去分詞作狀語的位置.過去分詞可放在主句前作句首狀語,后面有逗號與主句隔開;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗號與主句隔開. He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他靜靜地站在那里,被感動得熱淚盈眶.過去分詞作賓語補足語(一)能夠接過去分詞作賓補的動詞有以下三類: 1. 表示感覺或心理狀態(tài)的動詞.如:see, watch, observe

16、, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等.(1) I heard the song sung in English. 我聽到有人用英語唱過這首歌.(過去分詞sung的動作顯然先于謂語動作heard;)(2)_He found his hometown greatly changed. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的家鄉(xiāng)變化很大.(過去分詞changed的動作顯然先于謂語動作found)2. 表示"致使"意義的動詞.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等.(1) I'll have my hair cut t

17、omorrow. 明天我要理發(fā).(2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了.(3) Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完. 【注意】過去分詞所表示的動作一定和賓語有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系. (二)使役動詞have接過去分詞作賓補有兩種情況. 1. 過去分詞所表示的動作由他人完成. (1) He had his money stolen.他的錢給偷了.(被別人偷去了) 2. 過去分詞所表示的動作由句中的主語所經(jīng)歷.如:(2) He had his leg broken.他的腿斷了. (自己的

18、經(jīng)歷)"with +賓語+過去分詞"結(jié)構(gòu)"with +賓語+過去分詞"結(jié)構(gòu)中,過去分詞用作介詞 with的賓語補足語.這一結(jié)構(gòu)通常在句中作時間,方式,條件,原因等狀語.例如: (1) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 兇手被帶進(jìn)來了,他的雙手被綁在背后.(表方式) (2) With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加熱,我們就會看到水蒸氣.(表條件) (3) With the matter settled, we

19、 all went home. 事情得到解決,我們都回家了.(表原因) (4)_She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼睛注視著他.(5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然舉著手站了一會兒. 1.你認(rèn)識那個穿著紅衣服的婦女嗎 2.舒服地坐在椅子上,他在沉思.3.對于昨天發(fā)生的事故,我很震驚.4.給予更多的關(guān)心的話,這些樹會長得更好.5.他作了自我介紹,以便使自己被大家認(rèn)識.6.昨天,我把衣服讓人洗了.7.上周一,我看到你兄

20、弟被一個陌生人打了.8.將書合上背誦這篇課文.9.我提高了聲音以便使自己被聽見.10.如果被問及,你不要說我在家里.11.你參加了昨天舉行的會議嗎 12.從日本引進(jìn)的這些種子已經(jīng)壞了.13.我想把這封信寄出去.14.女工人將頭發(fā)扎在后面來上班.15.我們沒有足夠的食物吃的日子一去部復(fù)返了.16.我們必須適應(yīng)改變了的形式.17.用所給的動詞寫出兩個句子.18.他們在看足球比賽,興奮而又滿意.19.他說爬山很累.但是我一點也不累.20.即使在森林里迷路了,他也不擔(dān)心.二（一）分詞的作用·現(xiàn)在分詞可用于：·構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時。e.g. We are studying English.&#

21、183;當(dāng)副詞作狀語。e.g. The children came, singing and dancing.·當(dāng)形容詞作定語、賓補和表語。 ·e.g. Falling leaves danced in the air. ·I saw many birds flying along the river. ·The story is very moving.·過去分詞可用于：·構(gòu)成完成時。 e.g. The play had begun when we arrived there.·構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。e.g. English is

22、 widely spoken in the world.·當(dāng)副詞作狀語。e.g. Seen here, the city looks more beautiful.·當(dāng)形容詞作定語、賓補和表語。 ·e.g. a boy named Tom ·I saw the girl killed with my own eyes. ·Im interested in English. （二）現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的兩大差別 1. 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的最大差別在語態(tài)上：現(xiàn)在分詞表主動，過去分詞表被動。 2. 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的第二大差別在時態(tài)上：現(xiàn)在分詞表進(jìn)行

