lecture1-猜詞技巧

1、Reading Skill1. Using Word Formation to Guess Word Meaningsprefixesrootsuffixesword classesmeaningspresspressn.v.press-urepressuren.向下向下de- de- de-presspresspress-ion-ivedepressdepressiondepressivev. n.adj.向外向外ex- ex- ex- inex-pressPressPresspress-ion-iveibleexpressexpressionexpressiveinexpressiblev

2、.n.adj.adj.Word Part按，壓；出版社按，壓；出版社榨，壓，擠；強(qiáng)迫榨，壓，擠；強(qiáng)迫壓力壓力壓低；抑制；蕭條壓低；抑制；蕭條降低；抑郁；蕭條降低；抑郁；蕭條抑郁的；蕭條的抑郁的；蕭條的榨出；表達(dá)，表示榨出；表達(dá)，表示表達(dá)；表情；詞句表達(dá)；表情；詞句表達(dá)表達(dá)的的表達(dá)不出的；無(wú)法形表達(dá)不出的；無(wú)法形容的容的prefixesrootsuffixesword classesmeanings向里向里im- im- im- unim-presspresspresspress-ion-ive-iveimpressimpressionimpressiveunimpressivev.n.adj.

3、adj.壓；給壓；給留下深刻留下深刻印象印象印刷品；印象印刷品；印象給人以深刻印象的；給人以深刻印象的；感人的感人的不感人的不感人的;給人印象不給人印象不深的深的prefixesexamplesword meaningsco-col-com-con-cor-coexistcollocationcompressionconstructioncorrelationfore-前，先前，先f(wàn)orearmforetellim-in-importinputinter-在在中中間間;際；相互際；相互intercontinentalinteract共同向里，入共存共存 排列，排列， 配置配置壓縮，濃縮壓縮，濃

4、縮建筑，建筑， 解釋解釋相互關(guān)系相互關(guān)系, 相關(guān)相關(guān)(性性)前臂前臂預(yù)言預(yù)言, 預(yù)示預(yù)示, 預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)測(cè)輸入輸入, 進(jìn)口進(jìn)口輸入輸入大陸間的大陸間的, 洲際的洲際的互相作用互相作用, 互相影響互相影響prefixesexamplesword meaningsmid-在中期，在中期， 居中居中midsummermiddayout-外，出；外，出； 勝過(guò)；超過(guò)勝過(guò)；超過(guò)outdooroutnumberpost-（在）后（在）后postdoctoralpostwarpre-（在）前（在）前/先先prepositionprewarre-重新，再；重新，再； 向后向后rebuildrecall仲夏仲夏, 夏

5、至夏至正午正午室外的室外的, 戶外的戶外的, 野外的野外的數(shù)目超過(guò)數(shù)目超過(guò), 比比.多多博士后的博士后的戰(zhàn)后的戰(zhàn)后的前置詞前置詞;介詞介詞戰(zhàn)前的戰(zhàn)前的再建；重建再建；重建記起記起;召回召回; 叫回叫回prefixesexamplesword meaningssub-下次；下次； 亞，準(zhǔn)亞，準(zhǔn)submarinesubatomictrans-橫越橫越 轉(zhuǎn)換轉(zhuǎn)換transatlantictransformunder-下下 不不underlineunderdeveloped海底的，水下的海底的，水下的亞原子的，次原子的亞原子的，次原子的橫跨大西洋的橫跨大西洋的改變；改造；變換改變；改造；變換在在.下面

6、劃線下面劃線不發(fā)達(dá)的不發(fā)達(dá)的移植，移種移植，移種副題副題復(fù)習(xí)復(fù)習(xí)課堂練習(xí)：課堂練習(xí)：Deduce推斷出推斷出 the meanings of the underlined words To help them grow better, some flowers have been transplanted into new soil. Peter seldom previews his lessons, but he reviews them regularly. To get the general information of the long article, David read th

7、e title and the subtitles before he began to read the whole thing.預(yù)習(xí)預(yù)習(xí)4. The museum has acquired an exact reproduction of Da Vincis famous painting “ The Last Supper”.5. The official predictions about the weather often come true.6. The Chinese government stands for peaceful coexistence of countries

8、with differing social systems.7. The close interrelationship of Indo-European tongues is the subject of study of the two postgraduates.復(fù)制品復(fù)制品預(yù)言，預(yù)報(bào)預(yù)言，預(yù)報(bào)共存共存相互關(guān)系相互關(guān)系研究生研究生prefixesexamplesmeaningsde-除去，取消除去，取消 非，減少非，減少deformdeoxygendis-不，無(wú)，反不，無(wú)，反 除去，取消除去，取消disagreediscoveril-不，非，無(wú)不，非，無(wú)illogicalim-不，非，無(wú)

9、不，非，無(wú)immaturein-不，非，無(wú)不，非，無(wú)indirectir-不，非，無(wú)不，非，無(wú)irregularmis-不，錯(cuò)，誤不，錯(cuò)，誤misspellnon-不，非，無(wú)不，非，無(wú)nonfictionun-不，非，不，非， uninjured使使變形變形除去除去的氧氣的氧氣不同意不同意發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)不合邏輯的不合邏輯的未成熟的，不完全的未成熟的，不完全的間接的間接的不規(guī)則的不規(guī)則的拼錯(cuò)拼錯(cuò)非小說(shuō)類作品非小說(shuō)類作品未受傷的未受傷的8）The traveler suffered great discomfort because his shoes were too narrow.9）The misb

10、ehavior of a drunken driver resulted in a serious traffic accident.10）The whole family was obviously uneasy about the girls injury.11）Betty sat on her sisters hat and it was badly deformed.12）The stars ， unthinkable distance away from the Earth are invisible with naked eye.13）The old speaker did not

11、 seem illogical to most of the young listeners.不適不適錯(cuò)誤舉止錯(cuò)誤舉止不安不安變形變形無(wú)法想象的無(wú)法想象的看不到的看不到的不合邏輯的不合邏輯的consider v.considerable adj.considerably adv.consideration n.vary v.various adj.variable adj. n.variety n.Noun SuffixesExamples -er-orengineer tape recorderprofessor tractor-ee-ist-an-ian-ant-entemployee a

12、bsenteechemist typistAfrican AmericanCanadian musicianparticipant occupantstudent patient表示人或物表示人或物表示人表示人Noun SuffixesExamples-nessweakness kindness-y-ty-ilitysympathy honestyauthority densityresponsibility nationality-shiprelationship citizenship-mentdevelopment improvement-ion-ation-urediscussion

13、productionconsideration operationenclosure pressure-ance-enceimportance guidancedifference influence表示行為、狀態(tài)、結(jié)果表示行為、狀態(tài)、結(jié)果表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、行為表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、行為表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、情形表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、情形表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、情形表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、情形表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、情形、關(guān)系表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、情形、關(guān)系表示行為、過(guò)程、結(jié)果表示行為、過(guò)程、結(jié)果Verb suffixesExamples -ateeducate separate-ensharpen widen-ifysimplify cla

14、ssify-izerealize modernize （使）變（高、低、寬、窄、（使）變（高、低、寬、窄、深、淺等）深、淺等）使使，將，將（使）（使）化，使化，使成為成為Adjective SuffixesExamples -fulhopeful skillful-able-ibleremarkable changeableresponsible sensible-ishbookish childish-iveprotective active-al-oustechnical naturalcontinuous serious-ent-yconfident frequentsunny clou

15、dy-icalelectrical original-lessmeaningless useless-lyfriendly costly-edcrowded gifted可可的，易于的，易于的的有有性質(zhì)的，屬于性質(zhì)的，屬于的的有有性質(zhì)的性質(zhì)的（富）有（富）有的，具有的，具有（性質(zhì)）的（性質(zhì)）的如如的的有有性質(zhì)性質(zhì)/作用的作用的的的無(wú)無(wú)的，不的，不的的有有特征的，如特征的，如的，屬于的，屬于的的有有的，被的，被的，已的，已的的Adverb Suffixes Examples -lyskillfully naturally-ward(s)backward(s) eastward(s)朝朝方向方向A

16、dd noun suffixes to the underlined words in the following sentences, making the sentences meaningful and grammatically correct.14）Real friend is more valuable than money.15）Getting an educate is a wise invest of time and money.16）Words like “believe”and “receive” are the source of confuse.17）The sin

17、gs parents are Italy, but she has acquired French citizen.18）The interview had a very busy time because they had to deal with about 50 interview in the morning.friendshipeducationinvestmentconfusionsingersItalians citizenshipinterviewersintervieweesAdd adjective or adverb suffixes to the underlined

18、words in the following sentences, making the sentences meaningful and grammatically correct.19）Several classmates gave us some friend warnings.20）Main Street is a desire place for a large department store.21）Harlem became a black culture center and attracted count writers, musicians, artists and ent

19、ertainers.22）Crossing a busy street is extreme danger.23）The river flows south to join the lake.24）They saw a white-hair old woman walking slow to the church.friendlydesirableculturalcountlessextremelydangeroussouthwardswhite-hairedslowlySome prefixesPrefixesMeaningExampleover-to an excessive degree

20、overworkunder-not enough, not sufficientlyunderdevelopednon-notnon-smokersub-under or beneathsubwaypre-beforepreschoolpost-afterpostwarco-with or togetherco-ownerex-formerex-conbi-two or twicebicycleoveract voverbear voverbridge n. overburden v.overcast a. overcredulous a. overcrust v. overhang v. o

21、verhaul v.n. overhear v. overrate v.overthrow v. overbold a.overcapitalize v.動(dòng)作過(guò)度動(dòng)作過(guò)度壓倒，克服，鎮(zhèn)壓壓倒，克服，鎮(zhèn)壓天橋，陸橋天橋，陸橋負(fù)擔(dān)負(fù)擔(dān) 過(guò)重過(guò)重（天空）陰暗的，陰沉的（天空）陰暗的，陰沉的. 過(guò)度輕信的過(guò)度輕信的以外皮或外殼包覆以外皮或外殼包覆懸垂，迫近，突出懸垂，迫近，突出徹底檢查，分解檢查徹底檢查，分解檢查偶然聽(tīng)到，偷聽(tīng)，竊聽(tīng)偶然聽(tīng)到，偷聽(tīng)，竊聽(tīng)估計(jì)過(guò)高估計(jì)過(guò)高推翻，打倒，使瓦解推翻，打倒，使瓦解魯莽的，膽大妄為的魯莽的，膽大妄為的估價(jià)過(guò)高，過(guò)多投資估價(jià)過(guò)高，過(guò)多投資 undercurrent

22、n. underlie v. undernourishment n. 暗流暗流位于位于之下，為之下，為之基礎(chǔ)之基礎(chǔ)營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良nonaligned a.noncombatant n.a.nondurable a. nonverbal a. non-privileged a.non-resident a.不結(jié)盟的，中立的不結(jié)盟的，中立的非戰(zhàn)斗人員非戰(zhàn)斗人員不經(jīng)用的不經(jīng)用的不使用言語(yǔ)的不使用言語(yǔ)的沒(méi)有特權(quán)的沒(méi)有特權(quán)的非定居的非定居的precautionprecede v.predecessor n.predict v. prefabricate v.preface n pregnantpreh

23、istoric a.prejudice (judgement)preliminary a. preludeprematurepreoccupyprerequisite a. prescribe vpresume（to take） v.previous 在前；在先，高于在前；在先，高于先祖，前任先祖，前任預(yù)言；預(yù)知預(yù)言；預(yù)知預(yù)先制造；預(yù)先建造預(yù)先制造；預(yù)先建造序文；前言；開(kāi)場(chǎng)白序文；前言；開(kāi)場(chǎng)白 v. 作序；寫(xiě)作序；寫(xiě)前言前言必須事先具備的必須事先具備的 n. 首要的事物首要的事物規(guī)定，開(kāi)藥方規(guī)定，開(kāi)藥方 假定；推測(cè)；敢于假定；推測(cè)；敢于postdate v. postdoctoral a. p

24、osterior a. postgraduate a. posthumous a.postlude n. postnuptial a.postpone v. postpose vpostscript n.把日期填遲；把日期填遲；n. (政券的政券的)事后日期事后日期取得博士學(xué)位后的取得博士學(xué)位后的后部的；位于后面的后部的；位于后面的大學(xué)畢業(yè)后的，研究所的大學(xué)畢業(yè)后的，研究所的 n. 研究生研究生死后出版的；父死后生的死后出版的；父死后生的后奏（曲）后奏（曲）結(jié)婚后的結(jié)婚后的后置后置(信件中的信件中的)附筆附筆coexistcoeducationcoauthor ex-wifeex-husban

25、dex-minister bicolored a. bigamy n. bilingual a.bimonthly a.bipolar a. biweekly a./ad.2. Using Context Clues for Word Meanings By looking at the context of each word or expression-the sentence that the word or expressions is in and the sentences that come before and after, we can often figure out me

26、anings for new words or expressions without using a dictionary.Step for guessing:Step for guessing: -decide the part of speech -look for further clues(n.- if it has an indefinite article? V.-If it is followed by an object? ) -look at the form of the word for any clues as to the meaning(e.g. suffix,

27、prefix) -look at the wider context Definition Examples Restatement Synonym Antonym Cause-effect General knowledge -make a guess based on the above strategies -read more and see if guess is confirmed -when all fails, consult the dictionary2.1 2.1 definitiondefinition1) The harbor is protected by a je

28、tty- a wall built out into the water.2) Jane is indecisive, that is, she cant make up her mind.3) Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 4) In slang the term “jam” constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.Definition : the word is explaine

29、d by the writer 5) Folkways are informal customs regarding the correct way to behave. definition6) A conductor is a material which can act as the path for electricity and heat.7) Such experiences are not unusual for the amateur conchologists, people who collect shells.導(dǎo)體導(dǎo)體貝殼收藏家貝殼收藏家definition8) Hydr

30、ogeology is a science dealing with the properties, distribution, or circulation of water on the surface of the land, in the soil or underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere.9) Juvenile delinquency, also known as teenage crime, is crime committed by young people and it has become a serious social prob

31、lem. 2.2 Synonym1) Matrimony doesnt seem to agree with Lizshes been unhappy ever since she got married.2) Trembling with fear, our ancestors looked into the sky and wondered, “How can we control the mysterious forces that sometimes frighten us?” Today you and I have the same human feelings as those

32、long-ago people. We have the same awe about forces beyond our control.Synonym3) The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year.4) Children often try to emulate or copy the behavior that they see on television.to eat; to take insidesynonym5) We think of plants in genera

33、l as absorbing water and food; of animals as ingesting or “eating it”.6) Father is an expert in piano, and mother is a virtuoso in violin.音樂(lè)演奏名家音樂(lè)演奏名家2.3 Antonym 1) Most of us agreed; however, Bill dissented.2) The most significant change that is taking place on the land throughout the country is th

34、e size of farms. The big ones are getting bigger and the small ones are slowly dwindling.3) In the northern regions the winters are generally cold and humid, and the summers hot and dry.4) Metal expands when heated and contracts when cooled. antonym5) Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy, uns

35、ociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends.6) The work she does gives her great pleasure, although the pay she receives is negligible.open, social微不足道的微不足道的2.4 There are some signal words or phrases for comparison and contrast. Like, dislike, however, while, nevertheles

36、s, despite, although, even though, on the other hand, but.It is very interesting to note where the debate about diversity (多樣化）多樣化） is taking place. It is taking place primarily in political circles. Here at the College Fund, we have a lot of contact with top corporate （公司的）（公司的）leaders; none of the

37、m is talking about getting rid of those instruments that produce diversity. In fact, they say that if their companies are to compete in the global village and in the global market place, diversity is an imperative.The word “imperative” most probably refers to something _.A. superficial B. remarkable

38、 C. debatable D. essential2.4 related information1) After a day of hunting, Harold is ravenous. Yesterday, for example, he ate two bowls of soup, salad, a large chicken, and a piece of chocolate cake before he was finally satisfied.2) After the accident, the ship went down so fast that we werent abl

39、e to salvage any of our personal belongs.餓極了的餓極了的（在災(zāi)難中）搶救在災(zāi)難中）搶救2.5 restatement1) In some countries where there is very little rain, the farmers have to irrigate, or water their fields.2) All whales fall into two groups, those with teeth and those without. Dolphins belong to Odontoceti, that is to s

40、ay, they are toothed whales.需要久坐的需要久坐的3) Cold beverages, like iced tea, fruit juice, coca-cola, and milk shakes(混合飲料混合飲料,一種通過(guò)晃動(dòng)一種通過(guò)晃動(dòng)從而混合其中成分的飲料從而混合其中成分的飲料)are sold everywhere on a hot day.4) Doctors advise that everyone exercise every day, particularly those who spend many hours doing sedentary wor

41、k, for example, reading, writing, typing, or sewing.冰飲料冰飲料麻木的麻木的2.6 general knowledge1) Its really cold out tonight. My hands are practically numb.2) The policeman walked briskly to keep warm on the very cold night.輕快地輕快地2.7 因果因果關(guān)系關(guān)系1) Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes d

42、ecisions without seeking the opinions of others.2) The State of Texas revoked that drivers license because he had had too many accidents.3) There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.專制的專制的撤銷撤銷排開(kāi)排開(kāi) 1. He had a wan look. He was so pale and weak t

