清華在線-2013GCT英語精講語法

1、2013年GCT英語語法北京精講班一、語法講解二、考點解析三、重點項目四、實訓(xùn)演練安靜20130629語法講解1、時態(tài)：英語有九種基本時態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時、現(xiàn)在進行時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現(xiàn)在完成時、現(xiàn)在完成進行時、過去將來時、過去進行時、過去完成時、過去完成進行時。1）一般現(xiàn)在時一般現(xiàn)在時主要強調(diào)事實、經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。動詞be 除第一人稱單數(shù)用am，第三人稱單數(shù)用is外，其余一律用are。動詞have 除第三人稱單數(shù)用has外，其余一律用have。行為動詞（實義動詞）除第三人稱單數(shù)外，其余一概與動詞原形同形。動詞第三人稱單數(shù)加s的方法：一般直接在詞尾加s: swims, like

2、s, wants以s, x, ch, sh, o 結(jié)尾的詞，在詞尾加es: washes, teaches, goes以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞，先將y變i再加es: studies, flies句子中常出現(xiàn)頻度副詞always（總是），often（經(jīng)常），usually（通常），sometimes（有時），seldom（很少），every day（每天），once a week（每周一次）等。2） 現(xiàn)在進行時現(xiàn)在進行時表示現(xiàn)在正在進行或發(fā)生的動作。構(gòu)成：be(am/is/are)+動詞-ing動詞-ing叫做現(xiàn)在分詞，其構(gòu)成如下：（1） 一般在動詞原形末尾加-ing: going, asking

3、, looking（2） 以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的動詞，先去掉e再加-ing: writing, closing, taking（3） 以“元音字母+輔音字母”的重讀音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動詞，先雙寫這個輔音字母，再加-ing: getting, running, swimming, beginning3） 一般過去時表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和表示過去的時間狀語連用，如：yesterday, last night, in 1999, two weeks ago等。表示過去經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作，常和often, always等表示頻度的副詞連用。規(guī)則動詞過去式的構(gòu)成如下：（1） 在動詞原形末

4、尾+ed: looklooked, playplayed（2） 結(jié)尾是e的動詞+d: livelived, hopehoped（3） 結(jié)尾是“元音字母+輔音字母”的重讀音節(jié)詞，先雙寫這個輔音字母，再+ed: stopstopped, triptripped（4） 結(jié)尾是“輔音字母+y”的動詞，先變y為i，再+ed: studystudied, carrycarried不規(guī)則動詞要逐一記憶，可參考不規(guī)則動詞表。4） 一般將來時一般將來時表示將來某一時間的動作或狀態(tài)，常與tomorrow, next week, from now on, in the future等連用。由助動詞shall（第一人

5、稱）/will（第二、三人稱）+動詞原形構(gòu)成。美國英語則不管什么人稱，一律用will?！癰e going to+動詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生的或最近打算進行的事：We are going to have a meeting today. 今天我們要開會。一些動詞（go，come，start，move，sail，leave，arrive，stay等）的進行時態(tài)可表示近期的計劃和打算：I'm leaving for Beijing.我要去北京?！癰e to+動詞原形”表示按計劃要發(fā)生的事或征求對方意見：Are we to go on with this work? 我們繼續(xù)干嗎？“be abou

6、t to+動詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生的動作，意為：很快，馬上。后面一般不跟時間狀語：We are about to leave.我們馬上就走。5）現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時表示到現(xiàn)在為止以前發(fā)生的動作或情況，強調(diào)其結(jié)果對現(xiàn)在的影響基本構(gòu)成形式為：has/have+過去分詞。常和完成時連用的副詞和短語：already, yet, just, ever, never, up to now, so far, before today, these days, in the past two years, for two weeks, for a long time, since 1980, sinc

7、e we began to learn Englishfor和since的區(qū)別（1）for用于過去的一段時間（動詞必須是可以延續(xù)的）He has been there for six months. （2）since用于過去的一個確切的時間：since +一段時間ago；since一個時間點；since從句。He has stayed here since 3 hours ago.He has stayed here since 3 oclock.He has been interested in collecting coins since he was a child.（3）already

8、用于肯定句中；yet用于否定句和疑問句中。He has already visited many places in China. The train hasn't arrived yet.Has she arrived yet? （4）“have been to”（去過） 和“have gone to”（去了）He has gone to Beijing.（He is there or is on his way there.）He has been to Shanghai. （He was there once, but he is not there now.）（5）短暫性動詞通

9、常不能和表示一段的時間狀語連用。如：錯：He has died for 3 years.正：He has been dead for 3 years.正：He died 3 years ago.錯：How long have you borrowed it?正：How long have you kept it?現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別（1）現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響，而一般過去時不強調(diào)過去的動作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。I have lost my pen.（強調(diào)我現(xiàn)在沒有筆）I lost my pen.（過去筆掉了，沒說明現(xiàn)在是否有筆）（2）現(xiàn)在完成時不可和表過去的時間狀語連用，