23、，過去分詞表完成。 3. 把握主、被動關(guān)系的兩個前提 1）弄清動詞的確切含義。不少主、被動關(guān)系判斷錯誤都是由于沒弄清動詞的確切含義造成的。 Wrong: Girls frighten snakes. Right: Girls fear snakes./ Snakes frighten girls. 牢記: tire, disappoint, satisfy, terrify, interest, frighten, worry, excite, surprise, please, seat, puzzle, ect. 只能作及物動詞，都有“使動”的特點，都含“使”之義。 2）能熟練判斷分詞的邏

24、輯主語。即明白與哪個詞去構(gòu)成主、被動關(guān)系。 分詞的邏輯主語 邏輯主語就是與分詞具有主、被動關(guān)系的名詞或代詞。它既可能是句子主語，又可能是句中賓語，或者是句中其它成分；它既可能是動作行為的發(fā)出者，也有可能是動作行為的承受者。那種認(rèn)為邏輯主語就是動作行為的發(fā)出者的理解是片面的。 分詞的邏輯主語的位置不是固定不變的, 而是“活”的隨著分詞所作語法成分的不同，其邏輯主語位置也不同，所以確定邏輯主語前首先要確定分詞的語法成分。 （1）作狀語時 Seeing the teacher come in, all the students stood up. the students是seeing的邏輯主語 H

25、eated, the metal expands. the metal是 heated的邏輯主語 結(jié)論：分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語是句子主語。 （2）作賓補時 I saw him reading last night. him 是reading的邏輯主語 His wife found his hair dyed black. hair是 dyed的邏輯主語 結(jié)論：分詞作賓補，其邏輯主語是句子賓語。 （3）作表語時 The film is moving. the film是 moving的邏輯主語 The visitors looked surprised. the visitors是surpris

26、ed的邏輯主語 結(jié)論：分詞作表語，其邏輯主語是句子主語。 （4）作定語時 This is an interesting book. book是 interesting的邏輯主語 The moved children looked serious. children是 moved的邏輯主語 結(jié)論：分詞作定語，其邏輯主語是被修飾詞（即中心詞）。 （5）用于復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中時（即在獨立主格中與with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中） With the task completed, we went out to take some fresh air. the task是 completed的邏輯主語 It being Su

27、nday, they had no classes. it 是being的邏輯主語 結(jié)論：分詞用于復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，邏輯主語是復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的邏輯主語 附表2：分詞的邏輯主語一覽表 分詞所作成分 分詞的邏輯主語 狀語 主語 表語 賓補 賓語 定語 被修飾詞 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的邏輯主語 （三）確定分詞的使用的具體步驟 （1）根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)確定分詞的語法成分 （2）找準(zhǔn)邏輯主語 （3）判斷主、被動關(guān)系 （4）選定現(xiàn)在或過去分詞 1. There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to b

28、e followed D. being followed 簡析：根據(jù)語法分析可知，待選部分是修飾 noise 的定語短語；據(jù)常識“雷聲隨閃電之后到來”，自然A noise follows the sudden burst of light , noise與follow是主動關(guān)系。因此，該題應(yīng)選B。 2. The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B. C., didnt include women until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be playing 簡析：根據(jù)語法分

29、析可知，待選部分是一個作定語、修飾 The Olympic Games 的后置分詞短語；The Olympic Games是動詞 play 的承受者，且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此，該題選C。 3. Whats the language _ in Germany" A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak 簡析：該題應(yīng)選B。測試過去分詞作后置定語表達(dá)被動，等于定語從句 which is spoken 4. Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists.

30、 A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting 簡析：該題應(yīng)選A。測試過去分詞作后置定語表達(dá)被動，等于定語從句 who were invited 5. The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written 簡析：該題應(yīng)選D。測試過去分詞作后置定語表達(dá)被動，等于定語從句which

31、 were written （四）分詞作表語 共同點：分詞作表語時，它起著形容詞的作用。 不同點：分詞作表語時，句子的主語就是該分詞的邏輯主語。但現(xiàn)在分詞作表語時，與其邏輯主語之間是主動關(guān)系，所表示的動作一般與句中謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；而過去分詞則表示被動關(guān)系，所示動作一般發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前或同時發(fā)生。 1. The news sounds _. A. encouraging B. encouraged C. encourage D. to encourage 簡析：根據(jù)語法分析可知， sounds 在此句中用作連系動詞, 待選部分應(yīng)作表語 ；The news 對于動詞 encoura

