2016年4、6級閱讀理解真題

1、2016年四級Passage oneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.As Artificial Intelligence(AI) becomes increasingly sophisticated,there are grow ing concerns that robots could becomea threat. This dan ger can be avoided, accord ing to computer scie nee professor Stuart Russell, if we figure

2、out how to turn human values into a programmable code.Russell argues that as robots take on more complicated tasks, it's n ecessary to tran slate our morals into AI Ian guage.For example, if a robot does chores around the house, you would n't want it to put the pet cat in the ove n to make d

3、inner for the hungry children.“You would want that robot preloaded with a good set of values, ”said Russell.Some robots are already programmed with basic huma n values. Forexample, mobile robots have been programmedto keep a comfortable distanee from huma ns. Obviously there are cultural differe nce

4、s, but if you were talking to another person and they came up close in your personal space, you wouldn' t think that ' s the kind of thing a properly brought-up person would do.It will be possible to create more sophisticated moral machi nes, ifonly we can find a way to set out huma n values

5、 as clear rules.Robots could also lear n values from draw ing patter ns from large sets of data on huma n behavior. They are dan gerous only if programmers are careless.The biggest concern with robots going aga inst huma n values is that humanbeings fail to so sufficienttesting and they ' ve pro

6、duced a systemthat will break some kind of taboo(禁忌).One simple check would be to program a robot to check the correct course of acti on with a huma n whe n prese nted with an unu sual situati on.If the robot is unsure whether an animal is suitable for the microwave, it has the opport un ity to stop

7、, send out beeps(嘟嘟聲),and ask fordirections from a human. If we humansaren ' t quite sure about a decision, we go and ask somebody else.The most difficult step in programming values will be deciding exactly what we believe in moral, and how to create a set of ethical rules. But if we come up wit

8、h an answer, robots could be good for humanity.46. What does the author say about the threat of robots?A) It may con stitute a challe nge to computer progra nm ers.B) It accompa nies all mach inery inv olvi ng high tech no logy.C) It can be avoided if huma n values are tran slated into their Ian gua

9、ge.D) It has become an in evitable peril as tech no logy gets more sophisticated.47. What would we thi nk of a pers on who inv ades our pers onal space accord ing to the author?A) They are aggressive.B) They are outgo ing.C) They are ignorant.D) They are ill-bred.48. How do robots lear n huma n valu

10、es?A) By in teract ing with huma ns in everyday life situati ons.B) By following the daily routines of civilized human beings.C) By pick ing up patter ns from massive data on huma n behavior.D) By imitat ing the behavior of property brought-up huma n bein gs.49. What will a well-programmed robot do

11、whe n facing an unu sual situati on?A) keep a dista nee from possible dan gers.B) Stop to seek advice from a huma n being.C) Trigger its built-in alarm system at once.D) Do sufficient testing before taking action.50. What is most difficult to do when we turn human values into a programmable code?A)

12、Determi ne what is moral and ethical.B) Desig n some large-scale experime nts.C) Set rules for man-mach ine in teractio n.D) Develop a more sophisticated program.Passage TwoQuesti ons 51 to 55 are based on the follow ing passage.Whydo somepeople live to be older than others? You know the standard ex

13、planations: keeping a moderate diet, engaging in regular exercise, etc. But what effect does your personality have on your Iongevity(長壽)？Dosome kinds of pers on alities lead to Ion ger lives? A new study in the Jour nal of the America n Geriatrics Society looked at this questi on by exam ining the p

14、ers on ality characteristics of 246 childre n of people who had lived to be at least 100.The study shows that those living the Iongest are more outgoing, more active and less neurotic (神經質的)than other people. Long-living women are also more likely to be sympathetic and cooperative tha n wome n with

15、a normal life span. These findings are in agreement with what you would expect from the evoluti onary theory: those who like to make frie nds and help others can gather eno ugh resources to make it through tough times.In teresti ngly, however, other characteristics that you might con sider adva ntag

16、eous had no impact on whether study participa nts were likely to live Ion ger. Those whowere more self-discipli ned, for in sta nee, were no more likely to live to be very old. Also, being open to new ideas had no relatio nship to long life, which might expla in all those bad-tempered old people who

17、 are fixed in their ways.Whether you can successfully cha nge your pers on ality as an adult is the subject of a Ion gsta nding psychological debate. But the new paper suggests that if you want long life, you should strive to be as outgo ing as possible.Unfortunately, another recent study shows that

18、 your mother' spersonalitymayalso help determine your Iongevity.That study looked atn early 28,000 Norwegia n mothers and found that those moms who were more anxious, depressed and angry were more likely to feed their kids unhealthy diets. Patter ns of childhood eati ng can be hard to break whe

19、nwe' re adults, which may mean that kids of depressed moms end up dying youn ger.Pers on ality isn ' t desti ny( 命運),and every one kno wsthat in dividuals can learn to change. But both studies show that long life isn' t just amatter of your physical health but of your men tal health.51.

20、The aim of the study in the Journal of the American GeriatricsSociety is.A) to see whether people' s personality affects their life spanB) to find out if one ' s lifestyle has any effect on their healthC) to in vestigate the role of exercise in liv ing a long lifeD) to exam ine all the facto

21、rs con tributi ng to Ion gevity52. What does the author imply about outgoing and sympathetic people?A) They have a good un dersta nding of evoluti on.B) They are better at n egotiati ng an agreeme nt.C) They gen erally appear more resourceful.D) They are more likely to get over hardship.53. What fin

22、ding of the study might prove somewhat out of our expectati on?A) Easy-going people can also live a relatively long life.B) Personality characteristics that prove advantageous actually vary with times.C) Such pers on alitycharacteristics as self-discipli nehave no effecton Ion gevity.D) Read in ess

23、to accept new ideas helps one enjoy Ion gevity.54. What does the rece nt study of Norwegia n mothers show?A) Children ' s personalitycharacteristics are invariablydeterminedby their mothers.B) People with unhealthy eating habits are likely to die sooner.C) Mothers ' in flue nee on childre n

24、may last Ion ger tha n fathers'.D) Mothers ' negative personality characteristics may affect their childre n ' s life spa ns.55. What can we lear n from the findings of the two new studies?A) Anxiety and depression more often than not cut short one' s lifespa n.B) L on gevity results

25、 from a comb in ati on of men tal and physical health.C) Personality plays a decisive role in how healthy one is.'s lifestyle.D) Health is in large part related to one2016年6級閱讀理:Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.In teractive televisi on advertis ing, which allows v

26、iewers to use their remote con trols to click on advertiseme nts, has bee n pushed for years. Nearly a decade ago it was predicted that viewers of “ Friends ” , a popular situation comedy, would soon be able to purchase a sweater like Jennifer Aniston ' s with a few taps on their remote control.

27、 “It ' s been the year of in teractivetelevisi onadvertis ingfor the last ten or twelve years, ”says Colin Dixon of a digital-media consultancy.So the news that Cablevision,and American cable company, was rollingout in teractive advertiseme nts to all its customers on October 6th was greeted wit

28、h someskepticism. During commercials, an overlay will appear at the bottom of the scree n, prompt ing viewers to press a butt on to request a free sample or order a catalogue. Cablevision hopes to allow customers to buy thi ngs with their remote con trols early n ext year.Televisi on advertis ing co

29、uld do with a boost. Spending fell by 10% in the first half of the year. The popularization of digital video recorders has caused advertisers to worry that their commercials will be skipped. Some are tur ning to the Intern et, which is cheaper and offers concrete measurements like click-through rate

30、s especially important at a time whe n marketi ng budgets are tight. With the launch of in teractive advertis ing,“ manyof the dollars that went to the In ternet will comebackto the TV, ” says David Kline of Cablevision. Or so the industry hopes.In theory, in teractive advertis ing can en gage viewe

31、rs in a way that30-sec ond spots do not. Un ilever rece ntly ran an in teractive campaig n for its Axe deodorant（ 除臭劑）,which kept viewers engaged for more than three minu tes on average.The amount spe nt on in teractive advertis ing on televisio n is still small. Magna, an advertising agency, reckon

32、s it will be worth about $138 million this year. That fallsfar short of the billionsof dollars peopleonce expected it to gen erate. But DirecTV, Comcast and Time Warner Cablehave all invested in it. A new effort led by Canoe Ventures, a coalition of lead ing cable providers, aims to make in teractiv

33、e advertis ing available across America later this year. BrightL ine iTV, Which desig ns and sells in teractive ads, says in terest has surged: it expects its revenues almost to triple this year. BSkyB, Britain' s biggestsatellite-televisionservice, already provides 9 millioncustomers within ter

34、active ads.Yet there are doubts whether people watching television,a “l(fā)ean back”medium, crave interaction. Click-through rates have been high so far(aro und 3-4%, compared with less tha n 0.3% on li ne), but that may be a result of the no velty .In teractive ads and viewers might not go well togethe

35、r.46. What does Colin Dixon mean by saying“ It ' s been the year ofin teractive televisi on advertis ing for the last ten or twelve years”(Li nes 4-5, Para.1)?A) I nteractive televisi on advertis ing will become popular in 10-12 years.B) I nteractive televisio n advertis ing has bee n un der deb

36、ate for the last decade or so.C) Interactivetelevisionadvertisingis successful whenincorporatedinto situatio n comedies.D) I nteractive televisi on advertis ing has not achieved thean ticipated results.47. What is the public ' s resp onse to Cablevisi on ' s pla nned in teractive TV advertis

37、 ing program?A) Pretty positive.B) Totally in differe nt.C) Somewhat doubtful.D) Rather critical.48. What is the impact of the wide use of digital video recorders on TV advertis ing?A) It has made TV advertis ing easily accessible to viewers.B) lt helps advertisers to measure the click-through rates

38、.C) lt has placed TV advertis ing at a great disadva ntage.D) It en ables viewers to check the sales items with ease.49. What do we lear n about Un ilever ' s in teractive campaig n?A) It proves the adva ntage of TV advertis ing.B) It has done well in en gag ing the viewers.C) It helps attract i

39、nv estme nts in the compa ny.D) it has boosted the TV advertis ing in dustry.50. How does the author view the hitherto high click-through rates?A) They may be due to the no vel way of advertis ing.B) They sig nify the popularity of in teractive advertis ing.C) They point to the grow ing curiosity of

40、TV viewers.D) They in dicate the future directi on of media reform.Passage TwoQuesti ons 51 to 55 are based on the follow ing passage.What can be done about mass un employme nt? All the wise heads agree: there ' re no quick or easy answers. There' s work to be done, but workers aren ' t

41、ready to do it they ' re in the wrong places, or they have the wrong skills, Our problems are “ structural, ” and will take many years to solve.But don' t bother asking for evidenee that justifies this bleak view. There isn ' t any. On the contrary, all the facts suggest that high un emp

42、loyme nt in America is the result of in adequate dema nd. say ing that there ' re no easy answers sounds wise. But it ' s actually foolish: our unemployment crisis could be cured very quickly if we had the intellectual clarity and political will to act. In other words, structuralunemployment

43、is a fake problem, which mainly serves as an excuse for not purs ing real soluti ons.The fact is job ope nings have plun ged in every major sector, while the nu mber of workers forced into part-time employme nt in almost all in dustries has soared. Un employme nt has surged in every major occupation

44、al category. Only three states. With a combined population not much larger tha n that of Brookl yn, have un employme nt rates below 5%. So the evidenee contradicts the claim that we' re mainly suffering fromstructural un employme nt. Why, the n, has this claim become so popular?Part of the answe

45、r is that this is what always happens during periods of high un employme nt in part because experts and an alysts believe that declari ng the problem deeply rooted, with no easy an swers, makes them sound serious.I ' ve been looking at what self-proclaimed experts were saying about unemployment

46、during the Great Depression; it was almost identical to what Very Serious People are say ing now. Un employme nt cannot be brought dow n rapidly, declared one 1935 analysis, because the workforce is “ unadaptable and untrained. It cannot respond to the opportunities which industry may offer. ” A few

47、 years later, a large defe nse buildup fin ally provided a fiscal stimulus adequate to the economy ' s needs and suddenly industry was eager to employ those“ unadaptable and untrained ” workers.But now, as the n, powerful forces are ideologically opposed to the whole idea of government action on a sufficient scale to jump-start the economy. And that, fun dame ntally, is why claims that we face huge structural problems have bee n multipl ying: they offer a reas on to do nothing about the mass unemployment that is crippling out economyand our societ