10、但一般過去時可和表過去的時間狀語，如yesterday, last week, three days ago, just now等連用。6） 現(xiàn)在完成進行時 現(xiàn)在完成進行時的構(gòu)成：has/have + been +過去分詞。 表示現(xiàn)在以前這一段時間里一直在進行的一個動作，該動作可能仍然在進行。-How long have you been skating? -Ive been skating since nine oclock. 在強調(diào)動作延續(xù)時間的長久時，用現(xiàn)在完成進行時更多一些。試比較：I've been writing an article.（還在寫）我一直在寫文章。I'

11、ve written an article.（已完成）我已經(jīng)寫過一篇文章。7） 過去將來時過去將來時表示從過去某時看來將要發(fā)生的事情。由would加動詞原形構(gòu)成.。過去將來時常用在賓語從句中。He told me he would call me tomorrow.The teacher wanted to know when you would finish your homework.8）過去進行時過去進行時表示過去某一時刻或某段時間正在進行的動作。過去進行時由was（第一、三人稱單數(shù)）和were（其余人稱和數(shù)）加現(xiàn)在分詞所構(gòu)成。過去進行時往往須用特定的時間狀語來表示。The boy wa

12、s walking down the street when the UFO landed.The girl was shopping when the alien got out.9） 過去完成時過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作以前已經(jīng)完成了的動作，就是“過去的過去”。由助動詞had+動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成?？杀磉_一個一直延續(xù)到過去某一時間的動作?？捎迷陂g接引語中，以表示直接引語中的現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。注意：過去完成時是一個相對的時間概念，它并不能獨立地存在，它表示的是在某個特定的過去時間以前所發(fā)生的事，離開這個特定的過去時間，就不存在過去完成時，因此不能把它理解為“很早以前的事”。掌握好過去完成時

13、的關(guān)鍵是要特別注意句中動詞與動詞之間，動詞與時間狀語之間的先后關(guān)系。10）過去完成進行時2. 語態(tài)：1）英語的語態(tài)分為主動語態(tài)(active voice)和被動語態(tài)(passive voice)2）語態(tài)(voice)和時態(tài)(tense)同為動詞的兩種最基本形式。時態(tài)表示動詞發(fā)生時間，而語態(tài)用以表示主語和謂語之間的關(guān)系。3）主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的發(fā)出者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。4）構(gòu)成：be+及物動詞的過去分詞。5）以allow為例，具體形式見下表：一般時態(tài)進行時態(tài)完成時態(tài)現(xiàn)在amis allowedareamis being allowedarehas been allowedhav

14、e過去was allowedwerewas being allowedwerehad been allowed將來shall be allowedwillshall have been allowedwill英語語法專項過關(guān)之一：時態(tài)和語態(tài)1. The way the guests _ in the hotel influenced their evaluation of the serviceA. treated B. were treated C. would treat D. would be treated 2When he the door, he found his keys we

15、re nowhere.A. would open B. opened C. had opened D. was to open 3 -Why does the Lake smell terrible?-Because large quantities of water .A. have polluted B. is being pollutedC. has been polluted D. have been polluted 4. According to the literary review, Shakespeare his charities live through their la

16、nguage in his plays.A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes 5Would you please keep silent? The weather report _I want to listen.A. is broadcast B. is being broadcastC. has been broadcast D. had been broadcast 6. The food here is nice enough. My friend _ me a right place.A. introduces B. intr

17、oduced C. had introduced D. was introducing 7. At present, one of the apartments in favor of the new airport _ that it will going a lot jobs to the area.A. is B. are C. will be D. were 8. - What is the price of petrol these days-Oh, it _ sharply since last month.A. is raised B. has risen C. has aris

18、en D. is increased 9. -Do you want a lift home?-Its very kind of you, but I have a much late in the office. I overslept this morning because my morning clock _.A. doesnt go off B. wont gone C. wasnt going off D. didnt go on 10. This is the first time that I a film in the cinema together as a family.