32、ge 來說應(yīng)是主動關(guān)系，即消息鼓舞人心。因此，該題應(yīng)選A。2. How did Bob do in the exams this time" Well, his father seems _ with his results. A. pleasing B. please C. pleased D. to please 簡析：根據(jù)語法分析可知, seems 在此句中用作連系動詞, 待選部分作表語。 再根據(jù) his father 對于動詞 please 來說應(yīng)是被動關(guān)系, 即這個結(jié)果使他的父親高興。因此, 該題應(yīng)選C。 3. How did the audience receive th

33、e new play" They got very _. A . excite B . excited C . excitedly D . exciting 簡析：該題應(yīng)選B。測試他們被那出新戲所打動。 （五）分詞作賓語補足語 共同點：分詞在復(fù)合賓語中可作賓語補足語，對句子的賓語起補充或說明作用。 不同點：分詞作賓語補足語時，句子的賓語就是該分詞的邏輯主語。但現(xiàn)在分詞與其邏輯主語之間是主動關(guān)系，所表示的動作一般與句中謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；而過去分詞則表示被動關(guān)系，所示動作一般發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前或同時發(fā)生。 1. The next morning she found the m

34、an _ in bed, dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 簡析：首先，根據(jù)語法分析可知, 待選部分在句中應(yīng)作賓補, 補充說明賓語 the man; 再根據(jù)賓語 the man 對于動詞 lie 來說應(yīng)是主動關(guān)系, 且lie 這個動作與謂語動詞 found 同時進(jìn)行。因此, 該題應(yīng)選A。 2. Good morning. Can I help you" Id like to have the package _, madam. A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed 簡析：

35、首先，根據(jù)語法分析可知，待選部分在句中應(yīng)作賓補，補充說明賓語 the package; 再根據(jù) the package 對于動詞 weigh 來說, 只能是被動關(guān)系。因此，該題應(yīng)選D。 3. He is not good at English, so it is not easy for him to make himself _. A. understand B. understanding C. understood D. understands 簡析：該題應(yīng)選C。himself是make的賓語，待選部分的邏輯主語。由于英語表達(dá)能力差，說出的英語別人難于聽懂，也就不易被人理解。因此，這里用

36、過去分詞來表達(dá)這一被動含義。 4. If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air _ against your face. A. moved B. moving C. moves D. to move 簡析：該題應(yīng)選B。測試使役動詞后用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補表示賓語正發(fā)出的動作。 （六）分詞作狀語 共同點：分詞作狀語時，一般在句子中作時間、原因、方式或伴隨等狀語。 不同點：分詞作狀語時，句子的主語就是該分詞的邏輯主語。但現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，與其邏輯主語之間是主動關(guān)系，所表示的動作一般與句中謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；

37、而過去分詞則表示被動關(guān)系，所示動作一般發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前或同時發(fā)生。 1. “Cant you read"” Mary said ，_ to the notice. A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing 簡析：該題應(yīng)選A。測試現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語，通過副詞 angrily 進(jìn)行干擾。若B 答案為 and pointed angrily 時也對。 2. _ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving

38、 B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received 簡析：該題應(yīng)選C。 測試非謂語動詞的否定式是在其前直接加 not 。若動作發(fā)生在主句動作之前時用非謂語的完成式。 3. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here. A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added 簡析：該題應(yīng)選C。測試現(xiàn)在分詞可以作補充說明的狀語。 另外

39、，分詞作狀語時，如果其邏輯主語與整個句子的主語不一致時，需要獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或 with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)來替代。(此時，也可把該分詞看成介詞的賓語補足語。) 例：The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 簡析：很顯然，待選部分的邏輯主語是 his hands，而不是句子的主語 The murderer , 而 his hands 對于動詞 tie 來說只能是被動關(guān)系。因此，該題應(yīng)選D。 綜上所述，現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的根本

40、區(qū)別是主、被動關(guān)系，正確認(rèn)定邏輯主語是正確使用分詞的關(guān)鍵。明白這一道理并不難，最重要的是要養(yǎng)成“分析句子成分尋找邏輯主語判斷主被動關(guān)系”這一思維定勢?，F(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法1 分詞在句子中作狀語，可以表示時間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、伴隨等。分詞做狀語時，它的邏輯主語與句子的主語一致。作狀語的分詞相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句。Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a