43、hat we thought he was ill. 2. I am a resolute man. Once I set up a goal, I wont give it up easily.Restatement Restatement 蒼白的蒼白的堅(jiān)決的堅(jiān)決的Nowadays cyber criminals seem to be everywhere, with a few clicks, committing all kinds of cyber crimes. To illustrate, some commit fraud or lift intellectual propert

44、y illegally. Others disrupt e-commerce. Still others unleash viruses to crash computers. As a result, these hackers do a great damage to companies and computer users, causing computer losses up to 10 billion dollars per year.Definition & DescriptionA workaholic is often disorganized, always find

45、s reasons for working more, feels lost without work to do, hides from problems through work, doesnt know how or when to relax, brings work home from the office, cant communicate well with fellow workers and family members, and has unbalanced, one-dimensional life. verbatim word by word B. using verb

46、sC. idea by idea D. using abbreviationsE. using an outline 2. workaholicsA. people who like to work too hardB. people who work hard for moneyC. people who have a large family to supportD. people who regularly work overtime3. fuel affect weaken run againstA. make stronger4. option something to choose

47、 something to offer something to give A. something to read1）It is more efficient to take lecture notes in your own words than to try to record the lecture verbatim. A. word by word B. using verbs C. idea by idea D. using abbreviations E. using an outlineA 2） Workaholics, on the other hand, always fi

48、nd reasons for working more, feel lost without work to do, dont know how or when to relax, bring work home from the office, cant communicate well with fellow workers and family members. A. people who like to work too hard B. people who work hard for money C. people who have a large family to support

49、 D. people who regularly work overtimeA 3）It can fuel a sense of self-worth and accomplishment. A. affect B. weaken C. run against D. make strongerD 4）Children in the cities had few options, fewer choices of places to play. A. something to choose B. something to offer C. something to give D. somethi

50、ng to readAMore practicesExercise 1Directions: In each sentence, locate the part of the sentence that gives a definition or synonym of the underlined word. 1. A democracy is a form of government in which the people effectively participate.2. When a gas is cooled it condenses (changes to liquid) at i

51、ts condensation point.3. Deductive thinking involves drawing a conclusion from a set of general principles.Exercise 2Directions: Read each sentence and write a definition or synonym for each underlined word.1. Perceiving, learning and thinking are examples of cognitive processes.2. Many debilities o

52、f old age, including loss of hearing, poor eyesight, and diseases such as arthritis, can be treated medically.3.To substantiate his theory, Mr. Watson offered experimental evidence, case study reports, testimony of patients, and a log of observational notes.4. Psychological disturbances are sometime

53、s traceable to a particular trauma in childhood. For example, the death of a parent may produce long-range psychological effects.5. 1. John was always talkative, whereas Tom remained taciturn.2. Most members of Western society marry only one person at a time, but in other cultures polygamy is common

54、 and acceptable.3. Although my grandfather is eighty-two he is far from infirm; he is active, ambitious, and healthy.4. My sisters life style always angered and disappointed my mother; yet, she redeemed herself by doing special favors for my mothers friends.1. The wind howling around the corner of t

55、he house that is rumored to have ghosts made an eerie sound.We burst out laughing at the ludicrous sight of the basketball team dressed up as cheerleaders.There was a consensus, or agreement, among the faculty to require one term paper for each course.Phobias, such as fear of heights, fear of water,

56、 or fear of crowds can be eliminated through conditioning.Intrepid soldiers such as those who are heroes in the face of danger are often rewarded by their superior officers.Although most of our knowledge is gained vicariously, laboratory courses provide an opportunity to learn by first hand experien

57、ce.The river overflowed its banks and inundated the land.Taxonomy helps the scientist to organize his learning. For example, classification of living things helps the biologist to understand his discipline. This type of taxonomy is also used in chemistry and in other sciences.After tasting and eatin

58、g most of seven different desserts, my appetite was completely satiated.Pete, through long hours of study, successfully passed the exam; on the other hand, Sams efforts were futile.The two philosophical theories were incompatible: one acknowledged the existence of free will; the other denied it.The

59、editor would not allow the paper to go to press until certain passages were expunged from an article naming individuals involved in a political scandal.When the judge pronounced the sentence, the convicted criminal shouted execrations at the parison The hot-air balloon took off. It was as buoyant in

60、 the air as a cork (軟木塞軟木塞) in water. Like bright David, Richard was very intelligent. Guess by yourself: The snow was falling. Big flakes drifted with the wind like feathers.contrast Tina was talking with others while Amy remained reticent all the time. Most of us agreed; however, Christina dissented.