19、 A. see B. had seen C. saw D. have seen11. Mary went to the box office at lunch time, but all the tickets _out. A. would sell B. had sold C. have sold D. was selling12 What do you think of the movie? Its fantastic. The only pity is that I _ the beginning of it.A missed B. had missedC. missD. would m

20、iss13. Ive got to go now. Must you? I_you could stay for dinner with us.A. think      B. thought C. have thought     D. am thinking14. Progress so far very good and we are sure that the

21、 work will be finished on time. A. was B. had been C. has been D. will be 15.- Hi, Terry, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon? - Sorry.        .A. It' s repaired              &

22、#160;          B. It has been repairedC. It's being repaired                    D. It had been repaired真題：2010. By the end of this term, the girl the basic rules

23、 of dinner party conversation.A. will have learned B. will learn C. have learned D. are learning2009. Coffee has been a favorite drink for centuries, _the time when we were drinking it strong and black, without sugar. A. during B. for C. before D. since2007. When we arrived at the airport, we were t

24、old our flight_ . A. cancelled B. had cancelled C. has been cancelled D. had been cancelled2006. It _ commonplace to think of sport as a “l(fā)eisure industry” now.A. became B. will become C. is becoming D. had become2005. More thunderstorms _ in summer than any other time of the year.A. happened B. hav

25、e happened C. happen D. will happen2004. People do not always recall events as they _ actually. A. are happening B. will happen C. happened D. would happen3、主謂一致 謂語動詞和主語在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。staff, crew, people, police, cattle 復(fù)數(shù)The police are invest

26、igating the accident.1. The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities _ rising steadily since1990. A. is B. are C. has been D. have been2. Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, visit Beijing this summer. A. is going to B. are going to C. was going to D. were going to真題：201

27、0. Making energy use completely harmless to the environment very difficult and usually economically expensive.A. are B. is C. have been D. shall be2008 . A virus, often too small to be seen except with a powerful microscope, _ diseases. A. cause B. is caused C. causes D. is causing英語語法專項過關(guān)之二：主謂一致1.

28、Alice, together with two boys,_ for having broken the rule.A. was punished B. punished C. were punished D. being punished2. The League secretary and the monitor_ asked to attend the meeting this afternoon.A.is B.was C.are D.is being3. The great writer and professor_.A. is an old man B. are both old

29、menC. is an old man and a young man D. were two Chinese4. There _ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk. A.are B.is C.has D.have5. A large number of students in our class_ girls. A. are B. was C. is D. be6. The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses _ much if people leave things as t

30、hey are. A. doesn' t change B.don't change C.change D.changed7. The Arabian Nights _ well known to the English.A. is B. are C. was D. were8. Chairman Mao' s works _ published.A. has been B.have been C.was D.is9. A chemical works_ built there.A. is to being B.have been C. were to D.has be

31、en10. The Olympic Games _ held every _ years.A.is;four B.are;four C.is;five D.are;five11 .The United States of America one ofthe most developed countries in the world.A.is B.are C.was D.were12.He is the only one of the students who _ elected.A. are B.have C.has D.is13.There is one of the most intere

32、sting questions that _ asked.A.have B.has C. have been D.has been14. Many a man _ come to help us. A.have B.has C.is D.are15."All_ present and all_ going on well," our monitor said.A.is;is B.are;are C.are;is D.is;are16. The police _ the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a th

33、eatre.A. is searching for B. were searching forC. are searching for D. were searching17.Your trousers_ dirty.You must have_ washed.A.is; is B.are;it C.are;them D.is;them18. This pair of trousers _ too long for him.A.is B.be C.are D.were19. Eight times eight _ sixty - four.A.is B.are C.get D.equal20.

34、 When and where to build the new factory _ yetA. has not decided B. is not decidedC. are not decided D. have not decided4. 比較級與最高級 一般在詞尾加-er或-est;以輔音字母+-y結(jié)尾的，改-y為-i再加-er或-est;以e字母結(jié)尾的，直接加-r或-st;重讀閉音節(jié)詞要雙寫詞尾的輔音字母再加-er或-est;多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞是在詞前直接加more或most;不規(guī)則變化good - better - bestwell - better - bestbad - w

35、orse - worstill -worse - worstold -older/elder-oldest/eldestmuch/many-more-mostlittle-less-leastfar-farther/further-farthest/furthest考點：倍數(shù) 比較英語語法專項過關(guān)之三：形容詞副詞原級、比較級、最高級1. How beautiful she sings! I have never heard_. A. the better voice B. a good voice C. the better voice D. a better voice2. As far a

36、s I am concerned, education is about learning and the more you lean,_ A. the more for life are you equippedB. the more equipped for life you areC. the more life you are equipped forD. you are equipped the more for life3. His son studies much better than _ student in his class. A. any B. any other C.