41、new word. The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better. He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother's illness.分詞在句子中作狀語，使用何種分詞，要取決于分詞與句子

42、主語的關(guān)系：主謂關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，動賓或被動關(guān)系用過去分詞。Not shaving enough hands, we turned to them for help.(we don't have enough hands).Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (We are taught / teach us). Inspired by the International, the working people of all countries have

43、 been fighting for their final liberation. (The working people were inspired / inspire the working people)_ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. (96,6) A) Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed意為：相信地球是平的，許多人擔(dān)心哥倫布會從邊上掉下去。許多人與相信之間是主謂關(guān)系，及分詞與主語之間為主

44、謂關(guān)系，因此，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞。No matter how frequently_, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. (95,6) A) performing B) performed C) to be performed D) being performed句中貝多芬的作品被反復(fù)表演，可見分詞與句子的主語之間是被動關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用過去分詞。_as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (96,1)A) Being published B) Pub

45、lished C) Publishing D) To be published句中 as 引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語從句，意為：他的作品盡管在被這樣的時候出版，還是引起了關(guān)注，可見分詞與句子的主語之間是被動關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用過去分詞。2 “while (when, once, until, if , though 等連詞)分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞作狀語時，有時可以在分詞前加 while，when, once, although, until, if 等連詞。When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting fo

46、r the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work.Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well. Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.3 分詞作定語分詞作定語時，單個的分詞通常

47、放在被修飾的名詞之前，分詞短語一般置于所修飾的中心詞后面?，F(xiàn)在分詞修飾的是發(fā)出該動作的名詞(即與名詞有主謂關(guān)系)，過去分詞修飾承受該動作的名詞(即與名詞是動賓關(guān)系)。We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.This is really an exhausting day to all of us!We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness,

48、 I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day. More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries.The young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack.As early as 1649 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools

49、 must be established in every town _50 households or more. (98,1) A) having B) to have C) to have had D) having had Town后面由分詞做定語，而且town本身有50或以上人家，故town與分詞間為主謂關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在分詞。4 分詞作賓語補足語4.1 現(xiàn)在分詞在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance 等感官動詞和 look at, listen to 等短語動詞，以及 have, keep, ge

50、t, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役動詞后面與名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，作賓語補語的成分。On the top of the hill, we could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village.The little boy sat beside the railway line and watched the trains roaring by. We should not leave him wondering what he should do.I am sorry to have kept y

51、ou waiting for such a long time. I caught him dozing off in class.4.2 過去分詞可以在 allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, like, make, observe, order, permit, prefer, remember, request, require, see, urge 動詞等后面作賓語補足語。After my encounter with her, I found myself gr

52、eatly shaken. You should keep her informed of what is going on here. The teacher expected the students well prepared for the examination. 4.2 在動詞 see, hear, feel, watch, notice，perceive，observe, listen to, look at 后既可用現(xiàn)在分詞做補語,也可用不定式做補語。用現(xiàn)在分詞表示動作正在進(jìn)行,用不定式表示的動作的全過程已經(jīng)完成。I saw Mr. White get off a bus.I

53、saw Mr. White looking into a shop window. Do you hear someone knocking at the door"Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.5 分詞作表語分詞作表語通常看作形容詞來用?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示主語的性質(zhì)，而且主語多為物；過去分詞表示主語的感受或狀態(tài)，主語多為人。The film “Pearl Harbor” is really exciting. I am excited about it.His response to the question was quite di

54、sappointing. I felt disappointed at his response.分詞練習(xí) 1, After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well boys_ to go to school. (97,1)A) to be encouraged B) been encouraged C) being encouraged D) be encouraged2, _,a man who expresses himself

55、 effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. (97,6)A) Other things being equal B) Were other things equalC) To be equal to other things D) Other things to be equal3, All things _, the planned trip will have to be called off. (98,6)A) considered B) be con

56、sidered C) considering D) having considered4, The house was very quiet, _as it was on the side of a mountain. (99,6)A) isolated B) isolating C) being isolated D) having been isolated5, This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, _both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil. (99,6) A) being B) been C) to be D) having been6, Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _