英語演講與辯論課件Lecture Five

1、Lecture FiveBrief Introduction to English Debate 1) Not everyone can debate in public. It takes courage, quick thinking and flexibility.2) Debate provides knowledge, best solutions, clarity and speed of thought, self-confidence, friends and fun.3) Debate is fundamental to the use of the English lang

2、uage.4) Learning how to debate is extremely useful for all English learners. English debate will reinforce information and increase knowledge expand understanding about how information can be used, extended and broadened. make us realize that we are not alone with our problems by sharing our ideas a

3、nd experiences. Why debate? What is Debate? Styles of English debate Uses of English debate Differences between debate and speech People discuss or debate in order to: help understanding enhance self-awareness, ability and ideas foster tolerance and appreciation of opposing views provide a forum for

4、 informed decision making “The unexamined life is not worth living.” -Socrates History of debate Debate today To most westerners, debate began in the 5th C BC in Greece with the famous dialectics of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. In many aspects of daily life: the daily meetings that constitute busi

5、ness practice in the education and upbringing of children in universities and research institutions where existing knowledge is explored and challenged n order to be increased. in social conversation at all levels Some Definitions: Dialectics （辨證）（辨證） Discussion （討論）（討論） Argument （爭論）（爭論） Debate （爭論

6、，辯論）（爭論，辯論） Formal debate （正式辯論）（正式辯論） Competitive debate（競爭性辯論）（競爭性辯論） Dialectics are logical discussions which investigate the truth of opinions that challenge and question conventional wisdom. These discussions make us search for greater understanding of the world around us, and think about and l

7、ook for better solutions to the problems we encounter. Example: When water is scare, why do people still clean their teeth under a running tap? Being challenged, they may well decide that they can change their habit and use a tumbler or cup instead. Discussion can be thought of as debate-indeed many

8、 conversations are debate. During conversation, people often explore ideas and possibilities, challenge existing ideas and exchange reasons in order to better understand the world around them. An argument can be a fight or a quarrel, but it can also mean a set of reasons given in support of somethin

9、g in order to persuade. Argument is the process of explaining why a point of view should be accepted. A good debater is therefore SEXI.SStatement: making a pointEXExplanation: giving the reason for that pointIsupplying evidence to back up the reasons In debate, it is the train of reasoning that is i

10、mportant not the conclusion. Debate is defined as “an exchange of reasoning”. In another words, it is a questioning exploration that is changing, energetic and dynamic. Debate depends on there being opposing or at least alternative views. Formal debate is held under clearly defined rules which maint

11、ain order and provide structure; allow the speakers to fulfill roles in a fair manner; allocate time and provide clear criteria for assessment. They take place in many universities and institutions throughout the world. Competitive debate is formal debating in which winning is important. Whilst the

12、exchange of reasoning continues there is an added element of persuasion in order to win. This requires clear and logical analysis of issues and a decision about which arguments to adopt. The aim is to: convince the audience and judges that your argument has the greater strength show that your analys

13、is of the problem is valid and thorough show how the change you propose is worthy despite the challenges offered by the opposition be persuasive through clear reasoning and use of persuasive language Discussion（討論）（討論） Cross examination（盤問）（盤問） Public speaking（演說）（演說） Free argumentation（自由辯論）（自由辯論）

14、Parliamentary style debating （議會式辯論）（議會式辯論） Discussion may be just conversation or conversation that is regulated with rules and procedures which may be different in different circumstances. Cross examination is where a person puts his point of view and is then questioned by two or more separate adv

15、ersaries. This is common in many courts of law. Public speaking can be a form of debate as we saw in the so-called “presidential debates” in America. Care must be taken with this: a debate is not just a speech. Free argument is another form of debate but it can be problematic. Unless speakers are gi

16、ven sufficient time to develop their points, the lack of depth in the arguments means that the debate often degenerates into a quarrel. It is sometimes called dialectic style debating which encourages and requires the clash, in other words, the challenge. It is the most common form of academic debat

17、e in universities the world over. Debate is about disagreement and winning, no matter the costs. For example: You may have to argue a point of view that you personally disagree with in order to win the argument. In other words, you may have to “play devils advocate”. Although the rules may differ in

18、 different countries or institutions, the substance will be the same. Debate in Education Debate at work Debate for life In education, debating is a useful teaching methodology. It allows participations to reinforce their knowledge by explaining and defending. A t w o r k , d e b a t e off e r s opportunities to resolve issues by achieving the “best” solution in the circumstances. Debate helps to identify weak solutions and policies and to strengthen possible options. B e a w a r e t