37、 the other D. other4. This year the farmers have produced twice _ grain_ they did last year. A.as less; as B. fewer; than C. as much; as D. as many; as5. Is the novel similar _ yours? A. for B. at C. as D. to6. Rather than _ to see the film he would prefer _ stay at home. A. go; to B. to go C. went;

38、 to D. would go真題：2009. By 2050 the world will have about 2 billion people aged over 60，three times _today. A. as much as B. as that of C. as many as D. as those of2007. The coat Im wearing now cost about _of that one hung over there.A. twice price B. the twice price C. twice the price D. the price

39、twice.5. 定語從句修飾某一名詞或代詞的句子叫定語從句，被修飾的詞叫先行詞，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞叫關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）。定語從句放在先行詞之后。當(dāng)先行詞是人時，通常用who引導(dǎo)。I love singers who write their own music.I like musicians who play different kinds of music.當(dāng)先行詞是物時，通常用that引導(dǎo)。Rosa likes music thats quiet and gentle.We prefer music that has great lyrics.當(dāng)先行詞是地點時，通常用where引

40、導(dǎo)。I like places where the weather is always warm.英語語法專項過關(guān)之四：定語從句1. A good friend of mine from I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing. A. how B. whomC. when D. which2. Many children， parents are away working in big cities，are taken good care of in the village. A. their B. who

41、seC. of them D. with whom3. What do you think of teacher ,Bob？ I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _ you are doing something serious but interesting .A. where B. which C. when D. that4. Its helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently. A. that B. when C. which D.

42、 where5I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind. A. which B. of which C. that D. whose6. The house I grew up _ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which7. She brought wit

43、h her three friends, none of I had ever met before. A. them B. whoC. whom D. these8. Whenever I met her, _ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. A. who B. which C. when D. that9. Gun control is a subject Americans have argued for a long time. A. of which B. with which C. about which D

44、. into which10. Shell never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. A. that B. which C. where D. when11. A person _ e-mail account is full wont be able to send or receive any e-mails. A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever12 I travel to the Binhai New Area by lig

45、ht railway every day, _ do many businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin. A. as B. which C. when D. though13I have reached a point in my life _ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. A. whichB. whereC. how D. why14. Life is like a long race _we compete with

46、0;others to go beyond ourselves. A. why       B. what C. that      D. where15. My friend showed me round the town, was very kind of him. A. which B. that C. where D. it6、名詞性從句(1)主語從句that, whether, who, whom, whose,

47、what, which, when, where, how, why, whatever, whoeverWhether he will be able to come remains a question. That China is a great socialist country is well known.It is well known that China is a great socialist country.What he found surprised me greatly. Whoever is finished may rest. (2)表語從句as if， as t

48、hough。The question is whether he is able to do it alone. It looks as if (though) it is going to snow.He is absent. Thats because he is ill. He is ill. Thats why he is absent. The reason why he is absent is that he is ill. （3）賓語從句在復(fù)合句中，作及物動詞、介詞或某些形容詞的賓語的句子稱為賓語從句。陳述句變成的賓語從句由連詞that引導(dǎo)，that本身無意義，不做句子的任何成

49、分。在口語和非正式文體中常被省略。一般疑問句變成的賓語從句由連詞if/whether引導(dǎo), 賓語從句要用陳述句語序。特殊疑問句變成的賓語從句由疑問詞(who, whom, whose, what, which, why, when, where, how)引導(dǎo), 從句語序：疑問詞主語謂語其他成分(陳述語序)。后面常接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的動詞有：think, hope, say, tell, know, see, hear, mean, agree, feel等。后面常接賓語從句的形容詞有：sure, glad, pleased, happy, afraid等。主句的動詞如果是現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，賓語

50、從句中動詞可以根據(jù)實際情況用不同的時態(tài)。 主句的動詞是一般過去時態(tài)，賓語從句的動詞應(yīng)該使用過去相應(yīng)的某種時態(tài)（一般過去時、過去進行時、過去將來時、過去完成時等）。（4）同位語從句就是在句中作同位語的從句。它通常有放在thought, idea, news, word(=news), plan, doubt, question, fact, suggestion, belief等抽象名詞的后面，說明這些詞的具體內(nèi)容或含義。同位語從句大多由that引導(dǎo)，也可由whether, how, when, where, why等引導(dǎo)，但不能由which引導(dǎo)。The idea that the earth

51、is round is not a new one. He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. I have no idea when he will set out.The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheeps clothing.英語語法專項過關(guān)之五：名詞性從句1. a certain doubt among the people as to the practical value of the project. A. It has B.

52、 They haveC. It remains D. There remains2She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do it takes to save her life. A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whoever3. The fact has worried many scientists _ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.A. what B. which C. that D. though4. Cou

53、ld I speak to is in charge of International Sales please? A. who B. what C. whoever D. whatever5. The how to book can be of help to wants to do the job. A. who B. whomever C. no matter who D. whoever6. One of the most important questions they had to consider was of public health.A. what B. this C. t

54、hat D. which7. As a new diplomat, he often thinks of he can react more appropriately on such occasions. A. what B. which C. that D. how8. News came from the school office _Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University. A. which B. what C. that D. where9. It is obvious to the students _ they should get well prepared for their future. A.